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1.
Calcareous vertisol soil is the dominant agricultural soil type and covers over 80% of the agricultural cultivated land in Jordan. This type of soil is characterized by its high pH and CaCO3 content, which made the heavy metals including Zn to be oxidized and adsorbed onto soil. Therefore, this type of soil is regarded as potentially Zn deficient. The effect of Zn initial concentration and average rainfall on the Zn adsorption and desorption from three types of calcareous vertisol soils has been examined. The amount of Zn adsorbed and desorbed at equilibrium increased with increasing Zn initial concentration for each of the three investigated soils. However, the percentage of adsorption and desorption decreased as the initial concentration of Zn ions increased. Moreover, results showed that rainfall has no influence on the behavior of Zn in the calcareous vertisol soils. Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson models provide the best representation of the experimental data, followed by the Langmuir model.  相似文献   

2.
To predict the long-term behavior of arsenic(As) in soil profiles,the solid-solution partitioning of As was studied in four paddy soil profiles obtained from agricultural areas in Chengdu Plain,Southwest China.Paddy soil profile samples were collected and soil solution samples were extracted.Total As contents in soil solution and soil solid were analyzed,along with the soil solid phase properties.The As in soil solution was significantly higher in the upper layer(0—20 cm) and had a definite tendency to decrease towards 40 cm regardless of the sampling locations.When the concentration of arsenic in soil solution decreased,its content in solid phase increased.Field-based partition coefficient(K_d) for As was determined by calculating the ratio of the amount of As in the soil solid phase to the As concentration in the soil solution.K_d values varied widely in vertical samples and correlated well with soil pH,total organic carbon(TOC) and total As. The results of this study would be useful for evaluating the accumulation trends of arsenic in soil profiles and in improving the management of the agricultural soils.  相似文献   

3.
In engineering geology a number of factors affecting foundation conditions are taken into consideration during engineering-geological investigations. This article deals with the factor of heat sourced from a structure (brick kiln) as a restrictive factor in foundation engineering in clay soils and introduces a documentation of soil deformation observations as an impact of the heat transmission into the geological environment. It was carried out in Southern Moravia in the Czech Republic, where the dominant foundation soils are Neogeneous clays where differential settlements of a tunnel kiln structure occurred as a result of ignoring the boundary conditions of temperature changes in the soil environment. The brick kilns caused heterogeneous spatial changes in the subsoil temperatures. This consequently resulted in differential settlements due to temperature changes originating from the kilns. The differential settlements reached as much as 150 mm. The major objective of the article is to highlight the importance of the heat transmission from buildings into the geological environment as a factor which should be considered in engineering geology and its application in planning. A new procedure for reducing or elimination of ground movements sourced from underlying clayey soils depending on the heat changes was also suggested in this context.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of brick kiln exhaust on the quantity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surrounding soils and plants. In Pakistan, a big problem is the rapid conglomeration of the brick kilns in out skirt of nearly all urban centers to cope with the rapid construction work in big cities. A huge amount of low-grade coal, rubber, tires is used in non-scientific manner. The study was conducted in the City of Peshawar the capital of Kyber Pakhtunkhwa where many brick kilns are located in the periurban areas. Soil and medicinal plants samples were collected from different locations around the bricks kiln and were analyzed for selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), i.e., benzo(a)pyrene, anthracene, chrysene, flourene, flouranthene, phenanthrene, naphthalene, and acenapthylene. Quantitative and qualitative analysis was carried out by UV spectrophotometer and high-performance liquid chromatography. Benzo[a]pyren and Chrysene were found to be the most abundant compounds. The total load of PAHs in the central location was found to be 0.4014 mg/kg. General trend of PAHs distribution was such that the concentration of individual PAHs was found to increase with depth clearly indicating their absorption in the soil. PAHs concentration increased with the distance up to 300 m and then gradual decreased which showed their movement with the water and air. The PAHs load was found high in the leaves as compared to stem and roots. This high load in the aerial parts indicated their excretion route as well as air deposition.  相似文献   

5.
对于人为因素或自然因素造成的农田土壤重金属元素污染,需要进行大面积的土壤环境质量调查和分类管控,然而传统的采样测试方法存在工作量大、代价高等问题。可见—近红外(Vis-NIR)反射光谱是一种快速低成本获取土壤理化信息的手段。为研究Vis-NIR反射光谱预测模型划分土壤重金属污染风险类别的能力,文章以典型人为污染地区(浙江温岭)和典型地质高背景地区(广西横县)的390份农田土壤为样本,测定8种重金属元素(As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量和pH值,并测定土壤Vis-NIR光谱。使用偏最小二乘(PLS)和支持向量机(SVM)算法建立回归模型,对土壤重金属含量和pH值进行预测,并基于预测值进行土壤重金属污染风险分类。结果显示,温岭土壤主要污染元素Cd和Cu的光谱模型回归预测偏差(RPD)分别为1.23和1.19,预测机制与有机质有关。横县土壤主要污染元素As和Cd的RPD分别为1.98和1.93,预测机制与铁氧化物和粘土矿物有关。地质高背景土壤重金属与铁氧化物的正相关性普遍较强,使得光谱模型对重金属含量预测准确度较高。温岭和横县土壤pH值的光谱模型RPD分别为1.76和1.68。土壤重金属污染风险光谱分类的总体 准确度分别为75.0%~100%(温岭)和80.0%~100%(横县)。将Vis-NIR光谱与遥感技术相结合,对农田土壤重金属污染风险进行快速分类总体是可行的。  相似文献   

6.
长三角经济高速发展地区土壤pH时空变化及其影响因素   总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13  
通过调查和分析长三角地区张家港市2004年和第二次土壤普查时(1980)的土壤pH,探讨了该市近20年来基于经济高速发展影响下的土壤pH变化及影响因素。结果表明,自第二次土壤普查以来,该市土壤pH变化明显。南部人为土地区绝大部分土壤pH值都下降了一个单位,平均值由7.39降至6.33;北部雏形土区,两个时期的土壤pH值分别为7.92和7.98。土壤pH的降低可能同该地区长期施用化学肥料、酸雨及工业酸性“三废”排放的增加有关。此外,土地利用和田间管理也对土壤pH变化起着较为重要的作用,而土壤地球化学性质差异则是导致南北地区土壤pH变化不同的内在因素。  相似文献   

7.
Soil pH plays an important role in biogeochemical processes in soils. The spatial distribution of soil pH provides basic and useful information relevant to soil management and agricultural production. To obtain an accurate distribution map of soil pH on the Loess Plateau of China, 382 sampling sites were investigated throughout the region and four interpolation methods, i.e., inverse distance weighting (IDW), splines, ordinary kriging, and cokriging, were applied to produce a continuous soil pH surface. In the study region, soil pH values ranged from 6.06 to 10.76, with a mean of 8.49 and a median of 8.48. Land use type had a significant effect (p < 0.01) on soil pH; grassland soils had higher pHs than cropland and forestland soils. From a regional perspective, soil pH showed weak variation and strong spatial dependence, indicated by the low values of the coefficient of variation (0.05) and the nugget-to-sill ratios (<0.25). Indices of cross-validation, i.e., average error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and model efficiency coefficient were used to compare the performance of the four different interpolation methods. Kriging methods interpolated more accurately than IDW and splines. Cokriging performed better than ordinary kriging and the accuracy was improved using soil organic carbon as an auxiliary variable. Regional distribution maps of soil pH were produced. The southeastern part of the region had relatively low soil pH values, probably due to higher precipitation, leaching, and higher soil organic matter contents. Areas of high soil pH were located in the north of the central part of the region, possibly associated with the salinization of sandy soils under inappropriate irrigation practices in an arid climate. Map accuracy could be further improved using new methods and incorporating other auxiliary variables, such as precipitation, elevation, terrain attributes, and vegetation types.  相似文献   

8.
Unsafe lead (Pb) concentrations in leafy vegetables raised in urban and peri-urban agricultural production systems have been reported across cities in Northern Nigeria, even though Pb concentrations in soils are within regulatory safe levels. This study examined the soil enrichment, adsorption and chemical species of Pb in urban garden fields irrigated with untreated wastewater at three industrial locations in Kano, northern Nigeria. Total Pb in the soil profiles ranged from 9 to 91 mg kg?1 and decreased rapidly from the surface to the subsurface layer, but attaining nearly constant concentration at depth ≥1.2 m in the profiles. The potentially labile Pb maintained fairly constant concentration with depth up to 0.9 m, but decreased fairly rapidly with depth thereafter. There was a significant Pb enrichment of the soils, extending up to 30–60 cm depth in the soil profiles. The adsorption of Pb by the soils increased drastically with pH, and attained maximum adsorption at pH ≥ 7.0 in the surface layer, and at pH ≥ 6 in the subsurface layer. The surface soils adsorbed between 85 and 97 % of added Pb at pH ≤ 5. Free Pb2+ activities in soil solution accounted for between 46 and 87 % at pH 5–7 of total dissolved Pb (PbT). The quantifiable chemical species of Pb in solution consisted mainly of PbOH+, PbSO 4 · , PbCl+ and PbOH 2 · which accounted for between 0.9 and 26 % of PbT in soil solution at pH ≥ 5.0, but declining to between 0.1 and 2.1 % at pH ≥ 7.5. There was no apparent equilibrium between Pb2+ activities and known Pb-compounds in the soils. It was concluded from the data that reports of excess Pb concentrations in leafy vegetables raised in these soils are consistent with high free Pb2+ activities maintained in soil solution by these predominantly sandy-textured soils.  相似文献   

9.
This study focused on the influence of base metal mining on heavy metal levels in soils and plants in the vicinity of Arufu lead-zinc mine, Nigeria. Soil samples (0-15 cm depth) and plant samples were collected from cul-tivated farmlands in and around the mine, the unmineralized site and a nearby forest (the control site). The samples were analyzed for heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr and Cd) by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). The physical properties of soils (pH and LOI) were also measured. Results showed that soils from cultivated farm-lands have neutral pH values (6.5-7.5), and low organic matter contents (10%). Levels of Zn, Pb and Cd in culti-vated soils were higher than the concentrations obtained from the control site. These heavy metals are most probably sourced from mining and agricultural activities in the study area. Heavy metal concentrations measured in plant parts decreased in the order of rice leavescassava tuberspeelings. In the same plant species, metal levels decreased in the order of ZnFeMnCuPbCrCd. Most heavy metals were found in plant parts at average concentrations normally observed in plants grown in uncontaminated soil, however, elevated concentrations of Pb and Cd were found in a few cassava samples close to the mine dump. A stepwise linear regression analysis identified soil metal contents, pH and LOI as some of the factors influencing soil-plant metal uptake.  相似文献   

10.
Thirty soil samples were analyzed for their properties and cadmium concentration in polluted and unpolluted sites of Isikwuato, Abia State, Nigeria. Polluted soils were more acidic (pH = 4.38) than unpolluted ones (pH = 5.22). Bulk density increased in polluted soils (1.51 g/cm3). Higher average value of organic matter was recorded in polluted soils (mean value = 1.42 %) unlike 0.98 % found in unpolluted soils. Cadmium concentration was higher in polluted soils (0.76 mg/kg) contrasting with 0.02 mg/kg obtained in their unpolluted counterparts. Good relationship existed between exchangeable acidity and cadmium status in polluted soils (R = 0.83, R2 = 0.77, N = 30) as opposed to values in unpolluted soils (R = 0.58, R2 = 0.49, N = 30).  相似文献   

11.
Cement kiln dust (CKD) is the by-product generated from the manufacture of Portland cement. Disposal quantities of CKD in construction project are required to protect the environment. In the recent construction experience in the area of study at the last years showed that, ground and underground engineering on the soft soil are susceptible to various types of cracking in buildings and roads. The improvement of engineering properties of two disturbed soils by using CKD in different percentages (5, 10 and 20 %) was discussed in this paper. The results indicated that CKD additives increased the pH values and decreased the plasticity index in both types of soils under investigation. The maximum dry density (MDD) decreased and optimum moisture content (OMC) increased with increasing the percentage of CKD in soil A. In soil B the MDD and OMC decreased.  相似文献   

12.
Expansive soils are considered as a potential natural hazard if they are not adequately treated. Expansive soils have high potential for shrinking and swelling under changing moisture conditions and cause extensive damages to engineering infrastructures. This study is concerned with the suitability of natural ornamental limestone dust to reduce the swelling characteristics of high expansive soils. The results are revealed that the swelling pressure and percent of heave are greatly decreased with increasing the inserted core diameters and mixing percentages of limestone dust. The average reduction percent values of swelling pressure and percent of heave are increased from 2.21% to 43.09% and from 2.56% to 45.64%, respectively, for treated soil samples with increase in limestone dust core diameters from 5 mm to 20 mm (1% to 16% of total soil area). The average reduction percent values of swelling pressure and heave percent are increased from 10.29% to 70.73% and from 22.29% to 82.90%, respectively, for treated soil samples with increase in limestone dust mixing percentages from 10% to 30%. The results are revealed that the enhancement in swelling characteristics of high expansive soils that are treated by ornamental limestone dust is mostly attributed to the replacement of high expansive fine clay particles by non-expansive and non-plastic coarse limestone dust particles, and to the presence of a considerable amount of free lime in limestone dust (4.97% as [Ca(OH)2]) that is responsible for converting the high expansive soils to less expansive soils by pozzolanic reaction. The mixing treatment method is more suitable for surficial and shallow foundation high expansive soil beds, while the compacted limestone dust piles “inserted limestone dust core method” are more suitable for deep foundation high expansive soil beds.  相似文献   

13.
Black carbon (BC) is a poorly understood type of organic carbon but it is present in almost all environmental systems (i.e., atmosphere, soil and water). This work focuses on soot BC in desert soils and, in particular, urban soils from the Phoenix, Arizona metropolitan area. Soot BC is that fraction of black carbon formed from the condensation of gas phase molecules produced during burning. Soot BC in Phoenix area soils exhibits a range in both concentration and isotopic composition. Soot BC concentration in 52 soils (desert, agricultural and urban) ranges from 0.02–0.54 wt% and comprises from < 1 to as much as 89% of the soil organic carbon (OC). Soot BC concentrations are higher in urban soils than in desert or agricultural soils. The average isotopic composition of soot BC is −18‰ ± 3‰; this is an enrichment of 5.5‰ relative to bulk soil organic carbon. The distribution in concentration and variation in isotopic composition across the study area suggests soot BC in this arid-land city has multiple sources, including a significant fossil fuel component.  相似文献   

14.
王艳  傅俊醒  唐强  胡安详  刘佳鑫 《岩土力学》2016,37(Z1):329-333
表面活性剂随着工业、农业、日常生活等各种活动进入到土体及地下水中,不仅会带来环境污染的风险,还会改变土体的结构等从而影响土体的工程性质。为了合理评估表面活性剂污染土体的工程适宜性,采用阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和阳离子表面活性剂三甲基十六烷基溴化铵(CTAB)对粉土进行改性,通过直剪试验研究其对粉土强度特性的影响。结果表明,表面活性剂改性后的粉土内摩擦角减小,随着表面活性剂浓度的增大,内摩擦角减小的幅值越大,当表面活性剂浓度达2%时,粉土内摩擦角减小23.9%;SDBS改性后的粉土黏聚力大大减小,SDBS浓度为2%时,黏聚力减小91.8%,CTAB改性后粉土黏聚力增大,最大增幅达41.8%;改性粉土中加入不同pH的表面活性剂时,内摩擦角变化很小,表明表面活性剂的酸碱程度对土样内摩擦角影响较小,随着表面活性剂溶液pH的增大,改性粉土的黏聚力呈现出下降的趋势,pH改变了土壤的电荷的分配,改变了土粒间的静电作用,从而引起土体黏聚力的变化。  相似文献   

15.
硒元素是人体必需的微量元素之一,食用富硒农产品是人体获取和补充硒元素的主要途径,调查区域硒地球化学特征是有效地利用富硒土地资源以及开发富硒农副产品的重要依据。本文选择四川省昭觉县域内较为重要的农耕乡镇采集表层土壤样品,采用原子荧光光谱法、X射线荧光光谱法、电感耦合等离子体质谱/发射光谱法等方法测定1328件土壤、19件玉米及20件土豆中硒等地球化学指标含量,利用相关分析与统计学等方法,结合距离加权反比插值法,探讨研究区硒含量、分布和影响因素等地球化学特征,评价土壤与作物的富硒情况及安全性。结果表明:(1)研究区表层土壤硒含量范围为0.04~1.50mg/kg,平均值为0.33mg/kg,划定富硒土壤面积为7.23km~2,占全区土壤面积的30.31%,玄武岩发育的土壤硒含量最高,平均值为0.4mg/kg,表明区内地质背景与土壤硒含量密切相关,区内富硒土壤主要受含玄武岩夹苦橄岩、凝灰质砂泥岩的峨眉山玄武岩组地层控制;(2)不同的用地类型和土壤类型对硒元素的富集能力不同,人为农业活动导致土壤对硒的吸附能力下降,黄棕壤土层中黏粒或铁氧化物等易与硒结合富集;酸性土壤中硒含量与pH值成反比;土壤...  相似文献   

16.
The impacts of off-road vehicles on vegetation and soil were investigated at seven representative sites in the San Francisco Bay area. Plant cover of grass and chaparral (with shrubs to 4 m tall) have been stripped by the two- and four-wheel vehicles in use. Impacts on loamy soils include increased surface strength (as much as 275 bars), increased bulk density (averaging 18%) to depths of 90 cm or more, reduction of soil moisture by an average 43% to 30 cm depths, greatly reduced infiltration, extension of the diurnal temperature range by as much as 12°C, and reduction of organic carbon by an average 33% in exposed soils. Very sandy soils respond similarly to vehicular use except that moisture is increased and surface strength of beach sand is decreased. These physical and chemical impacts reduce the land's capability of restoring its vegetative cover, which in turn adversely affects animal populations. Both the loss of plant cover and the physical changes caused by vehicles promote erosion. Measured soil and substrate losses from vehicular use zones range from 7 to 1180 kg/m2. The estimated erosion rate of the Chabot Park site exceeds the rate of erosion considered a serious problem by a factor 30, it exceeds United States Soil Conservation Service tolerance values by a factor of 46, and it exceeds average San Francisco Bay area erosion rates by a factor of 17. The resulting soil losses are effectively permanent. Neither the increased sediment yield nor the increased runoff is accomodated on the sites of use, and both are causing adverse effects to neighboring properties.  相似文献   

17.
With the increasing application of germanium (Ge) elements in modern industry, military and medical health industries, especially with the growing demand for Ge-rich agricultural products, the study of Ge-rich soil has become particularly important, but the enrichment pattern and control factors of Ge-rich soil are still not well understood due to the high dispersion and high migration of Ge-rich soil. In this paper, 495 surface soil (0–20 cm) and 149 deep soil (150–200 cm) samples were collected from the northern foothills of Dabie Mountain using a double-layer grid layout, and the spatial distribution and enrichment characteristics of Ge were studied by high-resolution method, and the controlling factors affecting the distribution of Ge-rich soil was analyzed by geo-statistics and spatial analogy. The results show an average Ge content of 1.34 mg/kg for the surface and 1.36 mg/kg for the deep soil. In the assessment grade classification of surface and deep soil for Ge, the abundant and sub-abundant grades account for 37.97% and 31.70%, respectively, covering 752 km2 and 634 km2. Surface Ge-rich regions are distributed in concentrated strips in the north-central part of the studied region, and there is no clear pattern in the spatial distribution of deep soils. In the areas under study, such as Fenlukou, Dingji, and Jiangjiadian, the surface soil is very rich in Ge and has a high enrichment factor, which is valuable for agricultural development. In surface soils, river deposits and shallow metamorphic rock parent materials have the highest content of Ge, while in deep soils, the highest content has been found in the parent material of moderately acidic rock. Both surface and deep soils have the highest Ge content in purple paddy soils and plain areas. The source of Ge in the soils of the study area is most influenced by the lithology of the soil-forming parent material, while the distribution of Ge in the surface soils is jointly influenced by pH, SiO2, TFe2O3, and Al2O3 in the soil. This study has implications for understanding the enrichment pattern of Ge in soil and its controlling factors as well as for the development of Ge-rich agricultural products.  相似文献   

18.
况琴  吴山  黄庭  吴代赦  向京 《岩矿测试》2019,38(6):705-714
江西丰城富硒土壤中总硒含量较高,但能被植物直接吸收利用的有效态硒含量偏低。土壤中硒的生物有效性是影响作物富硒的关键因素,寻找安全有效的改良剂对提高富硒土壤中硒的有效性至关重要。本文以生物质炭和钢渣为改良剂,共设置了8个不同处理,通过室内土培试验和盆栽实验,原子荧光光谱法测定有效态硒的含量,探究了两种改良剂在不同处理水平下对丰城富硒土壤中有效硒的调控效果。土培试验结果表明,施加不同量的生物质炭和钢渣均能提高研究区土壤pH,提升幅度为0.1~3.79个单位。元素形态分析结果表明,改良剂主要通过影响有机结合态硒来调控土壤有效态硒,施加生物质炭的土壤中有机质含量显著增加,且有机质对硒表现为固定作用,导致有效态硒含量降幅为8.4%~15.1%,使土壤有效硒含量总体偏低;而钢渣对土壤pH的显著影响有利于活化土壤中的硒元素,土壤有效态硒含量可提高1.4~2.0倍。盆栽实验结果表明,土壤经钢渣处理后小白菜硒含量提高30%以上,而经生物质炭处理后小白菜硒含量降幅在7.14%~42.8%之间。本研究认为,生物质炭不适用于调控研究区土壤中硒的有效性,钢渣可作为研究区土壤硒有效性的调控材料,既实现了固废再利用,也提高了土壤中硒的有效度。  相似文献   

19.
茶园土壤不同形态镍的含量及其影响因素   总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1  
通过自然茶园土壤采样和室内实验分析,探讨浙江、江苏和安徽13个茶园土壤镍的污染状况、形态分布规律以及不同形态镍的含量与土壤镍总量和土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:部分茶园土壤受到不同程度的镍污染;茶园土壤镍的形态分布有一定差异,按镍的含量多少排序,一般为残渣态>交换态>铁锰氧化物结合态>有机结合态>碳酸盐结合态;除了交换态以外的所有其他形态的镍含量均随土壤镍含量的增加而显著增加;碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和残渣态镍含量随土壤pH的升高呈显著增加趋势,而交换态镍则呈减少趋势,但不显著;随土壤有机质含量的增加,铁锰氧化物结合态镍显著减少,而其他形态增加或减少的趋势均不显著;碳酸盐结合态、有机结合态和残渣态的镍含量均随阳离子交换量的增加显著增加;随粘粒含量的增加所有形态中的镍呈增加趋势,但除了残渣态外增加趋势均不显著。  相似文献   

20.
研究雄安地区土壤重金属和砷元素空间分布特征及其来源,对于支撑新区土地资源和环境管理具有重要意义。基于雄安新区土壤环境调查,运用地统计学方法和ArcGIS 技术分析模拟了土壤中As、Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr等8种元素空间分布特征,综合运用空间分析、多元统计学方法和正定因子矩阵模型解析这些元素的主要来源。结果表明:(1)区内土壤质量总体良好,4.35 %的土壤样品Cd和Cu含量超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但均低于农用地土壤污染风险管控值;与河北省背景值相比,Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn和Hg存在不同程度中度和显著富集。(2)As、Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr含量呈现出由北部向南部逐渐增高的趋势,高值区主要分布在新区西南部;Hg元素分布分散,高值区主要分布在城镇及工业企业周边。(3)不同土地利用类型土壤剖面重金属和砷元素垂向分布受pH值、有机碳和铁铝氧化物等理化性质影响显著。(4)研究区土壤重金属和砷元素富集受人类活动影响明显,人为来源贡献率达67.12 %,Hg元素主要来源于人为排放的大气沉降富集,As元素富集受到废渣堆放和利用的影响,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn元素富集受工业生产、污水灌溉以及尾气排放等活动影响。研究成果可为雄安新区合理制定土地资源开发利用和生态保护措施提供技术支撑。  相似文献   

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