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1.
近30a来托木尔峰南麓科其喀尔冰川冰舌区变化 总被引：7，自引：6，他引：1
20世纪80年代中期以来,托木尔峰南麓地区冰雪融水量明显增加,冰川处于强烈的消融退缩状态.根据对科其喀尔冰川冰舌区不同海拔探测表明,近30 a来冰川厚度明显减薄,冰舌区平均厚度减薄在0.5~1.5 m·a-1之间.对科其喀尔冰川末端位置研究表明,科其喀尔冰川进入20世纪90年代以来处于比较强烈的退缩状态.相对于1974年的冰川位置,冰川退缩了380 m左右.科其喀尔冰川的全面退缩,标志着托木尔峰地区冰川处于全面的负物质平衡状态. 相似文献
2.
表碛下冰面消融的模拟与估算 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
根据热传导理论和能量平衡原理建立了一个简单的数学模型,对表碛下冰面的融化热进行了估算.模型将表碛分为三层:第一层冰碛以剧烈的温度变化和夜间负温梯度的存在为特征;第二层为中间过渡层,温差和温度变化都较小;第三层为靠近下伏冰体的薄层冰碛,以温度低和变化稳定为特征.模型仅以地表温度时间序列、表碛厚度和导热系数、土壤热容量等参数为计算输入,即可对表碛不同层位的土壤温度及其下部冰体融化所需热量进行模拟估算.在科其喀尔冰川表碛区选取了3个具有不同表碛厚度的试验点(Spot1,0.8m;Spot2,1.5m;Spot3,2.1m)进行了模型测试.模型试验表明,模型对于不同厚度表碛下冰面融化热的模拟是较好的,然而对于不同层位地温序列的模拟仍有一定的偏差,造成这些偏差的原因主要是来自于模型假设和土壤温度垂向上的时间相位差.模拟结果同时也显示了不同表碛厚度下冰面消融的差异,冰面消融热平均分别为:Spot1:26.87W·m-2,Spot2:9.81W·m-2,Spot3:6.92W·m-2. 相似文献
3.
表碛下冰面消融模型的改进 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
针对已有的表碛下冰面消融模型的缺点,通过对模型算法、模型假设和模型结构等方面进行改进,在模型的易用性和模拟精度上有了较大的提高.科其喀尔冰川的实例研究表明,改进模型对于表碛区不同试验点上地温的模拟是较好的,变化趋势基本一致,变化幅度也相当.但也存在模拟值与实测值之间变化相位差异的突出问题,实际操作可以通过适当的校正程序得以较好的解决.模型中对表碛热参数的常数化处理不会产生较大的模拟误差,此外计算开始时均一表碛温度的假设不会对表碛温度的整体模拟效果产生较大的影响.通过地温模拟得到的冰面消融速率与利用实测表碛热通量计算的冰面消融速率的比较说明,模型思路合理且算法可行. 相似文献
4.
科其喀尔巴西冰川的近地层基本气象特征 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：4
利用2003-2006年天山托木尔峰地区科其喀尔巴西冰川的考察资料,对该冰川近地层的基本气象特征进行了分析.研究表明:冰川从4月中下旬开始即有明显消融,主消融期为5-9月,1月冰川区的气温最低.冰川中上部的气温直减率较小,说明该处的冰川冷效应较弱;而冰川下部较大的气温直减率,则可能主要与消融区连续的表碛覆盖有关.5-9月集中了全年约75%的降水,而冬季的降水稀少.降水的分布存在明显的高低分带,低降水带位于冰川中上部的海拔3 700 m附近,而冰川末端和冰川上部的降水量较大.受地形和下垫面条件的影响,冰川下部的山谷风非常发育,而冰川上部局地环流较弱. 相似文献
5.
根据1959年和2009年在喜马拉雅山珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川获得的冰川消融数据, 分析了该冰川消融速率变化特征.结果表明: 1) 在珠峰绒布冰川表碛覆盖区, 表碛厚度随海拔升高而降低. 2) 不同厚度表碛下的冰川消融速率差别较大; 当表碛厚度>8.5 cm时, 消融速率随表碛厚度的增加而减小; 促进冰川消融的表碛厚度阈值大于5 cm. 3) 从冰川消融速率的空间分布看, 绒布冰川大部分区域的消融速率<20 mm·d-1, 最大消融速率出现在海拔5 400~5 450 m处. 4) 绒布冰川消融速率受表碛厚度和气温综合影响, 低海拔处表碛太厚, 高海拔处气温较低, 冰川消融在上述两海拔处均受抑制, 冰川消融速率较小; 在中海拔处, 表碛相对较薄, 气温相对较高, 冰川消融速率最大; 冰川日均消融速率与日均正积温正相关. 5) 喜马拉雅山南坡冰川消融速率大于北坡冰川消融速率. 相似文献
6.
表碛的存在影响了大气与冰川间的能量传输过程,一方面,促进了冰面湖(塘)、冰崖的发育;另一方面,改变了冰川的消融过程和水文模式。利用表碛各项属性和物理参数模型化气候-表碛-冰川间的相互作用和反馈过程能够正确认识表碛覆盖型冰川变化的过程和机理,有助于准确估算和预测冰川物质平衡,进而判断冰川未来演变趋势。本文系统总结和对比了识别表碛范围、提取冰川流速以及获取表碛物理参数的各种技术手段,介绍了表碛覆盖影响下冰川消融模型的原理和应用情况,同时还对这些方法或模型的局限性和发展趋势进行了讨论。表碛覆盖型冰川所处山区地形起伏大、地表变化复杂,为遥感方法识别表碛范围和提取冰川流速带来了诸多困难,如现有表碛识别方法仍无法克服固有干扰因素的影响,而流速提取方法需具备较强抗干扰能力,且配对影像时间基线需尽可能短。当前表碛覆盖型冰川相关研究中关键参数、数据存在大量空缺的状况有望在将来得到改善,冰川动力学过程和表碛动态变化的模型描述将更为精细,冰川物质平衡、径流量等指标的评估和预测也将更为真实准确。 相似文献
7.
科奇喀尔冰川夏季表碛区热量平衡参数的估算分析 总被引：8，自引：8，他引：0
利用能量平衡原理、热传导理论和通量传输理论建立了一个热量平衡参数的估算模型,对西天山的科奇喀尔冰川夏季消融区中部表碛区的热量平衡参数进行估算与分析.结果表明:净辐射是表碛面热量收支的主要热源,吸收的热量主要以潜热和感热的形式向大气输送水汽和热量,剩余部分用于表碛增温耗热.与消融区上部的冰面和表碛面相比,在消融区中部表碛面热量收入中感热输送减小,同时向上的地热输送增加.热平衡支出项中,感热交换、蒸发耗热和地热通量的比例分别为39.1%、39.9%和21%,其中感热通量与蒸发耗热的比例比消融区上部有所提高,蒸发耗热的增加比较显著.在总的热量支出中,平均只有7.8%的热量可以用于表碛下部的增温和向深层传导. 相似文献
8.
表碛覆盖型冰川是山地冰川的一种特殊类型,表碛的存在使得其对气候变化呈现出不同的响应特征。基于2011—2020年Landsat TM/ETM+/OLI遥感影像和ASTER DEM数据,在综合分析表碛光谱、地形和地表温度特征基础上提出TDSI（temperature NDDI slope ice）方法,并将其用于提取中国境内托木尔冰川等6条大陆型冰川和雅弄冰川等3条海洋型冰川。结果表明：基于TDSI方法提取表碛覆盖型冰川的总体精度为91.23%,其中大陆型和海洋型表碛覆盖冰川的精度分别为91.20%和90.97%。2011—2020年6条大陆型冰川和3条海洋型冰川面积平均减少0.06%和0.11%,而表碛面积分别增加了11.92%和18.35%。大陆型冰川表碛主要分布在其中值海拔以下,而海洋型冰川表碛分布范围更广,近10年间二者均呈现向冰川上部扩张趋势。气温上升是冰川消融退缩和表碛增加的主要原因,同时冰川流速变化和终碛湖演变也对表碛变化有一定影响。 相似文献
9.
基于2009年5月至2011年10月科其喀尔冰川的花杆观测资料,对其消融区的表面运动特征进行分析. 结果表明：冰川消融区的年水平运动速度最大值为86.69 m·a-1,年垂直运动速度最大值为15.34 m·a-1,均出现在冰川海拔4 000~4 200 m的消融区上部;在靠近冰川末端的冰舌下部,受冰量补给减弱、厚层表碛覆盖等影响,冰川运动缓慢,年水平运动速度小于5 m·a-1,而垂直运动速度值小于2 m·a-1. 大多数横剖面的水平运动速度具有从中部向边缘逐渐减小的特征,而有的剖面却出现局部速度增大的区域. 整体而言,冰川水平及垂直运动速度随海拔降低而减小,符合冰川运动的一般规律,但主要受地形作用的影响,垂直运动速度随海拔的变化会出现波动. 消融期月水平运动速度与同期气温和降水的变化具有一定的相关性,可能反映出气候快速变化对冰川运动的影响. 相似文献
10.
11.
天山南坡科其卡尔巴契冰川度日因子变化特征研究 总被引：14，自引：7，他引：7
度日模型是估算冰川消融的一种简单而有效的方法.根据科其卡尔巴契冰川2003年的观测资料,分析了该冰川度日因子的空间变化规律及其影响因素.研究表明:各高度上的度日因子,介于2.0～9.7mm·℃-1·d-1之间变化,平均值为5.7mm·℃-1·d-1,与青藏高原各冰川及其它地区冰川相比较小;随着海拔的增高,度日因子随之递增;随平均气温的升高而随之递减.由于冰面状况复杂,度日因子变化幅度较大,裸冰区的度日因子明显大于表碛覆盖区.人为测量误差、反照率、地形等对度日因子的影响也不容忽视. 相似文献
12.
Thermal regime of a supraglacial lake on the debris-covered Koxkar Glacier, southwest Tianshan, China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A supraglacial lake was surveyed on the Koxkar Glacier in southwest Tianshan from July to September 2007 and July to September 2008, and the temperature variation characteristics of the lake, debris and debris-free ice were analyzed at different depths to determine the thermal regimes. In addition, the discrepancies of temperature variation characteristics were investigated for different geomorphic units of the ablation zone of the Koxkar Glacier. It was found that daily temperature variation curves for deep water are V-shaped because meltwater from the glacier surface at temperatures of around 0°C feeds the lake and mixes with the relatively high-temperature surface water during the day. As the water temperature rises to approximately 4°C, the mixed water sinks and forms a low-temperature trough in the deep water of the lake in the middle of the day. The vertical lapse rate of the lake water temperature against depth (?0.33°C/m) has a magnitude lower than that of the debris (?4.29°C/m) and that of the debris-free ice (?0.38°C/m) in the Koxkar Glacier??s ablation zone. The temperature curve for the surface water largely varied between the temperature curves for the debris at depths of 0.2 and 0.5?m. The surface thermal condition of the ablation zone is significantly affected by the daily weather, and there is a limited influence in debris at a depth of 1?m and in the lake at a depth of 5?m. 相似文献
13.
Internal structure and trend of glacier change assessed by geophysical investigations 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a useful tool for mapping the thickness, morphology and structure of alpine glaciers. Englacial information obtained during a field survey of the Koxkar Glacier in Tian Shan, China, in June 2008 was retrieved from GPR profile data. At least four specific types of structures can be identified from the GPR reflection image: (1) hyperbolae from point sources, (2) irregular linear distributed features, (3) a dense chaotic return zone above a clearly defined bed reflection and (4) linear reflection within the ice body. The interpretation of a typical GPR image was validated using waveform analysis and a finite-difference time-domain numerical model. Through a series of data analyses, these types of reflection characteristics were strongly related to englacial melting. Considering also the GPR result of the debris thickness distribution at the terminus, it is concluded that strong glacial ablation does not occur at the terminus but at a position higher than the terminus where there is a thin layer of debris and relatively high temperatures. Meanwhile, there are many lakes receiving mostly englacial discharge that greatly erode the ice body through melt-water discharge in some regions, and a thick layer of debris insulating the ice body at the terminus; these features may differentiate the retreat of the Koxkar Glacier from the general retreat of glaciers. In the future, with the ablation of glaciers, the central positions of intense ablation may be disconnected and there may be a dead zone at the terminus. 相似文献
14.
Parmanand Sharma Lavkush K Patel Rasik Ravindra Ajit Singh Mahalinganathan K Meloth Thamban 《Journal of Earth System Science》2016,125(3):459-473
As part of the on-going annual mass balance measurements on Batal and Sutri Dhaka glaciers, observations were made during peak ablation (August–September) season in 2013 to understand the response of debris covered and clean-ice (debris free) glacier surface to melting processes. Though, both the Batal and Sutri Dhaka glaciers have almost similar geographical disposition, Batal shows extensive debris cover (90% of the ablation area), while the latter is free from debris (only 5% of the ablation area). The thickness of debris in Batal glacier is inversely proportional to altitude, whereas Sutri Dhaka mostly experienced debris-free zone except snout area. Observation revealed that the vertical gradient of ablation rate in ablation area is contrastingly opposite in these two glaciers, reflecting significant control of debris thickness and their distribution over glacier surface on the ablation rates. While different thickness (2–100 cm) of debris have attenuated melting rates up to 70% of total melting, debris cover of <2 cm thickness has accelerated melting up to 10% of the total melting. Estimated melt ratio reveals that about 90% of the ablation area has experienced inhibited melting in Batal glacier, whereas only less than 5% ablation area of Sutri Dhaka has undergone inhibited melting. Comparison of topographical maps of 1962 with successive satellite images of the area demonstrates a terminus retreat of 373 ± 33.5 m and 579 ± 33.5 m for Batal and Sutri Dhaka glaciers for the period 1962–2013, respectively. 相似文献
15.
新疆哈密是资源性缺水地区,冰川是该区主要的供给水源。为了对该区冰川和水文水资源的现状和未来变化做出合理评价和预估,以榆树沟6号冰川和庙尔沟冰帽为代表,结合野外实测资料以及近年来在冰川变化领域所取得的相关研究成果,综合分析了在气候变暖背景下新疆哈密地区冰川近年来的变化过程及对水资源的影响。结果表明,1972-2011年,榆树沟6号冰川厚度平均减薄20 m,减薄速率约为0.51 m/a,冰川末端退缩254 m,年均退缩约6.5 m。由于强烈消融,冰川表面径流发育明显,且在末端有冰碛湖形成。相比之下,庙尔沟冰帽消融速率相对较小,对气候变暖的敏感度较低,这与冰帽类型和所处海拔较高有直接关系。综合分析发现,流域有无冰川覆盖及覆盖的比率大小,直接造成哈密地区不同流域近期河川径流变化的差异。 相似文献
16.
Lavkush Kumar Patel Parmanand Sharma Meloth Thamban Ajit Singh Rasik Ravindra 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(4):309
Complex factors such as climate, glacial geometry, topographical features and debris covers have significant influence on the dynamics of the Himalayan glaciers. Presence of debris covers on the surface of glaciers can significantly alter the surface energy balance and influence the climatic response of glaciers. In this study, the influence of debris covers and its impact on the ablation processes were analyzed from the in situ data collected over the surface of the Batal glacier in Chandra Basin, Western Himalaya. Almost 90 % of the ablation zone of the Batal glacier is covered by debris, 35 % of which is thick debris (>10 cm). Fourteen stakes (depth ～10 m) with increasing altitude and with varying debris thicknesses were installed to cover the whole ablation zone. Among them, four stakes represent thin debris (<2 cm), two stakes represent 2–5 cm debris thickness, two stakes represent 5–25 cm debris thickness, three stakes represent 25–50 cm debris thickness and three stakes represent >50 cm debris thickness. Our study has revealed high surface melting (?2.0 cm. w.e.d?1) in the debris free glacier while low surface melting observed in thick debris covered ice (?0.6 cm. w.e.d?1). Although limited to one season, this observation revealed a significant difference in the rate of surface melting as per the increasing debris thickness. Contrasting to normal ablation pattern over glaciers, Batal has experienced inverse retreat rate of ablation along with increasing altitude. A high degree of negative correlation (r = ?0.82, p < 0.05) between ablation rate and debris thickness in Batal suggest a significant control of debris thickness over ablation rate. 相似文献
17.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(5-6):743-758
Detailed examination of the Tekapo Formation in the Tasman Valley, New Zealand has identified 20 facies, and five facies associations. These associations are delta foresets and bottomsets, sediment density flows, ice-contact lake sediments with ice-rafted debris and resedimentation deposits, and outwash gravels. Interpretation of the sediment-landform associations informed by observations at modern glacier termini suggests that the Late Pleistocene Tekapo Formation moraines have been formed by downwasting of a more expanded Tasman Glacier. During the early stages of glacier retreat, ponds on the glacier surface develop into thermokarst lakes which enlarge and coalesce to form a large supraglacial lake. Continued downwasting causes the lake outlet river to entrench into the impounding latero-frontal ice-cored moraine, lowering the lake level. This exposes lake-bottom sediments and forms shorelines on the proximal slopes of the ice-cored moraine. As the ice-cored moraine melts, these lake sediments are deformed and deposited against the Mt. John moraine. The observations and interpretations reported here suggest the Late Pleistocene end moraine is a constructional feature not a structural (glaciotectonic) feature as suggested by previous studies. 相似文献
18.
Michael J. Hambrey Duncan J. Quincey Neil F. Glasser John M. Reynolds Shaun J. Richardson Samuel Clemmens 《Quaternary Science Reviews》2009,28(11-12):1084
This paper presents the sediment, landform and dynamic context of four avalanche-fed valley glaciers (Khumbu, Imja, Lhotse and Chukhung) in the Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) region of Nepal. All four glaciers have a mantle of debris dominated by sandy boulder-gravel that suppresses melting to an increasing degree towards the snout, leading to a progressive reduction in the overall slope of their longitudinal profile. Prominent lateral–terminal moraine complexes, also comprising sandy bouldergravel, enclose the glaciers. These terminal moraines originally grew by accretion of multiple sedimentary facies of basal glacial and supraglacial origin, probably by folding and thrusting when the glaciers were more dynamic during the Little Ice Age. The four glaciers are in various stages of recession, and demonstrate a range of scenarios from down-wasting of the glacier tongue, through morainedammed lake development, to post-moraine-dam breaching. Khumbu Glacier is at the earliest stage of supraglacial pond formation and shows no sign yet of developing a major lake, although one is likely to develop behind its >250 m high composite terminal moraine. Imja Glacier terminates in a substantial body of water behind a partially ice-cored moraine dam (as determined from geophysical surveys), but morphologically appears unlikely to be an immediate threat. Chukhung Glacier already has a breached moraine and a connected debris fan, and therefore no longer poses a threat. Lhotse Glacier has an inclined, free-draining tongue that precludes hazardous lake development. From the data assembled, a conceptual model, applicable to other Himalayan glaciers, is proposed to explain the development of large, lateral-terminal moraine complexes and associated potentially hazardous moraine dams. – 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 相似文献
19.
Interannual and seasonal variation of flow velocity in Koxkar Baxi Glacier from 2014 to 2020北大核心CSCD
Glacier flow is a key factor in understanding the nature of glaciers, and it is also one of the main research contents of glacier dynamics, which can provide basic support for rational utilization of glacier resources and early warning of glacier disasters. There are many mountain glaciers located in the west of China. The study on the spatiotemporal variation of surface velocity of glaciers also has great significance for the social and economic development of the western China. Koxkar Baxi Glacier, locates on the southern slopes of the Tomur Peak, is a typical dendritic glacier. In order to obtain the conditions of Koxkar Baxi Glacier’flow rates and its variation to further reveal the future of the variation of glacier, the spatiotemporal variability of glacier velocity was surveyed using correlation(COSI-Corr)method on Landsat imagery from 2014 to 2020. The results show that: (1)The average annual flow velocity of the Koxkar Baxi Glacier was 0. 04~0. 05 m·d-1 during 2014 to 2020. (2)The glacier reaches its maximum flow velocity near the center part, and the velocity decreased towards both lateral margins. In a longitudinal profile, ice flow velocity in the accumulation area increased down to the equilibrium line, while decreased towards the glacier terminal. The maximum velocity with 0. 17~ 0. 20 m·d-1 was found near the equilibrium line altitude. (3)The glacier flow velocity in warm seasons were 16. 67% faster than that in cold seasons. (4)The glacier flow velocity from 2014 to 2020 showed a slight decreasing trend, and the average flow velocity decreased 0. 01 m·d-1. (5)Temperature and precipitation had certain influence on the seasonal fluctuation and interannual variation of the flow velocity of the glacier. © 2022 Science Press (China). All rights reserved. 相似文献