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1.
龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的主要层位之一.由于岩石物理实验结果具有区域性,龙马溪组页岩的岩石特征与其地震弹性性质的响应规律需要开展相关的实验和理论研究工作予以明确.本研究基于系统的微观结构观察(扫描电镜和CT成像技术)和岩石物理实验来分析龙马溪组页岩样品地震弹性性质的变化规律,并依据微观结构特征建立相应的地震岩石物理表征模型.研究结果表明,石英含量对龙马溪组页岩的孔隙度以及有机碳(TOC)含量具有一定的控制作用,TOC和黄铁矿主要赋存于孔隙中;岩石骨架组成亦受控于石英或粘土含量,在石英含量大于40%(对应粘土含量小于30%)时,以石英、粘土共同作为岩石骨架,而粘土含量大于30%时,则以粘土作为岩石的骨架.因此,岩石骨架组成矿物、TOC含量、孔隙度共同制约龙马溪组页岩的地震弹性性质,富有机质储层岩石通常表现出低泊松比、低阻抗和低杨氏模量的特征,但由于支撑矿物的转换,某些富有机质页岩亦可表现为高阻抗特征.粘土矿物的定向排列仍然是造成页岩样品表现出各向异性的主要原因,各向异性参数与粘土含量具有指数关系.基于龙马溪组页岩的岩性特征及微观结构特征,可以利用自洽模型(SCA)、微分等效模量模型(DEM)和Backus平均模型的有效组合较为准确地建立龙马溪组页岩的地震岩石物理模型,实验结果和测井数据验证了模型的准确性.研究结果可为龙马溪组页岩气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据. 相似文献
2.
页岩气储层中含有大量有机碳(TOC),其丰度与成熟度对页岩力学特性有重要影响.建立包含TOC的精细数值模型,将有助于探索页岩微结构与矿物组分含量对等效弹性模量的作用程度,是“甜点区”预测的重要理论基础.本文提出了一种离散数值建模方法,基于高精度成像技术,采用晶格弹簧-随机孔隙耦合模型(LSM-RVM)模拟包含多种矿物组分及不同成熟度干酪根的数字岩心,分析TOC成熟度及含量对弹性参数的影响.在该模型中,参数设置(数值阻尼与加载应变速率)至关重要,选取不当会对计算精度造成一定影响.研究结果表明,LSM-RVM能够生成符合TOC及多种矿物实际分布特征的数值模型,是一种精细数值建模方法. 相似文献
3.
Linqi Zhu Chong Zhang Chaomo Zhang Xueqing Zhou Jun Wang Xiu Wang 《Acta Geophysica》2018,66(5):983-1000
The total organic carbon (TOC) content reflects the abundance of organic matter in marine mud shale reservoirs and reveals the hydrocarbon potential of the reservoir. Traditional TOC calculation methods based on statistical and machine learning have limited effect in improving the computational accuracy of marine mud shale reservoirs. In this study, the collinearity between log curves of marine mud shale reservoirs was revealed for the first time, which was found to be adverse to the improvement of TOC calculation accuracy. To this end, a new TOC prediction method was proposed based on Multiboost-Kernel extreme learning machine (Multiboost-KELM) bridging geostatistics and machine learning technique. The proposed method not only has good data mining ability, generalization ability and sound adaptivity to small samples, but also has the ability to improve the computational accuracy by reducing the effect of collinearity between logging curves. In prediction of two mud shale reservoirs of Sichuan basin with proposed model, the results showed that the predicted value of TOC was in good consistence with the measured value. The root-mean-square error of TOC predicting results was reduced from 0.415 (back-propagation neural networks) to 0.203 and 1.117 (back-propagation neural networks) to 0.357, respectively; the relative error value decreased by up to 8.9%. The Multiboost-KELM algorithm proposed in this paper can effectively improve the prediction accuracy of TOC in marine mud shale reservoir. 相似文献
4.
页岩中的TOC(Total Organic Carbon,总有机碳)含量,对页岩的有效弹性模量以及与之相关的弹性波速度(P波和S波)有重要影响,建立弹性模量与TOC含量关系是页岩气甜点预测的重要手段之一.CS和SM两种固体置换理论主要针对孔隙度较大的砂岩,能否适用于孔隙度低、孔隙形态复杂和非均质性强的页岩目前尚未深入研究.鉴于目前已知的富有机质页岩的TOC赋存形态与裂缝以及孔隙形态类似,有关TOC含量对岩石弹性模量的影响可视为孔隙物质充填问题来研究.本文利用数字岩心技术,构造同一数字岩心不同TOC含量的样本群,基于CS和SM两种固体替换理论模型,通过有限元(FEM)数值模拟交叉验证,详细研究了两种固体替换方程对页岩的适用性和TOC含量对页岩弹性性质的影响.研究表明,由于实际岩心孔隙及TOC分布的非均质性,CS替换方程弹性模量预测值与FEM模拟结果存在差异,而SM替换方程预测值与FEM模拟结果基本一致,两种方程的预测差异揭示页岩非均质强度,利用SM替换方程中的参数α_1,α_2,β_1和β_2可详细分析实际岩心孔隙及TOC分布的非均质特征. 相似文献
5.
This paper reports on an approach for separating vanillin and syringaldehyde (VSA) from oxygen delignification spent liquor using non‐polar macroporous resin. The effects of temperature and pH on the adsorption isotherms were studied. The adsorption capacity and adsorption equilibrium constant were obtained using the Langmuir adsorption model at pH<4.5, where the ionization of the VSA to ionic forms was negligible. The standard enthalpy change was calculated using the van't Hoff equation and clearly showed that the adsorption is an exothermic process. The effect of pH on the adsorption isotherm is well‐described by a modified Langmuir model and shows that the adsorption equilibrium constant decreases significantly with the increasing pH. The VSA adsorbed on macroporous resin was eluted by ethyl ether. The separated VSA contained 37.51% vanillin, 31.88% syringaldehyde. The recoveries of VSA were 96.2 and 94.7%, respectively. 相似文献
6.
页岩气在储层中主要以游离气和吸附气的形式存在,其含气量主要通过现场解吸和测井方法计算.由于页岩储层十分致密,并且常伴有微裂缝发育,这就造成了页岩储层的储集空间从纳米级孔隙到微米-毫米级的微裂缝并存的特殊情况.针对微孔和介孔段(50nm以内)的等温吸附方法,以及针对宏孔(50nm以上)的高压压汞方法在表征页岩孔隙结构上都存在着局限性.而核磁(NMR)T2分布本身虽然能够表征孔径分布,但是需要精确刻度横向弛豫时间与孔径的关系.本文在现有方法的基础上,结合上述方法的优势,采用拼接的方式表征页岩整体孔径分布,并将核磁T2分布刻度为孔径分布.基于横向弛豫时间和孔径的关系,结合T2-I转换模型,采用动态参数计算页岩储层含水饱和度和含气量,这为页岩储层含气量评价提供了新的可靠的方法. 相似文献
7.
地应力的精确预测是对页岩地层进行水平井钻井轨迹设计和压裂的基础.本文在分析页岩构造特征的基础上,提出了适用于页岩地层的岩石物理等效模型的建立流程,并以此为基础实现了最小水平地应力的有效预测.首先,通过分析页岩地层的矿物、孔隙、流体及各向异性特征,将其等效为具有垂直对称轴的横向各向同性介质,进行了页岩岩石物理等效模型的构建;然后建立了页岩地层纵横波速度经验公式,并将该经验公式与岩石物理等效模型均应用于实际页岩工区的横波速度预测中,二者对比表明,本文中建立的页岩气岩石物理等效模型具有更高的横波预测精度,验证了该模型的适用性;最后,利用该模型计算各弹性刚度张量,进而实现了页岩地层最小水平地应力的预测,与各向同性模型估测结果对比表明,该模型预测的最小水平地应力与地层瞬间闭合压力一致性更高,且储层位置更为明显,具有较高的实用性. 相似文献
8.
五峰-龙马溪组页岩是目前国内页岩气勘探的首选层位,而其地震岩石物理特征是利用地震方法进行"甜点"预测的重要基础之一,但对五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震弹性特征变化规律的研究并未考虑沉积、成岩过程的影响,致使相应的规律性认识缺乏地质意义.在对五峰-龙马溪组页岩样品系统声学测量基础上,分析了页岩样品地震弹性性质的变化规律.利用X射线衍射分析、扫描电镜（SEM）、阴极发光（CL）与能谱分析确定了五峰-龙马溪组页岩在不同沉积环境下的成岩过程,并讨论了成岩过程与地震弹性性质变化规律的因果关系.研究结果表明,页岩中有机质（TOC）受高热演化程度的影响,其密度通常高于1.4 g·cm-3,并接近于有机碳密度上限1.6 g·cm-3（石墨密度）.五峰-龙马溪组页岩地震弹性性质变化规律整体受沉积环境控制,沉积环境的差异形成不同的成岩过程,致使地震弹性特征也表现出不同的变化规律.表现在五峰-龙马溪页岩样品动态岩石物理特征主要受岩石结构控制（支撑颗粒弹性性质）,而孔隙度、TOC含量以及孔隙形状则为对地震弹性特征影响的次一级因素.五峰-龙马溪组页岩上段为浅水陆棚相,机械压实与化学压实（硅质胶结）为先后两个过程,造成样品表现出高的速度-孔隙度变化率、高速度比（泊松比）、高各向异性以及低TOC含量的特征.五峰-龙马溪组页岩下段为深水陆棚相,机械压实过程中同时伴有生物成因的硅质胶结,造成岩石样品表现出较高TOC含量与孔隙度、各向异性较弱以及较小的速度-孔隙度变化率.研究结果可为五峰-龙马溪页气储层的测井解释和地震"甜点"预测提供依据. 相似文献
9.
泥页岩由于其复杂的岩石特性（主要是裂缝及有机质的存在）,目前还没有有效的岩石物理模型可以较为精确的模拟其性质.本文在自洽模型和微分等效介质模型的基础上,引入Berryman三维孔隙形态及Brown-Korringa固体替代技术,建立适用于富有机质泥页岩的新型岩石物理模型.在此基础上进行正演分析,讨论不同孔隙形态对于自洽模型的临界孔隙度以及岩石速度的影响.正演分析的结果表明即使将未知的混合岩石作为背景岩石,微分有效介质模型的引入使得固体相和流体相仍然不是对称的,临界孔隙度不一定要落在0.4到0.6之间.且不同的孔隙形状对于自洽模型的临界孔隙度以及岩石的速度具有明显的影响.此外,基于岩石物理模型,文章讨论了不同孔隙形态、不同泥质含量时有机质对于岩石弹性性质的影响.最后利用一口页岩气井对该模型进行验证,预测的纵横波速度与测井结果吻合的很好,证明了该模型对于富有机质泥页岩的适用性. 相似文献
10.
The dependence of elastic moduli of shales on the mineralogy and microstructure of shales is important for the prediction of sweet spots and shale gas production. Based on 3D digital images of the microstructure of Longmaxi black shale samples using X-ray CT, we built detailed 3D digital images of cores with porosity properties and mineral contents. Next, we used finite-element (FE) methods to derive the elastic properties of the samples. The FE method can accurately model the shale mineralogy. Particular attention is paid to the derived elastic properties and their dependence on porosity and kerogen. The elastic moduli generally decrease with increasing porosity and kerogen, and there is a critical porosity (0.75) and kerogen content (ca. ≤3%) over which the elastic moduli decrease rapidly and slowly, respectively. The derived elastic moduli of gas- and oil-saturated digital cores differ little probably because of the low porosity (4.5%) of the Longmaxi black shale. Clearly, the numerical experiments demonstrated the feasibility of combining microstructure images of shale samples with elastic moduli calculations to predict shale properties. 相似文献
11.
In an effort to reduce the shale gas exploration risks and costs, we applied the wide-field electromagnetic method (WFEM), because of its strong anti-interference capability, high resolution, ability to conduct exploration at large depths, and high efficiency, to the Bayan Syncline in the South Huayuan block, Hunan Province. We collected rock samples and analyzed their resistivity and induced polarization (IP) and built A series of two-dimensional models for geological conditions to investigate the applicability of WFEM to different geological structures. We also analyzed the correlation between TOC of shale and the resistivity and IP ratio to determine the threshold for identifying target formations. We used WFEM to identify the underground structures and determine the distribution, depth, and thickness of the target strata. Resistivity, IP, and total organic carbon were used to evaluate the shale gas prospects and select favorable areas (sweet spots) for exploration and development. Subsequently, drilling in these areas proved the applicability of WFEM in shale gas exploration. 相似文献
12.
Zou Caineng Yang Zhi Sun Shasha Zhao Qun Bai Wenhua Liu Honglin Pan Songqi Wu Songtao Yuan Yilin 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2020,63(7):934-953
The Sichuan Basin is rich in shale oil and gas resources, with favorable geological conditions that the other shale reservoirs in China cannot match. Thus, the basin is an ideal option for fully "exploring petroleum inside source kitchen" with respect to onshore shale oil and gas in China. This paper analyzes the characteristics of shale oil and gas resources in the United States and China, and points out that maturity plays an important role in controlling shale oil and gas composition. US shale oil and gas exhibit high proportions of light hydrocarbon and wet gas, whereas Chinese marine and transitional shale gas is mainly dry gas and continental shale oil is generally heavy. A comprehensive geological study of shale oil and gas in the Sichuan Basin reveals findings with respect to the following three aspects. First, there are multiple sets of organic-rich shale reservoirs of three types in the basin, such as the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation and Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation marine shale, Permian Longtan Formation transitional shale, Triassic Xujiahe Formation lake-swamp shale, and Jurassic lacustrine shale. Marine shale gas enrichment is mainly controlled by four elements: Deep-water shelf facies, moderate thermal evolution, calcium-rich and silicon-rich rock association, and closed roof/floor. Second, the "sweet section" is generally characterized by high total organic carbon, high gas content, large porosity, high brittle minerals content, high formation pressure,and the presence of lamellation/bedding and natural microfractures. Moreover, the "sweet area" is generally characterized by very thick organic-rich shale, moderate thermal evolution, good preservation conditions, and shallow burial depth, which are exemplified by the shale oil and gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation, Longtan Formation, and Daanzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation. Third, the marine, transitional, and continental shale oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin account for 50%, 25%, and 30% of the respective types of shale oil and gas geological resources in China, with great potential to become the cradle of the shale oil and gas industrial revolution in China. Following the "Conventional Daqing-Oil"(i.e., the Daqing oilfield in the Songliao Basin) and the "Western Daqing-Oil Gas"(i.e., the Changqing oilfield in the Ordos Basin), the Southwest oil and gas field in the Sichuan Basin is expected to be built into a "Sichuan-Chongqing Daqing-Gas" in China. 相似文献
13.
随着二氧化碳地质封存、深部地热开采、地下储气库建设、页岩气开发、二次驱油/驱气等工业应用的快速发展,与地下流体注入有关的诱发地震活动呈现一定的增加趋势.利用声发射实验观测油气田典型岩石在三轴压缩条件下变形破坏过程与声发射活动特征,对研究注水诱发地震过程有着重要意义.本文利用四川盆地现场采集的震旦系白云岩及页岩,采用实验室声发射技术观测研究岩石三轴压缩变形破坏过程中地震波速度等物性参数及声发射事件时空分布特征.实验结果表明:震旦系白云岩及页岩在变形破坏过程中均有一定的声发射活动.根据声发射定位结果,声发射主要集中在破坏前后的较短时间内,页岩的层理面为结构弱面,控制最终破坏面的形态及声发射特征.根据应力-应变结果,白云岩在压缩的后期阶段有一定的扩容现象,但页岩在整个压缩阶段均没有明显扩容现象.研究结果表明四川盆地较古老的白云岩及页岩具有脆性破坏特征,地下流体注入容易诱发微震活动,形成裂缝,有利于页岩气压裂开采.微震活动有利于监测裂缝的发生发展,但同时在页岩气开发及二氧化碳地质封存时应采取相应的预防控制措施进行安全合理的储盖层管理,避免灾害性诱发地震的发生. 相似文献
14.
Coconut coir pith, a lignocellulosic polymer, is an unwanted by‐product of the coir fiber industry. The pith was used as a biosorbent for the removal of Molybdenum(VI) after modification with a cationic surfactant, hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide. The optimum pH for maximum adsorption of Mo(VI) was found to be 3.0. Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin Radushkevich isotherms were used to model the adsorption equilibrium data and the system was seen to follow all three isotherms. The Langmuir adsorption capacity of the biosorbent was found to be 57.5 mg g–1. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption generally obeyed a second‐order kinetic model. Desorption studies showed that the recovery of Mo(VI) from the spent adsorbent was feasible. The effect of foreign anions on the adsorption of Mo(VI) was also examined. 相似文献
15.
The adsorption of nickel and copper in a bicomponent system using the nonliving biomass of the marine brown alga Laminaria japonica was investigated in batch systems as a function of initial solution pH, contact time and temperature. The adsorption of nickel and copper was strongly pH dependent. Kinetic studies pointed to a rapid uptake with an equilibrium time of about 30 min. The kinetic curves were successfully fitted by linear regression to pseudo first and pseudo‐second‐order equations. The equilibrium data was analyzed using several models, including the extended Langmuir equation, modified extended Langmuir model and combined extended Langmuir‐Freundlich model. The results suggested that the competitive adsorption of nickel and copper at all temperatures was best represented by the combined extended Langmuir‐Freundlich isotherm. The isotherms indicated competitive uptake, with copper being preferentially adsorbed followed by nickel with an increase in the amount of solute in solution. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the simultaneous adsorption of nickel and copper ions could be considered to be a spontaneous, endothermic process, with increased randomness. 相似文献
16.
Liang-Jun Yan Xiao-Xiong Chen Hao Tang Xing-Bing Xie Lei Zhou Wen-Bao Hu Zhong-Xin Wang 《应用地球物理》2018,15(1):26-34
Monitoring and delineating the spatial distribution of shale fracturing is fundamentally important to shale gas production. Standard monitoring methods, such as time-lapse seismic, cross-well seismic and micro-seismic methods, are expensive, timeconsuming, and do not show the changes in the formation with time. The resistivities of hydraulic fracturing fluid and reservoir rocks were measured. The results suggest that the injection fluid and consequently the injected reservoir are characterized by very low resistivity and high chargeability. This allows using of the controlled-source electromagnetic method (CSEM) to monitor shale gas hydraulic fracturing. Based on the geoelectrical model which was proposed according to the well-log and seismic data in the test area the change rule of the reacted electrical field was studied to account for the change of shale resistivity, and then the normalized residual resistivity method for time lapse processing was given. The time-domain electromagnetic method (TDEM) was used to continuously monitor the shale gas fracturing at the Fulin shale gas field in southern China. A high-power transmitter and multi-channel transient electromagnetic receiver array were adopted. 9 h time series of Ex component of 224 sites which were laid out on the surface and over three fracturing stages of a horizontal well at 2800 m depth was recorded. After data processing and calculation of the normalized resistivity residuals, the changes in the Ex signal were determined and a dynamic 3D image of the change in resistivity was constructed. This allows modeling the spatial distribution of the fracturing fluid. The model results suggest that TDEM is promising for monitoring hydraulic fracturing of shale. 相似文献
17.
Govindasamy Vijayakumar Chang Kyoo Yoo Kuppana Gounder P. Elango Mahendiradas Dharmendirakumar 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2010,38(2):202-209
Batch sorption experiments were carried out for the adsorption of the basic dye Rhodamine B from aqueous solution using baryte as the adsorbent. The effect of adsorbent dosage, temperature, initial dye concentration and pH were studied. Adsorption data were modeled using first and second order kinetic equations and the intra particle diffusion model. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process followed second order rate kinetics with an average rate constant of 0.05458 g mg–1 min–1. Dye adsorption equilibrium was attained rapidly after 30 min of contact time. The equilibrium data was fitted to the Langmuir, Freundlich and Tempkin isotherms over a dye concentration range of 50–250 mg/L. The adsorption thermodynamic parameters showed that adsorption was an exothermic, spontaneous and less ordered arrangement process. The adsorbent, baryte, was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that baryte has good potential for the removal of Rhodamine B from dilute aqueous solution. 相似文献
18.
Silvia Román João Manuel Valente Nabais Juan Félix González Carmen María González‐García Angel Luis Ortiz 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2012,40(7):698-705
The adsorption of fluoxetine onto activated carbons (ACs) prepared from almond tree pruning by steam and CO2 activation under different temperature conditions (650–950°C), was studied. In both series increasing the temperature caused an increase in the BET apparent surface area, yielding ACs with SBET up to 870 and 710 m2 g?1 after steam and CO2 activation, respectively. Also, a slight widening of the porosity was found in both cases. In order to modify the functionality of the ACs, two of them were impregnated with triethylenediamine (TEDA) prior to the adsorption process, which caused a decrease in the AC apparent surface mainly due to micropore blockage. The fluoxetine adsorption isotherms at 25°C showed maximum adsorption capacities between 110 and 224 mg g?1. The adsorption isotherms were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich models. Although the impregnation reduced the pore volume, it did not cause a decrease in the fluoxetine maximum adsorption capacity, but a modification in the adsorption mechanism was observed. 相似文献
19.
随着储层压力的降低,克林伯格效应对渗透率的影响越来越大.现有的煤储层渗透率预测模型大都忽略了克林伯格系数的变化,其预测结果与实际生产存在一定的差异,尤其是在低储层压力阶段.本文以体积不变假设为基础,基于火柴棍模型给出在储层压力降低过程中动态克林伯格系数的计算公式,并建立考虑动态克林伯格系数的渗透率预测模型;深入分析在煤储层压力降低过程中,煤储层渗透率和克林伯格系数的变化规律.研究结果表明：随着储层压力的降低,克林伯格系数呈先增大后减小的变化趋势;在相同储层压力下,克林伯格系数随渗透率增加呈指数减小趋势,随温度增加呈线性增大趋势.本文建立的渗透率模型参数简单易获取,预测结果与实际煤储层渗透率变化规律符合性较好,尤其是在低储层压力阶段,能准确预测煤储层渗透率变化. 相似文献
20.
结合地震岩石物理技术,研究了叠前频变AVO反演在四川盆地龙马溪组页岩储层含气性识别中的应用.首先,应用Backus平均理论将测井数据粗化为地震尺度储层模型,应用传播矩阵理论进行高精度地震正演及井震标定,分析页岩气储层地震响应特征.其次,基于岩心观测结果,应用Chapman多尺度裂缝理论设计页岩气储层理论模型,研究储层衰减、频散以及对应的地震反射特征.应用该理论模型测试频变AVO反演方法,计算结果表明：对于研究区地层结构和地震数据,区分流体类型的优势频率不是地震子波的主频,还受层间调谐干涉等储层结构因素控制,也进一步说明理论模型测试和标定的重要性.最后,将频变AVO反演技术应用到四川盆地龙马溪组页岩地层,计算得到的频散属性为页岩气储层含气性识别提供依据. 相似文献