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农村集市的地理研究——以四川省为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
农村集镇是经济空间网络的基本构成单元,它以其特殊的职能和规模而与一般意义上的城镇既有联系又有区别。本文评述了国外地理界对农村集市研究的历史和基本内容;并根据对四川农村集镇的实地考察,区分省内不同区域农村集市的周期性特征;探讨了集镇通过时间间隔和空间间距的反相关所实现的时空协同在四川省内的表现,及协同所形成的集镇循环圈;确立集镇等级划分标准并结合行政管理特性划出三级层次并分析各自的基本职能;在空间组织结构中研究了平原地区K=7的中心地系统和山区的极系统。 相似文献
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山东省城市人口规模的职能效应分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
从城市职能是城市人口规模扩张动力的观点出发, 利用经济基础理论模型, 在计算城市职能基本部分的基础上, 讨论了中心地职能、中枢管理职能、工业职能、门户职能对1982 年和2000 年山东省城市人口规模变动关系的时间变动, 有以下结论: 第一, 中心地职能/ 工业职能、中枢管理职能/ 工业职能分别是1982 年、2000 年城市人口规模差异的最为重要的职能因素。期间, 中心地职能的地位下降, 中枢管理职能的地位抬升, 工业职能一直具有举足轻重的地位。门户职能则在门户封启过程中, 通过加强或者削弱工业职能、中枢管理职能得以充分体现。第二, 工业职能和门户职能的增减变化是导致1982~2000 年城市人口规模变动的重要影响因素。伴随城市人口规模的增大, 工业职能扩张已经不再是城市人口增长的重要 驱动力, 门户职能与城市规模变动的正向关系体现了门户开放对城市人口增长的强力驱动。 相似文献
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知识创新是城市创新职能的重要组成部分和现代城市发展的重要基础。本文结合知识创新的多学科研究内容，从城市地理学城市职能的视角，构建了城市知识创新职能的测度框架并分析其空间格局及影响因素。结论如下：(1)城市知识创新职能是以内在知识存量和外在实践条件为基础，以满足人类新时代生存和发展需求，在知识创造、知识传播及知识应用过程中所承担的任务和所起的作用，测度维度包括职能规模、职能强度、职能尺度和职能活力；(2)中国城市知识创新职能发展水平不均衡，知识创新职能突出的城市主要集中在东部沿海及中西部少数发达地区，形成以京津、长三角、珠三角、陕成渝和中部武汉合肥为四顶点和中心的菱形知识创新结构，根据Jenks自然断点法划分为国家级、区域级、地区级和知识创新发展型城市；(3)城市知识创新职能空间分异特征同时受人文环境、自然环境各因素共同影响，其中经济环境、对外开放环境和文化环境与其他因子交互解释力最强，是影响城市知识创新职能发展的主导因素。未来中国应全方位提升城市的知识创新职能，充分考虑城市自身知识经济发展的现状及特点，制定适合城市知识经济发展的政策与措施，强化人文社会因素在城市知识创新职能建设中的主导... 相似文献
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20 世纪90 年代中国乡镇企业变革及其地方效应 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
以1993 年和2000 年对中国七个不同乡镇的近百家乡镇企业和近4000 名企业职工两次 实地调研的数据为基础, 运用实证研究的方法, 探讨了20 世纪90 年代中国乡镇企业改制过 程中乡镇财政收入、乡镇企业职工工资和福利以及农村劳动力转移的变化。结果表明： 乡镇 企业改制对我国农村地区的社会经济造成了较为深刻的影响, 由于乡镇工业发展缓慢和集体工业的改制, 私营经济成为农村经济的主体, 其与乡镇政府的直接经济联系有所减弱, 乡镇企业税收对财政的支撑作用有所减弱; 乡镇企业职工工资有不同程度的增长, 但增长幅度不大, 乡镇企业职工的福利没有得到显著改善, 土地的社会保障功能仍然十分突出; 私营企业 通过提高劳动效率、加大劳动强度和增加劳动时间来增加企业效益, 这也导致90 年代后期乡镇企业对劳动力吸引能力的减弱。乡镇企业劳动力市场基本还局限在镇区范围, 只有当镇区劳动力资源短缺时, 跨区域的劳动力市场才会发育。 相似文献
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中国城市体系的工业职能结构 总被引：21，自引：1，他引：20
本文应用聚类分析方法对中国城市市区的工业职能进行了分类,并结合纳尔逊统计分析方法对聚类分析结果作了适当调整及补充,将中国1984年295个城市分成四个大类、十八个亚类和四十三个职能组。在工业职能分类的基础上,通过16个工业部门在全部城市中的分布特点的分析,初步概括了中国城市体系工业职能结构的特征。最后,运用分类结果,对中国城市工业的经济效盆从投入、产出两个方面进行了应用研究。 相似文献
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厦门经济特区城市发展与布局研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
陈怡煌 《云南地理环境研究》1991,3(1):74-82
厦门是座海岸一港岛复合型城市。为中国“经济特区—经济技术开发区—沿海经济开放区”有机结合带,它又是全国计划单列城市和福建改革开放综合试验区。多层次的对外开放和多元结构的改革试验,为区域开发、城市空间布局和多功能构建注入了新活力。台湾海峡两岸关系的改善使之成为投资热点,提高了它在完成祖国统一大业中的特殊战略地位。本文以地理学的观点,分析了世界经济特区的基本模式和中国经济特区城市的基本职能,探讨了厦门设置特区的因由、吸引腹地、城市性质、产业开发、城市空间格局,并对特区城市的高新技术开发作了初步论证。 相似文献
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港口城市成长的理论与实证探讨 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
以宁波为例，着重探讨港口对港口城市发展的促进作用和港口城市的成长模式。认为港口对区域经济发展的推动作用，首先表为港口建设促进港口城市成长和城市中心职能的增强，然后是港口通过港口城市的中心带动作用推动区域经济的发展。 相似文献
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绿洲城镇组群是新疆特殊区域形成的规模相对较小的单一中心空间自组织模式。运用城市中心性指数、城市经济联系模型和Theil系数对新疆八大绿洲城镇组群内部城镇中心性、经济联系及空间差异测度。结果显示：绿洲城镇组群内部的中心城市的中心性职能较强,周边城镇的中心性职能相对较弱,形成了单中心的空间自组织模式;绿洲城镇组群内部经济联系量和经济联系隶属度大小的排序一致,离中心城市的距离越近、经济发展水平越高,经济联系隶属度越高;近10 a年来绿洲城镇组群的整体空间差异一直在扩大,且呈现出继续扩大趋势。在此基础上,提出了建立区域合作协调机制、明确城镇组群发展方向、增强中心城市的辐射带动作用、实现产业合理分工以及构建制度保障体系促进绿洲城镇组群的协同发展。 相似文献
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Martin Reinhardt Nielsen 《Polar research》2009,28(2):238-245
This paper evaluates recent changes in narwhal ( Monodon monoceros ) catches in Siorapaluk, the northernmost community in Greenland, in consideration of the effects of changing climate and uncertainty of stock delineation. The catch statistics show a significant increase in narwhal catches by hunters in Siorapaluk after 2002, which does not appear to be a result of increased effort. Hunters attribute the increase to changed sea-ice conditions providing access by boat to Smith Sound as early as June and July. This indicates that climate change is likely to have a considerable impact on narwhal hunting in northern Greenland. Traditional ecological knowledge and scientific surveys suggest that narwhal in Smith Sound constitute an independent stock. The absence of scientific recommendations for this stock has been seen as an opportunity to increase quotas in West Greenland. Scientific management recommendations are urgently needed to allow the authorities to assign sustainable quotas for this stock. The development of collaborative management agreements and locally based monitoring are recommended to ensure local acceptance of regulations, and to allow rapid responses to climate change. 相似文献
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分析了赴香港上市内地企业的空间分布、时间格局、行业格局以及所有制结构特征,并采用计量模型对赴香港上市企业分布格局的影响因素进行探讨。研究表明：赴香港上市的内地企业数量呈现波动式增长,总部主要分布在东部沿海地区,京津冀、长三角以及珠三角地区集聚特征明显;香港成为内地金融和房地产类企业海外上市的主要目的地;赴港上市的国有企业比重不断下降,民营企业逐步成为香港上市企业的主体。回归模型结果显示：赴香港上市企业总部分布受到集聚经济、距离、制度等因素影响,城市的经济规模、金融业发展水平、交通便捷性、信息化与通讯能力越强,到香港距离越近,城市行政级别越高,赴港上市企业则越多;此外,距离因素对民企的影响更为显著,国企的空间分布则主要受制度因素的影响。 相似文献
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During the 1980s, New Zealand underwent a period of dramatic economic, social, and administrative restructuring. The reform extended to the administrative arrangements for environmental management. A geographic restructuring model is used in this paper to establish the context in which the reforms were carried out. A combination of economic, environmental, and social influences operating at different geographic scales can be identified. These influences are subsequently illustrated through reference to three aspects of the restructuring that have distinct geographical dimensions: the definition of human-environment relations, the spatial definition of planning regions, and the implications of spatial differentiation for resource management policy and practice. 相似文献
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从系统动力学（SD）方法入手,分析游客游憩活动、游客游憩体验和公园资源保护之间的关系,并以鼓浪屿票价改革为例,探讨旅游者、旅游地和景区管理者三方之间关系的协调,进行风景区旅游环境容量（TECC）管理实证研究． 相似文献
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Land reform and the new elite: Exclusion of the poor from communal land in Namaqualand, South Africa
The reserves and homelands across South Africa share a common history of policy interventions resulting in sedentarization, villagization and formalization of communal land use. In Namaqualand, such interventions culminated in the 1980s with attempts by the state and local vested interests to privatize the commons in the three largest Namaqualand reserves, including Leliefontein. This proposed privatization, although ostensibly aimed at averting land degradation and modernizing agricultural production, was as much about the apartheid state's broader strategy of co-option, and served to further long standing processes of class formation in the coloured communal areas of Namaqualand. In the post-apartheid period land reform has expanded the communal land-base in Namaqualand by over 25%. In spite of this, the management of the new commons in Leliefontein has many of the characteristics of land management policies imposed during apartheid. As a result, the new commons have effectively been arrogated by the same category of people who would have benefited under past privatization initiatives.This paper examines how the interests of a local elite have gained exclusive access to the new commonage farms. This has come about despite the government's commonage policy which privileges access by poorer, disadvantaged communal farmers. This case study uncovers the dynamic complexity of community driven land reform especially in relation to the roles of rural elites and their relationship to government institutions. 相似文献
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With a comparatively mature state of country park development for China, Hong Kong serves as a model that is emulated by many cities in Mainland China. In contrast, Beijing started to establish country parks relatively late, but along with the nascent “Country Park Loop”, achieving scientific and reasonable operation management is now the major challenge facing Beijing. By comparing the differences between Hong Kong and Beijing country park management in terms of positioning, management organization, legal guarantees, supporting facilities and education, this paper explores the factors of social development stage, urban developmental history and planning, the wilderness concept and financial support which are responsible for those differences. In order to achieve sustainable development, this paper shows that Beijing country parks should seek corresponding solutions according to their own characteristics. 相似文献
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Michael R. Walls 《Natural Resources Research》1996,5(3):181-192
Petroleum exploration companies enter the twenty first century facing an increasingly competitive and risky environment. Under those circumstances, there is a growing need for better systematic decision-making that explicitly embodies the firm's desired goals and resource constraints. Computer-aided decision making, or decision support systems (DSS), provide an aid for those exploration management problems that are large, complex, unstructured, and involve management mudgment. Almost every present day DSS falls into one of two general classes. Vehicle DSSs such as linear/nonlinear programming models and other optimization routines, propose and impose specific methodologies to the decision-maker. On the other hand, toolbox DSSs, such as simulation programs, statistical functions, and graphical packages, are generally flexible in enabling their users to employ a variety of approaches and tools for their decision tasks but provide little guidance on both problem representation and investigation. This paper describes the development of a hybrid DSS model that combines the advantages of both the vehicle and toolbox systems components to provide a comprehensive approach to exploration planning from geological development through the capital allocation process. The Exploration Decision Support System (EDSS) preserves the flexibility of the toolbox system while enriching the problem-solving strategies available to the firm. The central objectives for developing an EDSS framework are: (1) better decisions about resource allocations; (2) more systematic understanding of the factors affecting exploration decisions; (3) improved communication about E&P performance objectives and constraints at all levels of decision-making; and (4) an explicit vehicle for continuous improvement of the petroleum exploration firm's decision-making process. The EDSS model can guide geological and exploration managers toward a more formal evaluation of projects, provide insight into the impact of competing choice alternatives, and significantly improve the quality of exploration decisions. 相似文献
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河西走廊的水资源问题与节水对策 总被引：32，自引：14，他引：18
建立节水型社会是我国的一项基本政策, 也是解决河西走廊水资源问题的战略选择。文章通过对河西走廊水资源开发、利用中存在的主要问题及其原因的分析, 从强化政府的水资源调控功能, 实行水资源的统一管理; 深化水资源产权制度改革, 努力探索水资源市场化管理的运行机制; 建立农民用水者协会, 探索和完善用水户"参与式管理"模式; 不断加大农业产业结构调整力度, 发展高效、节水、特色农业; 发展高新节水技术, 加强节水水利工程建设, 进一步提高水资源利用率; 控制污水排放, 防止水质污染等方面提出了解决河西走廊水资源问题的对策措施。 相似文献