共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 296 毫秒
1.
William Blumen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,99(3):509-519
The traditional Ekman boundary-layer parameterization is introduced into the quasigeostrophic Eady baroclinic instability model and into the deformation flow model, to couple the planetary boundary layer with the inviscid interior flow aloft. An explicit time-dependent version of this parameterization is then introduced into an unbalanced zero potential vorticity model to evaluate the initial transient response. It is noted that the adaptation of the geostrophic flow to the same parameterization is different in each of the balanced models. The characteristic flow response reflects thedifferent constraints imposed by each model. Further, the zero potential vorticity condition constrains the evolution of the baroclinic geostrophic part of the flow, which leads to an unphysical flow response when the Ekman boundary-layer parameterization is employed with this unbalanced model. The barotropic part of the flow does, however, evolve in a physically consistent manner spinning down to reflect the introduction of low momentum air pumped into the interior from the boundary layer. Moreover, the transient spin-up processis shown to have an insignificant effect on this spin-down process. 相似文献
2.
显式自由表面模型时间分裂格式的一个积分方案 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Zhou Weidong 《大气科学进展》2002,19(2):255-265
讨论了有关显式自由表面模型的时间分裂格式中的分裂误差。在传统的积分方案中，由于采用蛙跳格式，斜压动量方程具有三层的时间离散结构，但是，正压动量方程在相应的时间层上只有二层的离散结构。因此，正压方程与斜压方程的时间离散结构是不相容的。分析结果表明，这是导致分裂误差的原因。本提出一种能保持时间离散结构相容的正压和斜压方程的时间积分方案。该积分方案的分裂误差很小因此特别适合于需要长期积分的气候研究。该方案在北太平洋的一个自由表面模型中得到了应用。 相似文献
3.
Glenn R. Flierl 《Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans》1979,3(1):15-38
A model for the structure and motion of baroclinic solitary waves in the atmosphere or ocean is presented. Like gravity wave solitons, these planetary wave solutions are both weakly nonlinear and weakly dispersive. The dispersion effects, induced by β, are small because the scale of the wave is large compared to the deformation radius. The steepening effects are provided by the interaction of the wave with exterior mean shear flow, which may be either barotropic or baroclinic. The solutions have two properties which suggest that such theories may be useful in modelling solitary disturbances in the atmosphere or ocean: radial symmetry and fluid speeds which exceed the phase speed of the wave itself. As an example, we apply the model to Gulf Stream Rings. 相似文献
4.
东亚季风区的季风类型 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从地面流场正、斜压分量的冬夏季节转换的特征 ,对东亚至西太平洋季风区季风的性质进行了分析研究。结果表明 :这一地区的季风可分为 3种类型 :南海、华南沿海和低纬西太平洋主要为斜压流型季风区 ;华北北部、东北地区沿海主要为正压流型季风区 ;我国东部沿海和长江流域以及 2 7°N附近的西太平洋地区为正斜压流型共同形成的混合型季风区。 相似文献
5.
GRAPES的新初始化方案 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
四维变分同化由于引入预报模式作为一项约束,理论上它的分析场已经具有较好的平衡性,但实施时还会有诸多因重力波导致的高频振荡过程,因此,四维变分同化(4DVar)分析仍需要初始化。文中描述了GRAPES全球四维变分同化系统(GRAPES-4DVar)的新初始化方案的科学设计、公式演绎以及试验结果。GRAPES-4DVar的新初始化方案采用数字滤波方案作为代价函数的一项约束控制重力波引发的不平衡结构,约束强加在分析增量上与极小化迭代过程同步进行。新的初始化方案是变分同化系统的一部分,数字滤波的积分时间与4DVar的同化时间窗一致,不会对4DVar产生额外的计算资源消耗;并能适应长时间窗的同化,不会因为时间窗的延长而削弱慢波过程。新初始化方案中,模式轨迹的光滑程度可在变分同化中通过重力波控制项的权重系数方便控制。GRAPES全球四维变分同化的理想和循环同化批量试验都表明,在四维变分同化中,重力波的控制依然非常重要,具有初始化的GRAPES试验,无论分析还是预报技巧都较无初始化的有明显优势。与以前分析和滤波独立实施的旧初始化方案相比,新方案的分析和预报效果略优,同时有效地节省循环同化系统的运行时间,这对四维变分同化来说非常重要。 相似文献
6.
文章介绍了国家气象中心中期数值预报谱模式（T42L9）的非线性正规模初值化方案（NNMI）。讨论了该方案对资料同化和预报的影响。试验表明，应用前5个垂直模，经2次迭代能够得到一个对分析资料修正较小的平衡初始场。它成功地消除了预报中虚假的高频重力波振荡，对改进资料同化和模式预报起了重要作用。 相似文献
7.
Summary Tropical cyclone (TC)—ocena feedbacks are studied using a coupled tropical cyclone-ocean model consisting of an eightlayer triply-nested movable grid model of a TC and a three-layer primitive equation ocean model. The numerical results indicate that the TC-ocean interaction influences intensities, structures, and the trajectories of tropical cyclones. Two possible mechanisms, barotropic and baroclinic, influencing TC tracks under TC-ocean interaction are suggested. The barotropic mechanism is related to the changes of the vertically averaged TC structure, induced by the TC-ocean coupling. The baroclinic mechanism is related to the asymmetry of the condensation heating within the TC caused by the asymmetry of heat and moisture fluxes at the sea surface. This asymmetry arises due to the asymmetry in sea surface cooling relative to the storm center. The experiments indicate that the influence of TC-ocean interaction on the TC tracks is the greatest for the case of a zero background flow. In the case of a non-zero background flow the sensitivity of storm tracks to the coupling with the ocean decreases. It is found that the influence of the ocean coupling on the TC track is quite sensitive to the method of convective heating parameterization in the TC model. The TC-ocean interaction also results in a change of the amount and spatial distribution of precipitation. 相似文献
8.
Several numerical experiments are conducted to examine the influence of mesoscale, bottom topography roughness on the inertial circulation of a wind-driven, mid-latitude ocean gyre. The ocean model is based on the quasi-geostrophic formulation, and is eddy-resolving as it features high vertical and horizontal resolutions (six layers and a 10 km grid). An antisymmetrical double-gyre wind stress curl forces the baroclinic modes and generates a strong surface jet. In the case of a flat bottom, inertia and inverse energy cascade force the barotropic mode, and the resulting circulation features strong, barotropic, inertial gyres. The sea-floor roughness inhibits the inertial circulation in the deep layers; the barotropic component of the flow is then forced by eddy-topography interactions, and its energy concentrates at the scales of the topography. As a result, the baroclinicity of the flow is intesified: the barotropic mode is reduced with regard to the baroclinic modes, and the bottom flow (constrained by the mesoscale sea-floor roughness) is decoupled from the surface flow (forced by the gyre-scale wind). Rectified, mesoscale bottom circulation induces an interfacial form stress at the thermocline, which enhances horizontal shear instability and opposes the eastward penetration of the jet. The mean jet is consequently shortened, but the instantaneous jet remains very turbulent, with meanders of large meridional extent. The sea-floor roughness modifies the energy pathways, and the eddies have an even more important role in the establishment of the mean circulation: below the thermocline, rectification processes are dominant, and eddies transfer energy toward permanent mesoscale circulations strongly correlated with topography, whereas above the thermocline mean flow and eddy generation are influenced by the mean bottom circulation through interfacial stress. The topography modifies the vorticity of the barotropic and highest baroclinic modes. Vorticity accumulates at the small topographic scales, and the vorticity content of the highest modes, which is very weak in the flat-bottom case, increases significantly. Few changes occur in surface-intensified modes. In the deep layers of the model, the inverse correlation between relative vorticity and topography at small scales ensures the homogenization of the potential vorticity, which mainly retains the largest scales of the bottom flow and the scale of β. 相似文献
9.
A sequence of numerical experiments is conducted using a linear, semi-spectral equatorial ocean model and an advanced data assimilation scheme. The numerical model is based on decomposition of the oceanic fields into Kelvin and Rossby waves belonging to the baroclinic modes of a stratified equatorial ocean. The assimilation procedure finds that solution to the model equations that best fits, in the generalized least-squares sense, all observations made within some specified space-time interval. All experiments are of the ‘identical twin’ type; synthetic data are generated by sampling the observable fields produced by a control run of the model, then the data are assimilated using the same model. The sequence of numerical experiments serves two purposes; to demonstrate the performance of the assimilation procedure in the context of a fully three-dimensional, time-varying equatorial ocean model; and to examine the utility of specified data sets, in particular, observations of sea level, in estimating the state of the equatorial ocean. The results indicate that the assimilation procedure works very well when sufficient data are provided. However, sea-level data alone are not sufficient and must be supplemented with subsurface observations if more than a few baroclinic modes are allowed in the model ocean. The required amount of supplementary subsurface data (in the form of density profiles in these experiments) can be reduced by imposing smoothness contraints on the recovered model solution. 相似文献
10.
设计了一个热带赤道β-平面的两层海洋模式,在准长波近似下,应用最大截断模分析赤道波的基本形态,指出无论是正压模或斜压模Kelvin波、Rossby波及基本流所对应的“地形Rossby波”是最基本的波系,在基本流的一定切变条件下,它们之间可以耦合出一类不稳定波。在浅混合层近似和“快波近似”下,正压模和斜压模是可以分离的,因此可以分别分析它们的色散特征,由于它们的特征量不同,在同样波长(扰动的纬向尺度)下,扰动的增长率也不同,通过分析得出在一定参数下,斜压模扰动增长率为正压模的2倍。近似分析表明,混合层中流场的增长要快于温跃层,但温跃层的温度增长要比混合层明显。 相似文献
11.
正、斜压流场演变及相互转换所伴随的偶极型阻塞生命史 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
将阻塞过程中的大气运动流场分解为正,斜压流场,研究了它们在乌拉尔山偶极型阻塞个例中的演变特征。揭示了正、斜压流场的演变及相互转换所源发的阻塞生命史的全过程。 相似文献
12.
A hybrid coupled model (HCM) for the tropical Pacific ocean-atmosphere system is employed for ENSO prediction. The HCM consists
of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory ocean general circulation model and an empirical atmospheric model. In hindcast
experiments, a correlation skill competitive to other prediction models is obtained, so we use this system to examine the
effects of several initialization schemes on ENSO prediction. Initialization with wind stress data and initialization with
wind stress reconstructed from SST using the atmospheric model give comparable skill levels. In re-estimating the atmospheric
model in order to prevent hindcast-period wind information from entering through empirical atmospheric model, we note some
sensitivity to the estimation data set, but this is considered to have limited impact for ENSO prediction purposes. Examination
of subsurface heat content anomalies in these cases and a case forced only by the difference between observed and reconstructed
winds suggests that at the current level of prediction skill, the crucial wind components for initialization are those associated
with the slow ENSO mode, rather than with atmospheric internal variability. A “piggyback” suboptimal data assimilation is
tested in which the Climate Prediction Center data assimilation product from a related ocean model is used to correct the
ocean initial thermal field. This yields improved skill, suggesting that not all ENSO prediction systems need to invest in
costly data assimilation efforts, provided the prediction and assimilation models are sufficiently close.
Received: 17 April 1998 / Accepted: 22 July 1999 相似文献
13.
The Charney model is reexamined using a new mathematical tool, the multiscale window transform(MWT), and the MWT-based localized multiscale energetics analysis developed by Liang and Robinson to deal with realistic geophysical fluid flow processes. Traditionally, though this model has been taken as a prototype of baroclinic instability, it actually undergoes a mixed one. While baroclinic instability explains the bottom-trapped feature of the perturbation, the second extreme center in the perturbation field can only be explained by a new barotropic instability when the Charney–Green number γ 1, which takes place throughout the fluid column, and is maximized at a height where its baroclinic counterpart stops functioning.The giving way of the baroclinic instability to a barotropic one at this height corresponds well to the rectification of the tilting found on the maps of perturbation velocity and pressure. Also established in this study is the relative importance of barotropic instability to baroclinic instability in terms of γ. When γ 1, barotropic instability is negligible and hence the system can be viewed as purely baroclinic; when γ 1, however, barotropic and baroclinic instabilities are of the same order;in fact, barotropic instability can be even stronger. The implication of these results has been discussed in linking them to real atmospheric processes. 相似文献
14.
A Multivariate Empirical Orthogonal Function-Based Scheme for the Balanced Initial Ensemble Generation of an Ensemble Kalman Filter 
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下载免费PDF全文 The initial ensemble perturbations for an ensemble data assimilation system are expected to reasonably sample model uncertainty at the time of analysis to further reduce analysis uncertainty. Therefore, the careful choice of an initial ensemble perturbation method that dynamically cycles ensemble perturbations is required for the optimal performance of the system. Based on the multivariate empirical orthogonal function (MEOF) method, a new ensemble initialization scheme is developed to generate balanced initial perturbations for the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation, with a reasonable consideration of the physical relationships between different model variables. The scheme is applied in assimilation experiments with a global spectral atmospheric model and with real observations. The proposed perturbation method is compared to the commonly used method of spatially-correlated random perturbations. The comparisons show that the model uncertainties prior to the first analysis time, which are forecasted from the balanced ensemble initial fields, maintain a much more reasonable spread and a more accurate forecast error covariance than those from the randomly perturbed initial fields. The analysis results are further improved by the balanced ensemble initialization scheme due to more accurate background information. Also, a 20-day continuous assimilation experiment shows that the ensemble spreads for each model variable are still retained in reasonable ranges without considering additional perturbations or inflations during the assimilation cycles, while the ensemble spreads from the randomly perturbed initialization scheme decrease and collapse rapidly. 相似文献
15.
Deep convection in the Labrador Sea is confined within a small region in the southwest part of the basin.The strength of deep convection in this region is related to the local atmospheric and ocean characteristics,which favor processes of deep convection preconditioning and intense air-sea exchange during the winter season.In this study,we explored the effect of eddy-induced flux transport on the stratification of the Labrador Sea and the properties of deep convection.Simulations from an eddy-resolving ocean model are presented for the Labrador Sea.The general circulation was well simulated by the model,including the seasonal cycle of the deep Labrador Current.The simulated distribution of the surface eddy kinetic energy was also close to that derived from Topex-Poseidon satellite altimeter data,but with smaller magnitude.The energy transfer diagnostics indicated that Irminger rings are generated by both baroclinic and barotropic processes; however,when they propagate into the interior basin,the barotropic process also disperses them by converting the eddy energy to the mean flow.In contrast to eddy-permitting simulations,deep convection in the Labrador Sea was better represented in the eddyresolving model regarding their lateral position.Further analysis indicated that the improvement might be due to the lateral eddy flux associated with the resolved Irminger rings in the eddy-resolving model,which contributes to a realistic position of the isopycnal dome in the Labrador Sea and correspondingly a realistic site of deep convection. 相似文献
16.
A simple idealized atmosphere–ocean climate model and an ensemble Kalman filter are used to explore different coupled ensemble data assimilation strategies. The model is a low-dimensional analogue of the North Atlantic climate system, involving interactions between large-scale atmospheric circulation and ocean states driven by the variability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (MOC). Initialization of the MOC is assessed in a range of experiments, from the simplest configuration consisting of forcing the ocean with a known atmosphere to performing fully coupled ensemble data assimilation. “Daily” assimilation (that is, at the temporal frequency of the atmospheric observations) is contrasted with less frequent assimilation of time-averaged observations. Performance is also evaluated under scenarios in which ocean observations are limited to the upper ocean or are non-existent. Results show that forcing the idealized ocean model with atmospheric analyses is inefficient at recovering the slowly evolving MOC. On the other hand, daily assimilation rapidly leads to accurate MOC analyses, provided a comprehensive set of oceanic observations is available for assimilation. In the absence of sufficient observations in the ocean, the assimilation of time-averaged atmospheric observations proves to be more effective for MOC initialization, including the case where only atmospheric observations are available. 相似文献
17.
In this paper, the adaptation process in low latitude atmosphere is discussed by means of a two-layer baroclinic model on the equator β plane, showing that the adaptation process in low latitude is mainly dominated by the internal inertial gravity waves. The initial ageostrophic energy is dispersed by the internal inertial gravity waves, and as a result, the geostrophic motion is obtained in zonal direction while the ageostro-phic motion maintains in meridional direction, which can be called semi-geostrophic balance in barotropic model as well as semi-thermal-wind balance in baroclinic model. The vertical motion is determined both by the distribution of the initial vertical motion and that of the initial vertical motion tendency, but it is unrelated to the initial potential vorticity. Finally, the motion tends to be horizontal. The discussion of the physical mechanism of the semi-thermal-wind balance in low latitude atmosphere shows that the achievement of the semi-thermal-wind balance is due to the adjustment between the stream field and the temperature field through the horizontal convergence and divergence which is related to the vertical motion excited by the internal inertial gravity waves. The terminal adaptation state obtained shows that the adaptation direction between the mean temperature field and the shear flow field is determined by the ratio of the scale of the initial ageostrophic disturbance to the scale of one character scale related to the baroclinic Rossby radius of deformation. The shear stream field adapts to the mean temperature field when the ratio is greater than 1, and the mean temperature field adapts to the shear stream field when the ratio is smaller than 1. 相似文献
18.
正、斜压涡度拟能相互作用对乌拉尔阻塞过程的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
研究表明,正压涡度拟能的增强和减弱是乌拉尔山上空阻塞过程的重要特征,正压涡度拟能增强的主要机制是斜压涡度拟能向正压涡度拟能的转换,而斜压涡度拟能的来源则是阻塞区外斜压涡度拟能向阻塞区的净输送和阻塞区内斜压涡度拟能的净生成。正压涡度拟能减弱的主要机制足耗散机制和β效应。因此。阻塞过程是正、斜压涡度拟能相互作用的结果。纬向斜压风对斜压涡度的输送在阻塞的维持和崩溃中具有重要的作用,经向斜压风对斜压涡度的输送在阻塞环流的建立中具有重要的作用,经向正压风对正压涡度拟能的净输送和斜压风对涡度拟能的净输送也具有重要贡献。 相似文献
19.
The barotropic and baroclinic disturbances axisymmetrized by the barotropic basic vortex are examined in an idealized modeling framework consisting of two layers. Using a Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approach, the radial propagation of a baroclinic disturbance is shown to be slower than a barotropic disturbance, resulting in a slower linear axisymmetrization for baroclinic disturbances. The slower-propagating baroclinic waves also cause more baroclinic asymmetric kinetic energy to be transferred directly to the barotropic symmetric vortex than from barotropic disturbances, resulting in a faster axisymmetrization process in the nonlinear baroclinic wave case than in the nonlinear barotropic wave case. 相似文献
20.
The barotropic and baroclinic disturbances axisymmetrized by the barotropic basic vortex are examined in an idealized modeling framework consisting of two layers.Using a Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approach,the radial propagation of a baroclinic disturbance is shown to be slower than a barotropic disturbance,resulting in a slower linear axisymmetrization for baroclinic disturbances.The slower-propagating baroclinic waves also cause more baroclinic asymmetric kinetic energy to be transferred directly to the barotropic symmetric vortex than from barotropic disturbances,resulting in a faster axisymmetrization process in the nonlinear baroclinic wave case than in the nonlinear barotropic wave case. 相似文献