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1.
地质成因和构造/热应力导致地壳岩石中的孔隙结构（裂隙和粒间孔）的变化.影响岩石黏弹性的因素包括压力、孔隙度、孔隙中包含的流体和孔隙几何形状等.相对于岩石中的硬孔隙,岩石黏弹性（衰减和频散）受软孔隙（裂隙）的影响更大.本文选取三块白云岩样本,进行了不同围压和流体条件下的超声波实验测量.利用CPEM（Cracks and Pores Effective Medium,裂隙和孔隙有效介质）模型获得了岩石高、低频极限的弹性模量,并通过Zener体（标准线性体）模型将CPEM模型拓展到全频带而得到CPEM-Zener模型,用该模型拟合岩石松弛和非松弛状态下的实验数据,本文得到平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度以及纵波速度和品质因子随频率的变化关系.结果表明,饱水岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度均高于饱油岩石,随着压差（围压和孔隙压力的差值）的增加,饱油岩石中的裂隙首先闭合.并且压差在70 MPa以内时,随着压差增大,岩石的平均裂隙纵横比和裂隙孔隙度在饱水和饱油时的差值增大,此时流体类型对于岩石裂隙的影响越来越显著,此外,对饱水岩石,平均裂隙纵横比随压差增加而增大,这可能是由于岩石中纵横比较小的裂隙会随压差增大而逐渐趋于闭合.在饱水和饱油岩石中,裂隙孔隙度和裂隙密度都随着压差增加而减小.通过对裂隙密度和压差的关系进行指数拟合,本文获得压差趋于0时的裂隙密度,且裂隙密度随孔隙度增大而增大,增大速率随压差增加而降低.针对饱水和饱油的白云岩样本,CPEM-Zener模型预测的纵波频散随压差增大而减小,此变化趋势和实验测得的逆品质因子随压差的变化关系基本一致,由此进一步验证了模型的实用性.本研究对岩石的孔隙结构和黏弹性分析以及声波测井、地震勘探的现场应用有指导意义. 相似文献
2.
Velocities of compressional and shear waves in limestones 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：2
Carbonate rocks are important hydrocarbon reservoir rocks with complex textures and petrophysical properties (porosity and permeability) mainly resulting from various diagenetic processes (compaction, dissolution, precipitation, cementation, etc.). These complexities make prediction of reservoir characteristics (e.g. porosity and permeability) from their seismic properties very difficult. To explore the relationship between the seismic, petrophysical and geological properties, ultrasonic compressional‐ and shear‐wave velocity measurements were made under a simulated in situ condition of pressure (50 MPa hydrostatic effective pressure) at frequencies of approximately 0.85 MHz and 0.7 MHz, respectively, using a pulse‐echo method. The measurements were made both in vacuum‐dry and fully saturated conditions in oolitic limestones of the Great Oolite Formation of southern England. Some of the rocks were fully saturated with oil. The acoustic measurements were supplemented by porosity and permeability measurements, petrological and pore geometry studies of resin‐impregnated polished thin sections, X‐ray diffraction analyses and scanning electron microscope studies to investigate submicroscopic textures and micropores. It is shown that the compressional‐ and shear‐wave velocities (Vp and Vs, respectively) decrease with increasing porosity and that Vp decreases approximately twice as fast as Vs. The systematic differences in pore structures (e.g. the aspect ratio) of the limestones produce large residuals in the velocity versus porosity relationship. It is demonstrated that the velocity versus porosity relationship can be improved by removing the pore‐structure‐dependent variations from the residuals. The introduction of water into the pore space decreases the shear moduli of the rocks by about 2 GPa, suggesting that there exists a fluid/matrix interaction at grain contacts, which reduces the rigidity. The predicted Biot–Gassmann velocity values are greater than the measured velocity values due to the rock–fluid interaction. This is not accounted for in the Biot–Gassmann velocity models and velocity dispersion due to a local flow mechanism. The velocities predicted by the Raymer and time‐average relationships overestimated the measured velocities even more than the Biot model. 相似文献
3.
Rock brittleness directly affects reservoir fracturing and its evaluation is essential for establishing fracturing conditions prior to reservoir reforming. Dynamic and static brittleness data were collected from siltstones of the Qingshankou Formation in Songliao Basin. The brittle–plastic transition was investigated based on the stress–strain relation. The results suggest that the brittleness indices calculated by static elastic parameters are negatively correlated with the stress drop coefficient and the brittleness index B2, defined as the average of the normalized Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, is strongly correlated with the stress drop. The brittleness index B2, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio correlate with the brittle minerals content; that is, quartz, carbonates, and pyrite. We also investigated the correlation between pore fluid and porosity and dynamic brittle characteristic based on index B2. Pore fluid increases the plasticity of rock and reduces brittleness; moreover, with increasing porosity, rock brittleness decreases. The gas-saturated siltstone brittleness index is higher than that in oil- or water-saturated siltstone; the difference in the brittleness indices of oil- and water-saturated siltstone is very small. By comparing the rock mechanics and ultrasonic experiments, we find that the brittleness index obtained from the rock mechanics experiments is smaller than that obtained from the ultrasonic experiments; nevertheless, both decrease with increasing porosity as well as their differences. Ultrasonic waves propagate through the rock specimens without affecting them, whereas rock mechanics experiments are destructive and induce microcracking and porosity increases; consequently, the brittleness of low-porosity rocks is affected by the formation of internal microcrack systems. 相似文献
4.
Interrelations Between Thermal Conductivity and Other Physical Properties of Rocks: Experimental Data 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Y. Popov V. Tertychnyi R. Romushkevich D. Korobkov J. Pohl 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2003,160(5-6):1137-1161
— A new non-contact and non-destructive optical scanning instrument provided a large number of high-precision measurements of thermal conductivity tensor components in samples of sedimentary and impact rocks, as well as new insights into interrelations between thermal conductivity and other physical properties. More than 800 core samples (dry and fluid-saturated) of sedimentary rocks from different Russian oil-gas deposits and impact rocks from the well “Nördlingen 1973” drilled in the Ries impact structure (Germany) were studied using optical scanning technology. It was established that the thermal conductivity parallel to the stratification is more informative for petrophysical investigations than the thermal conductivity perpendicular to the layering. Different approaches were developed to estimate porosity, permeability, pore space geometry, and matrix thermal conductivity with a combination of thermal conductivity measurements in dry and fluid-saturated samples and mathematical modelling. These approaches allow prediction of the rock porosity and permeability and their spatial distribution along a well using thermal conductivity measurements performed with the optical scanning instrument directly applied to cores. Conditions and constraints for using Lichtenecker-Asaad's theoretical model for the estimation of porosity and thermal conductivity of sedimentary rocks were determined. A correlation between thermal conductivity and acoustic velocity, porosity, density, and electric resistivity of impact rocks was found for different rock types. New relationships between permeability, electrical and thermal conductivity found for sedimentary rocks are described. 相似文献
5.
Compressional- and shear-wave velocities as a function of confining stress in dry sandstones 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the influence of confining stress on compressional- and shear-wave velocities for a set of rock samples from gas-producing sandstone reservoirs in the Cooper Basin, South Australia. The suite of samples consists of 22 consolidated sublitharenites with helium porosity ranging from 2.6% to 16.6%. We used a pulse-echo technique to measure compressional- and shear-wave velocities on dry samples (cylindrical 4.6 × 2 cm) at room temperature and at elevated confining stress (≤ 60 MPa). Compressional- and shear-wave velocities in samples increase non-linearly with confining stress. A regression equation of the form V = A ? Be?DP gives a good fit to the measured velocities with improved prediction of velocities at high confining stresses compared with equations suggested by other studies. The predicted microcrack-closure stresses of the samples show values ranging from 70 MPa to 95 MPa and insignificant correlation with porosity, permeability or clay content. There is a positive correlation between change in velocity with core porosity and permeability, but this association is weak and diminishes with increasing confining stress. Experimental results show that pore geometry, grain-contact type, and distribution and location of clay particles may be more significant than total porosity and clay content in describing the stress sensitivity of sandstones at in situ reservoir effective stress. The stress dependence of Cooper Basin sandstones is very large compared with data from other studies. The implication of our study for hydrocarbon exploration is that where the in situ reservoir effective stress is much less than the microcrack-closure stress of the reservoir rocks, the variation of reservoir effective stress could cause significant changes in velocity of the reservoir rocks. The velocity changes induced by effective stress in highly stress-sensitive rocks can be detected at sonic-log and probably surface-seismic frequencies. 相似文献
6.
引入基于Gassmann方程的流体替换方法,在分析地震波P波速度、波速比与岩石孔隙度和饱和度关系的基础上,应用于珊溪水库地震波速比和P波速度变化特征研究,得到:(1)珊溪水库震中区岩石始终处于接近水饱和的饱水状态,波速比和P波速度"下降-回升"的变化实质上反映了震中区岩石"孔隙度增大(饱和度减小)-饱和度增大"的变化,每一丛地震的波速比由极小值逐渐增大为极大值是由于岩石从不饱和状态变化到饱和状态;(2)根据每一丛地震波速比的变化,计算得到珊溪水库流体扩散率αs=1.06×104 cm2 s-1,该数值与美国南卡罗莱纳水库、巴西Acu水库、广东新丰江水库的流体扩散率基本一致;(3)震源区岩石孔隙度上限值为8.7%~2.0%,该数值与华东勘测设计研究院通过室内岩石物理力学性质试验测定的珊溪水库坝址区新鲜流纹斑岩的孔隙度平均值一致。 相似文献
7.
— The success of the Soultz-sous-Forêts Hot-Dry-Rock project depends on the ability to maintain fluid circulation in a fractured granite. Fractures represent the main fluid pathways. To understand the behavior of this granite in respect to thermal fluid-rock interaction the important aspects are (1) the porous network around these fractures and (2) the thermal conductivity of the rock. This granite is altered and composed of different weathered facies. Variations of porosity and thermal conductivity take place in regard to the alteration and fracturing of the granite. Two types of porosity measurements were performed, mercury injection and water porosity on two samples sizes. The two methods give similar porosity values between 0.3% and 10%. Thermal conductivity measurements were performed in two perpendicular directions to look at anisotropy with two methods at different scale and value ranges from 2.3 to 3.9 W.m?1.K?1. Optical scanning provides us with a good knowledge of local increase of thermal conductivity due to sealed fracture or quartz-cemented matrix. The relationship between porosity and thermal conductivity is not obvious and has to be studied in details, and results show three cases: (1)?a relationship between conductivity and porosity (increase of conductivity with a decrease of porosity), (2)?a relationship between conductivity and sealed fractures (increase of conductivity related to an increase of fracture density), (3)?and a combination of the two previous ones. The results are carefully compared for different types of granite: alterated, fractured or both. These first results indicate that parameters such as thermal conductivity are linked to the porous medium, the structure and the mineralogy of the rock. 相似文献
8.
The electrical properties of rocks and minerals are controlled by thermodynamic parameters like pressure and temperature and
by the chemistry of the medium in which the charge carriers move. Four different charge transport processes can be distinguished.
Electrolytic conduction in fluid saturated porous rocks depends on petrophysical properties, such as porosity, permeability and connectivity
of the pore system, and on chemical parameters of the pore fluid like ion species, its concentration in the pore fluid and
temperature. Additionally, electrochemical interactions between water dipoles or ions and the negatively charged mineral surface
must be considered. In special geological settings electronic conduction can increase rock conductivities by several orders of magnitude if the highly conducting phases (graphite or ores)
form an interconnected network. Electronic and electrolytic conduction depend moderately on pressure and temperature changes,
while semiconduction in mineral phases forming the Earth’s mantle strongly depends on temperature and responds less significantly to pressure
changes. Olivine exhibits thermally induced semiconduction under upper mantle conditions; if pressure and temperature exceed
~ 14 GPa and 1400 °C, the phase transition olivine into spinel will further enhance the conductivity due to structural changes
from orthorhombic into cubic symmetry. The thermodynamic parameters (temperature, pressure) and oxygen fugacity control the
formation, number and mobility of charge carriers. The conductivity temperature relation follows an Arrhenius behaviour, while
oxygen fugacity controls the oxidation state of iron and thus the number of electrons acting as additional charge carriers.
In volcanic areas rock conductivities may be enhanced by the formation of partial melts under the restriction that the molten phase is interconnected. These four charge transport mechanisms must be considered
for the interpretation of geophysical field and borehole data. Laboratory data provide a reproducible and reliable database
of electrical properties of homogenous mineral phases and heterogenous rock samples. The outcome of geoelectric models can
thus be enhanced significantly. This review focuses on a compilation of fairly new advances in experimental laboratory work
together with their explanation. 相似文献
9.
Although there is no assumption of pore geometry in derivation of Gassmann's equation, the pore geometry is in close relation with hygroscopic water content and pore fluid communication between the micropores and the macropores. The hygroscopic water content in common reservoir rocks is small, and its effect on elastic properties is ignored in the Gassmann theory. However, the volume of hygroscopic water can be significant in shaly rocks or rocks made of fine particles; therefore, its effect on the elastic properties may be important. If the pore fluids in microspores cannot reach pressure equilibrium with the macropore system, assumption of the Gassmann theory is violated. Therefore, due to pore structure complexity, there may be a significant part of the pore fluids that do not satisfy the assumption of the Gassmann theory. We recommend that this part of pore fluids be accounted for within the solid rock frame and effective porosity be used in Gassmann's equation for fluid substitution. Integrated study of ultrasonic laboratory measurement data, petrographic data, mercury injection capillary pressure data, and nuclear magnetic resonance T2 data confirms rationality of using effective porosity for Gassmann fluid substitution. The effective porosity for Gassmann's equation should be frequency dependent. Knowing the pore geometry, if an empirical correlation between frequency and the threshold pore‐throat radius or nuclear magnetic resonance T2 could be set up, Gassmann's equation can be applicable to data measured at different frequencies. Without information of the pore geometry, the irreducible water saturation can be used to estimate the effective porosity. 相似文献
10.
本文利用藏北地区三口天然气水合物钻孔测温数据,在分析样品热导率测试结果基础上,计算了藏北地区的热流值.对于样品热导率值,首先根据样品孔隙度对实验室测试结果进行了饱水校正,计算热流时采用的是对应井段的岩石热导率饱水校正值的厚度加权平均值.地温梯度以三口钻孔48 h的测温数据为基础,回归三口井的地温梯度,计算时去除了浅部受地表温度和冻土带对温度影响的数值.A钻孔地温梯度分为200~438 m和438~882 m两段回归,分段热流的加权平均值作为钻孔热流值,计算结果为42.7 mW·m-2; B钻孔和C钻孔回归地温梯度时未分段,热流计算结果分别为58.3 mW·m-2、70 mW·m-2.综合分析认为,岩石圈断裂、地幔上涌、碰撞造山过程中的剪切生热等因素可能造成了班公湖—怒江缝合带以南热流值较高,而北部羌塘地块热流值相对较低. 相似文献
11.
12.
泥质含量及其分布形式对岩电关系影响的数字岩心仿真(英文) 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
由于泥质所造成的附加导电现象,泥质含量及其分布形式对电阻率增大系数I和含水饱和度Sw关系具有重要影响,由于岩石物理实验中岩心孔隙结构及其组分构成、分布的微观不可调性,因而泥质分布形式所造成的影响很难通过岩心实验来单独研究。基于数字岩心的格子气自动机方法是一种有效的微观数值模拟方法,本研究利用储层岩心薄片的骨架颗粒尺寸信息资料建立数字岩心模型,结合格子气自动机技术对数字岩心不同饱和流体情况下电的传输特性进行数值模拟研究,揭示了不同泥质含量和泥质分布形式对孔隙介质导电特性非阿尔奇现象产生的影响,建立饱和度指数和泥质含量之间的关系模型,其良好的吻合性表明该方法在岩石物理研究中是一种十分有效的研究方法,而新模型适于在非阿尔奇储层进行准确的饱和度评价。 相似文献
13.
E. Carrara A. Mazzacca R. Pece N. Roberti T. Vanorio 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1999,154(2):211-255
—This paper illustrates the laboratory procedures and experiments carried out on samples with different lithologies and reconstructed samples in order to test and implement an electroseismic model (Carrara et al., 1994) which allows the evaluation of porosity and the saturation degree of rocks. The testing was conducted by comparing porosity (Φ) and saturation degree (S w ?) values, obtained from measured resistivity (ρ) and elastic wave velocity (V P ?) by means of appropriate formulations, with the values of Φ and S w previously calculated by geotechnics and employed as standards. The experimental results have led to a good definition of the model to be proposed as an application method in the field of hydrogeology. 相似文献
14.
Carbonate rocks are well known for their complex petrophysical behavior where, in contrast to siliciclastic rocks, different parameters, including porosity and permeability, usually are not directly related. This behavior is the result of thorough reorganization of porosity during diagenesis, and it turns prediction of reservoir quality of carbonate rocks into a challenge. The study presented here deals with the problem of utilizing NMR techniques in prediction of petrophysical properties in carbonates.We employ a visual porosity classification as a priori knowledge for better interpreting NMR data for prediction purposes. This allows for choice of suitable T2 cutoff values to differentiate movable from bound fluids adapted for the specific carbonate rock, thus resulting in better interpretation of NMR data. The approach of using a genetic pore type classification for adapting the conventional method for T2 cutoff determination, which originally was developed for siliciclastic rocks, is promising. Similarly, for permeability determination on the basis of NMR measurements, the classification of carbonate rocks based on porosity types also shows potential. The approach implemented here has the promise to provide a basis of standardized interpretation of NMR data from carbonate rocks.Acknowledgment We are grateful to Baker Hughes INTEQ, Celle, for permission to publish the results of this work. This study was part of I.S.s Masters Thesis at Hannover University that was carried out in collaboration with Baker Hughes INTEQ, Celle, Germany. We appreciate comments of an anonymous referee and PAGEOPH editor Brian J. Mitchell. 相似文献
15.
基于反演基质矿物模量和多约束条件的双相介质AVO正演方法（英文） 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于双相介质理论的AVO正演技术是储层性质描述和流体预测的有效技术手段之一,但是输入参数中基质矿物模量的准确性和双相介质模型的的合理性极大地影响双相介质AVO正演效果。因此,本文采用基于流体因子的基质矿物模量反演方法,自适应反演基质矿物体积模量。引入具有岩石物理意义的多约束条件,使得流体替换技术制作的双相介质模型具有岩石物理意义。保证获得的双相介质AVO特征反映实际地层响应,真实可靠。通过不同岩性岩样的对比分析,说明反演方法的优越性和准确性。同时LH地区实际资料应用,获得孔隙度和流体饱和度等重要岩性参数变化时双相介质AVO特征,特别是不同储层孔隙度在同一入射角对应快纵波和横波反射系数幅值的大小差异和突变角差异是分辨储层孔隙度大小的依据。 相似文献
16.
Paul Morgan 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1975,26(2):253-262
A standard core analysis technique has been modified to estimate porosities from measurements on rock fragments. For the range of rocks tested, chip-determined fractional porosities were within ±0.025 of the values measured on solid-core samples. This has enabled thermal conductivity measurements on rock fragments to be corrected for the effect of porosity, yielding agreement with conductivity determinations on solid core generally to better than ± 10%. The application of this is illustrated by the determination of heat flow in a 300-m borehole in western Cyprus (latitude 34°54′N, longitude 32°34′E, elevation 82 m). A decrease in temperature gradient with depth is almost completely compensated for by increasing thermal conductivity, and the best value for heat flow at this site is 23 ± 4 mW m?2. 相似文献
17.
Jadwiga A. Jarzyna Maria J. Bala Zofia M. Mortimer Edyta Puskarczyk 《Geophysical Prospecting》2013,61(5):1006-1021
A methodology for rock classification is presented that considers lithology and reservoir parameters on the basis of a combined fractal analysis of well logs and mercury porosimetry results with nuclear magnetic resonance outcomes. A sandy‐shaly thinly‐bedded Miocene gas bearing formation in the Carpathian Foredeep is investigated. Fractal correlation dimensions D2 calculated for standard logs are used to distinguish sandstone as the most homogeneous lithological group with the highest porosity. The fractal analysis also confirmed observations of gas accumulations in sandstone, shaly sandstone and sandy claystone as rocks of high porosity. The results of two laboratory methods are combined to improve reservoir properties assessment and evaluate movable media in pore space; this technique was based on the similarity of mercury porosimetry results plotted as cumulative intrusion volume versus pressure or pore diameter and also the curves of cumulative porosity and transverse relaxation time distributions using nuclear magnetic resonance. Close values of porosity from logs, recorded in situ and in laboratory measurements, provide the link between fractal analysis and porosimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. 相似文献
18.
Shear-wave velocity logs are useful for various seismic interpretation applications, including bright spot analyses, amplitude-versus-offset analyses and multicomponent seismic interpretations. Measured shear-wave velocity logs are, however, often unavailable. We developed a general method to predict shear-wave velocity in porous rocks. If reliable compressional-wave velocity, lithology, porosity and water saturation data are available, the precision and accuracy of shear-wave velocity prediction are 9% and 3%, respectively. The success of our method depends on: (1) robust relationships between compressional- and shear-wave velocities for water-saturated, pure, porous lithologies; (2) nearly linear mixing laws for solid rock constituents; (3) first-order applicability of the Biot–Gassmann theory to real rocks. We verified these concepts with laboratory measurements and full waveform sonic logs. Shear-wave velocities estimated by our method can improve formation evaluation. Our method has been successfully tested with data from several locations. 相似文献
19.
Data on the concentration of radioactive elements in mineral sediments and hydrothermally altered rocks of the long-lived Kikhpinych volcanic center are presented. High concentrations of uranium (up to 31 g/t) and thorium (up to 46 g/t) relative to the average values for the dacites of Kamchatka and the Uzon-Geyser depression are found in white kaolinite clays of mud pots and in dacites of the Yuzhnoe Kikhpinych thermal field transformed into kaolinite clays. In this field and in the Severnoe thermal field (in the crater of Staryi Kikhpinych Volcano) high values of volume radon activity (VA Rn > 1000 kBq/m3) were recorded in subsoil air. These high concentrations of uranium and thorium in fresh mineral sediments and anomalous values of VA Rn in subsoil air of hydrothermally altered rocks are considered to have resulted from the mass transfer of radioactive elements by fluid flows of the hydrothermal system. 相似文献
20.
An understanding of strain wave propagation in fluid containing porous rocks is important in reservoir geophysics and in the monitoring in underground water in the vicinity of nuclear and toxic waste sites, earthquake prediction, etc. Both experimental and theoretical research are far from providing a complete explanation of dissipation mechanisms, especially the observation of an unexpectedly strong dependence of attenuationQ
–1 on the chemistry of the solid and liquid phase involved. Traditional theories of proelasticity do not take these effects into account. In this paper the bulk of existing experimental data and theoretical models is reviewed briefly in order to elecidate the effect of environmental factors on the attenuation of seismic waves. Low fluid concentrations are emphasized. Thermodynamical analysis shows that changes in surface energy caused by weak mechanical disturbances can explain observed values of attenuation in real rocks. Experimental dissipation isotherms are interpreted in terms of monolayered surface adsorption of liquid films as described by Langmuir's equation.In order to describe surface dissipation in consolidated rocks, a surface tension term is added to the pore pressure term in the O'Connell-Budiansky proelastic equation for effective moduli of porous and fractured rocks. Theoretical calculations by this modified model, using reasonable values for elastic parameters, surface energy, crack density and their geometry, lead to results which qualitatively agree with experimental data obtained at low fluid contents. 相似文献