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1.
海底管道在油气工业中发挥着重要作用,为保障其安全运营必须定期进行检测掌握其在海底的状态。有的海底管道在铺设时为其安全考虑,在海底管道上方覆盖了抛石等硬质保护层,这样就导致在海底管道定期检测时一些检测仪器难以探测到硬质保护层下海底管道的位置和埋深,而浅地层剖面仪和磁力仪仍然可以不同程度地实现这种情况下的海底管道检测。文中对浅地层剖面仪和磁力仪的原理进行了介绍并对其在上覆抛石等硬质保护层海底管道检测中的应用进行了分析探讨。分析结果表明浅地层剖面仪和磁力仪组成的综合检测系统对上覆硬质保护层的海底管道探测有一定效果,可查明海硬质保护层下海底管道的位置和埋深,为海底管道的安全管理和维护提供数据支持,也可为其他类似海底管道检测提供参考。 相似文献
2.
抛锚作业给跨航道海底管道带来的安全风险问题越来越引起人们的关注。为了加强海底管道防冲击能力、保障管道的安全运营,针对抛锚冲击作用下的管道埋深进行研究。通过建立小尺寸抛锚冲击管道实验平台,获得了冲击荷载作用下抛锚高度、管道埋深、堆石材质等参量对管道响应的影响。并基于正交实验原理,综合分析了不同参量对管道响应的敏感性。利用有限元法对抛锚冲击管道的过程进行瞬态动力分析,进一步研究了堆石材料力学特性对管道埋深的影响。结果表明:在冲击荷载作用下,堆石层的材料特性对冲击能量的耗散起着重要作用。通过将数值分析结果与实验数据作对比,并结合DNV规范中的能量计算方法,提出了抛锚冲击荷载作用下管道最小埋深的计算方法。研究成果为海底管道的安全铺设提供一定的理论指导。 相似文献
3.
水力插板技术具有安全稳定性高、施工速度快等优点,经过长期的现场试验逐步形成了水力插板与抛石防护相结合这样一种工程建设模式,将此项技术应用到海港工程中具有其特殊优势,值得推广应用。 相似文献
4.
以东方岸外海域为例,计算了极端天气下不同水深条件构建稳定粗化层抛石颗粒的临界粒径;分析了影响粗化层稳定的不同因素,并对人工抛石构建粗化层提出建议。结果显示,在东方岸外30m和60 m水深处,沉积物的中值泥沙粒径至少为30.33 mm和3.99 mm,才能抵御极端浪流的冲刷,且抛石层的厚度应至少为80.9mm和10.8mm,抛石层至少覆盖原始床沙的70%。粗化层的稳定性受颗粒隐蔽暴露效应、砂组分百分比、粗化层颗粒级配、覆盖厚度及覆盖百分比的共同影响,而抛石构建稳定粗化层的实质是对抛石粒径的合理选取及对细粒组分百分比的有效控制。另外,抛石级配的合理选择应受到重视,在施工过程中则需保证覆盖百分数和粗化层的覆盖厚度。粗细混合投放或者分层投放有利于更好地构建稳定粗化层。以上述方法构建稳定粗化层可为海底管道工程设施的维护提供有效支持。 相似文献
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离散单元法与港口和海岸工程中的非连续介质问题 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
离散单元法是一种用来分析非连续介质的位移,受力和稳定性问题的数值分析方法,已在岩石力学领域中得到了广泛的应用。在港口和海岸工程中,存在许多堆石体结构的非连续介质问题,如重力式码头后方抛石体的土压力问题,在波浪荷载作用的下堆石防坡浪,护岸,基床的稳定性问题等。 相似文献
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平台坠物、船舶抛锚等第三方活动引起的冲击损伤是近海管道失效的主要原因,时刻威胁中国海洋油气开发系统的安全性。为保障近海油气管道安全运行,围绕冲击荷载作用下管道损伤及失效评估这一中心问题,从管道损伤机理研究、含冲击损伤管道安全评估、管道工程项目风险评估3个方面总结了国内外研究发展现状,明确了影响结构安全的关键问题,并对未来研究工作提出建议。挖沟埋深为管道防护冲击损伤的有效手段,土体强度是防护效果关键因素,应重点关注土体强度空间变异性问题;管道冲击损伤主要为平滑凹陷和弯折凹陷,对于后者应进一步确定其在内压荷载下的剩余强度及疲劳强度;风险评估中失效判据对于结果有显著影响,需构建考虑多种安全性评估准则的失效判据体系。 相似文献
8.
为保证琼州海峡海底电缆的安全性和可靠性,拟对掩埋深度未达到设计要求地段的海底电缆进行抛石保护。抛石过程中,块石由于沉降和水流作用具有一定的速度,会对海底电缆产生冲击力,甚至对电缆造成破坏。根据工程海区环境动力因素,对抛石施工过程中散抛块石所受浮力、流体阻力及水平推动力进行推导,获得块石在垂直方向和水平方向的运动方程,推导获得块石对海底电缆冲击力的计算公式,并确定冲击力的影响因素。结合抛石工艺和海底电缆的设计强度,选取各影响因素的不同值进行计算,结合计算结果对冲击力影响因素进行对比分析,为抛石工程提供合理建议,设计安全的施工方案。 相似文献
9.
《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2020,(Z1)
基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件显示动力分析,采用非线性动态有限元法,对海底管道受坠物碰撞的动态过程进行数值模拟,对比分析坠物质量、坠物形状、轴向预加荷载因素对海底管道在撞击作用下凹陷及损伤区域的影响。结果表明:海底管道受撞击部位的凹陷及损伤区域随着坠物能量的增加而增大;坠物形状因素由于碰撞发生时接触面不同对管道凹陷及损伤区域造成不同的影响;海底管道内压的存在一定程度上抵抗了碰撞造成的局部塑性损伤变形;轴向受拉对海底管道损伤方面的影响很小可忽略不计;适当增加轴向压力可提升海底管道抗碰撞冲击能力而过大的轴向压力会加剧管道破坏。 相似文献
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通过室内试验,研究了采油平台的冲淘机理和防护措施,对仿生海底、仿生林、抛石块、抛石子袋等防冲淘措施进行了方案设计和试验,完成了导管架式、桶形基础式、沉垫式3种采油平台的冲淘及防护措施试验研究,提出和完善了多层次抛石防护技术,并将研究成果成功应用于海上防护工程.提出的研究思路以及得到的研究成果,对解决胜利油田海区粉土地基的防冲淘难题具有重要指导意义. 相似文献
11.
Chandralata Raghukumar G. Sheelu P. A. Loka Bharathi Shanta Nair C. Mohandass 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):1-16
In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance. 相似文献
12.
Arne Schnack-Friedrichsen Angela M. Davis Jim D. Bennell Dei G. Huws 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(4):221-243
The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths. 相似文献
13.
Derek V. Ellis 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2001,19(1):51-63
This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested. 相似文献
14.
G. Parthiban 《Marine Georesources & Geotechnology》2000,18(3):223-235
Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement. 相似文献
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Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification
An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm. 相似文献
16.
海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。 相似文献
17.
The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments. 相似文献
18.
Shigehisa Nakamura 《Marine Geodesy》2000,23(1):55-61
Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone. 相似文献
19.
The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics. 相似文献
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