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1.
John E. Thornes 《Geoforum》2008,39(2):570-580
The visual turn presents new challenges and methodologies for the pursuit of geography as we seek to communicate our ideas and understanding within and beyond the discipline. This paper attempts to show the potential importance of visual culture within a field that we may call cultural climatology. Cultural climatology seeks to explore the dialectic between society and atmosphere, weather and climate at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. A new visual approach to cultural climatology is presented as a possible way of stimulating conversations across the divide between the social and physical sciences. Images and visualisation assert their presence in the understanding, modelling and communication of many nature/culture debates, highlighting a need both for visual literacy across geography, and for social and physical scientists to share their visual methodologies. Cultural climatologists, like other scientists, need visual methodologies for both the critical construction and deconstruction of the images they wish to present and with which they are confronted. To illustrate the importance of visual literacy for cultural climatologists this paper introduces a sample of works from three artists: Constable, Monet and Eliasson. It shows how an exploration of their work (via a theory of pictures) could help to provide: firstly a methodology for understanding the cultural symbolism of skies and weather; secondly an assessment of the urban atmosphere in London at the turn of the 20th century and thirdly an example of the effective representation of atmosphere, weather and climate involving public participation and understanding. Lessons learned from deconstructing these works of art will then be used to suggest improvements in the visualisation of weather in the production and consumption of weather forecasts (thus, picturing theory). 相似文献
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用VC++语言开发一种测井解释系统。该系统运行在单机环境中 ,其界面友好 ,功能灵活 ,用户可快速熟悉系统 ,轻松使用 ;该系统能综合进行小型数据的各种测井解释工作 ,数据量太大时则分割后再进行解释。本系统为专业人员提供了一种新的测井解释工具。 相似文献
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The quest for direct lines of evidence for Paleolithic plant consumption during the African Middle Stone Age has led scientists to study residues and use-wear on flaked stone tools. Past work has established lithic function through multiple lines of evidence and the spatial breakdown of use-wear and microscopic traces on tool surfaces. This paper focuses on the quantitative analysis of starch assemblages and the botanical identification of grains from flake and core tools to learn about human ecology of carbohydrate use around the Niassa woodlands, in the Mozambican Rift. The processing of starchy plant parts is deduced from the occurrence of starch assemblages that presumably got attached to stone tool surfaces by actions associated with extractive or culinary activities. Specifically, we investigate starch grains from stone tools recently excavated in northern Mozambique at the site of Mikuyu; which presumably spans the middle to late Pleistocene and represents similar sites found along the Malawi/Niassa corridor that links East, Southern, and Central Africa. Starch was extracted and processed with a diverse tool kit consisting of scrapers, cores, points, flakes, and other kinds of tools. The microbotanical data suggests consumption of seeds, legumes, caryopses, piths, underground storage organs, nuts, and mesocarps from more than a dozen families. Our data suggest a great antiquity for starch use in Africa as well as an expanded diet and intensification. 相似文献
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Lisa V. Lucas Deanna M. Sereno Jon R. Burau Tara S. Schraga Cary B. Lopez Mark T. Stacey Konstantin V. Parchevsky Vladimir P. Parchevsky 《Estuaries and Coasts》2006,29(5):711-730
Although surface water quality and its underlying processes vary over time scales ranging from seconds to decades, they have historically been studied at the lower (weekly to interannual) frequencies. The aim of this study was to investigate intradaily variability of three water quality parameters in a small freshwater tidal lagoon (Mildred Island, California). High frequency time series of specific conductivity, water temperature, and chlorophylla at two locations within the habitat were analyzed in conjunction with supporting hydrodynamic, meteorological, biological, and spatial mapping data. All three constituents exhibited large amplitude intradaily (e.g., semidiurnal tidal and diurnal) oscillations, and periodicity varied across constituents, space, and time. Like other tidal embayments, this habitat is influenced by several processes with distinct periodicities including physical controls, such as tides, solar radiation, and wind, and biological controls, such as photosynthesis, growth, and grazing. A scaling approach was developed to estimate individual process contributions to the observed variability. Scaling results were generally consistent with observations and together with detailed examination of time series and time derivatives, revealed specific mechanisms underlying the observed periodicities, including interactions between the tidal variability, heating, wind, and biology. The implications for monitoring were illustrated through subsampling of the data set. This exercise demonstrated how quantities needed by scientists and managers (e.g., mean or extreme concentrations) may be misrepresented by low frequency data and how short-duration high frequency measurements can aid in the design and interpretation of temporally coarser sampling programs. The dispersive export of chlorophylla from the habitat exhibited a fortnightly variability corresponding to the modulation of semidiurnal tidal currents with the diurnal cycle of phytoplankton variability, demonstrating how high frequency interactions can govern long-term trends. Process identification, as through the scaling analysis here, can help us anticipate changes in system behavior and adapt our own interactions with the system. 相似文献
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Analysing pre-earthquake signals using satellite technology are getting importance among the scientific community, since round-the-clock survey for the wider region is possible compared to ground-based monitoring techniques. Several scientists are involved in various satellites and ground-based technologies to decode the complex physical mechanism of the earthquake process since 1980. They involved in measuring anomalous variations using space-based methodologies like EM signals, SAR interferometry, GPS for ionospheric sounding, satellite gravimetry, atmospheric sounding, Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR), radon gas and seismo-tectonic clouds. In this paper, the authors have considered surface latent heat flux (SLHF) and OLR satellite data for detailed analysis of earthquakes took place during the year 2014 in Sumatra and Nicobar Is regions. At the surface and atmospheric interface, the anomalous variations in SLHF were observed prior to the occurrence of the earthquake. Similarly, anomalous variations in OLR have been observed 3–30 days prior to the big earthquakes and it is measured above the cloud level. From the analysis, the author has found that variations in the SLHF and OLR flux can be utilized as efficient tools to identify the impending big earthquakes. SLHF and OLR variation level can give us a clue about the probable magnitude of earthquakes and also about earthquake preparation zones. Hence, by correlating the above-mentioned parameters, it is potential to key out the impending earthquakes with reasonable accuracy.
相似文献7.
The documentation and management of information concerning geological sites are important activities in all the steps of the geoheritage conservation and its day-to-day management. This documentation is mostly available on the web; it includes varied types of data such as pictures, scientific publications, news, and blog articles. In order to ensure the efficient management of the geoheritage resources, scientists and people involved in the promotion of the geoheritage and geotourism should have access to this documentation and kept updated of the most recent and relevant information. In this study, we propose the development of a web information monitoring system that automates the search and the collection of different types of documents related to the Algerian geosites available on the web. It is designed as a tool that continuously browses the web using the most popular search engines and then disseminates the results to the users through periodic newsletters. This proposed system will also serve to chronologically organize all the pictures of geosites gathered from the web and thus in order to study the evolution of Algerian geosites over time. For this purpose, we use one of the crowdsourcing methods in the field of knowledge management that is games with a purpose (GWAP). The idea here is to involve people in sorting pictures of geosites through a playful interface. The results obtained show that this system is a valuable tool that can assist geoscientists and decision makers in enhancing the geoheritage. 相似文献
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Hydrodynamic modelling of Amazonian rivers is still a difficult task. Access difficulties reduce the possibilities to acquire sufficient good data for the model calibration and validation. Current satellite radar technology allows measuring the altitude of water levels throughout the Amazon basin. In this study, we explore the potential usefulness of these data for hydrodynamic modelling of the Amazon and Napo Rivers in Peru. Simulations with a 1-D hydrodynamic model show that radar altimetry can constrain properly the calibration and the validation of the model if the river width is larger than 2500 m. However, sensitivity test of the model show that information about geometry of the river channel and about the water velocity are more relevant for hydrodynamic modelling. These two types of data that are still not easily available in the Amazon context. 相似文献
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基于三维GIS的滑坡灾害监测预警系统及应用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
为了减少或消除地质灾害的影响,基于地质勘察与监测资料,利用先进的计算机技术和三维可视化技术建立地质灾害监测预警系统显得十分的必要。在研究利用TIN方法建立地质体模型的基础上,将自动获取的监测数据通过北斗卫星的传输和三维地质体模型有机结合,进一步利用基于时间序列的方法,对监测数据进行预测分析,形成了一套完整的三维滑坡灾害预警系统,并提供剖面分析等实用GIS分析工具,从而提高滑坡灾害预警的快速性和直观性。基于四川雅安滑坡的工程实例,验证了系统的有效性。 相似文献
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David J. Delene 《Earth Science Informatics》2011,4(1):29-44
The practice of conducting quality control and quality assurance in the construction of data sets is often an overlooked and
underestimated task of many research projects in the Earth Sciences. The development of software to effectively process and
quickly analyze measurements is a critical aspect of a research project. An evolutionary approach has been used at the University
of North Dakota to develop and implement software to process and analyze airborne measurements. Development over the past
eight years has resulted in a collection of software named the Airborne Data Processing and Analysis (ADPAA) package which
has been published as an open source project on Source Forge. The ADPAA package is intended to fully automate data processing
while incorporating the concept of missing value codes and levels of data processing. At each data level, ADPAA utilizes a
standard ASCII file format to store measurements from individual instruments into separate files. After all data levels have
been processed, a summary file containing parameters of scientific interest for the field project is created for each aircraft
flight. All project information is organized into a standard directory structure. ADPAA contains several tools that facilitate
quality control procedures conducted on instruments during field projects and laboratory testing. Each quality control procedure
is designed to ensure proper instrument performance and hence the validity of the instrument’s measurement. Data processing
by ADPAA allows edit files to be created that are automatically used to insert missing value codes into a time period that
had instrument problems. The creation of edit files is typically done after the completion of a field project when scientists
are performing quality assurance of the data set. Since data processing is automatic, preliminary data can be created and
analyzed within hours of an aircraft flight and a complete field project data set can be reprocessed many times during the
quality assurance process. Once a final data set has been created, ADPAA provides several tools for visualization and analysis.
In addition to aircraft data, ADPAA can be used on any data set that is based on time series measurements. The concepts illustrated
by ADPAA and components of ADPAA, such as the Cplot visualization tool, are applicable to areas of Earth Science that work
with time series measurements. 相似文献
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Kica Worrilow Todd King Raymond Walker Mark E. Rose William Moore Steven Joy 《Earth Science Informatics》2010,3(1-2):51-57
From a scientist’s viewpoint a web site is one tool used to conduct research. From an artist’s viewpoint web sites are a form of visual composition. From a developer’s point of view a web site is a type of application. While web sites are a relatively new medium with a particular set of constraints, they do adhere to the same basic design principles that apply to other art forms. These design principles are the basic assumptions that affect the arrangement of elements within a composition. A successful design uses the principles and elements to achieve a visual goal in the composition. A web site designed for scientists has unique properties which are not shared by many other types of web sites. These properties influence the overall visual design of the web sites. Recently at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics at UCLA undertook a re-design of a number of its websites. In the effort, the use of visual design principles combined with the properties of a science web site were put to the test. In all, six different web sites were designed each with a difference science focus. We describe the process used to design the web sites which involve forming teams of designers, scientists and developers. We present example pages from each design and conclude with a discussion of what was learned during the process. 相似文献
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典型地物波谱知识库建库与波谱服务的若干问题 总被引：15，自引：1，他引：14
地物波谱知识库的建立旨在满足应用需求。为达到数据的共享,波谱知识库应对遥感实验测量的波谱数据和相关信息如观测规范、实验环境有清楚的说明,即要有完备的元数据让用户知道波谱知识库中是什么样的数据。为弥补地面测量数据与用户需要数据的时间空间尺度差异,用于外延观测数据的遥感物理模型必不可少;这要求收集分析遥感物理模型,评价其适用条件并创建模型元数据,使用户了解在其工作条件下有何适用的模型,模型的依据是什么;同时波谱库使用遥感物理解析模型和计算机模拟模型完成植被参数的时间扩展和沿叶片-冠层-像元 3个层次的观测尺度空间扩展,从而产生像元尺度可见光到热红外波段的参考波谱。为实现因特网上的波谱知识共享,需要研究如何组织波谱数据和模型,让用户方便地远程检索实测的典型地物波谱数据,并可以实时获取由遥感物理模型外延的波谱数据。从上述 3个方面归纳了波谱库建设和服务需要解决的 6个问题。 相似文献
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William Andrefsky 《Geoarchaeology》1994,9(5):375-391
This study shows how the occurrence of lithic raw-materials articulate with hunter gatherer technological organization. Three archaeological data sets representing 109 different sites and one ethnographic data set from Australia are examined to show that lithic raw-material size, shape, quality, and availability play a major role in hunter gatherer decisions to make various kinds of stone tools. These characteristics of lithic material occurrence are used to help explain why expedient technologies such as bipolar tool production are sometimes used, and why formalized technologies such as bifacial production may be selected as a tool production strategy. Stone tool morphological variability and technological variability are shown to be directly related to the geological occurrence of stone tool raw materials. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 相似文献
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Using Lego NXT to explore scientific literacy in disaster prevention and rescue systems 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
This study explores the effectiveness of disaster prevention programs using NXT control techniques. The purpose of the cultivation of scientific literacy is to develop a more rational, scientific perspective on the current social changes and the impact of natural disasters. Using NXT as an effective scientific tool to support science education, we can further explore science education for the development of scientific literacy. The expectation confirmation model and technology acceptance model are used to explain the effect of technology products on the user??s satisfaction and intention. However, for the interpretation of scientific literacy, there is a lack of environmental and cognitive factors. So we combine social cognitive theory with social and scientific theories in our exploration of the use of NXT for the dominant effect of scientific literacy. The results demonstrate that users?? self-efficacy and the ease of use of NXT have low significance on use of scientific tools, but, at the end, it did not affect the user wishes. The interactions of NXT features and climate are the main causes of enhanced user intentions. Therefore, environmental factors are identified as an important reason for the development of scientific literacy. The results of this study on scientific literacy stimulate more directions for discussion. 相似文献
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Kathrin Häb Nils H. Feige Lars S. Huettenberger Ariane Middel Hans Hagen 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,72(10):3781-3793
In urban microclimate research, ground-based thermography is used to gain insight into the spatial distribution of surface temperatures of various materials. Taking snapshots over a certain time span helps experts to observe the temporal thermo-radiative behavior of the monitored surface elements and therefore supports decisions on possible optimizations, e.g., improving the thermal comfort in a neighborhood. Appropriate visualization techniques facilitate decision-making and are thus crucial in the optimization process. In this study, we present a tool that eases the extraction of thermo-radiative features from multi-temporal thermographs taken from a monitored scene. Assisted by our tool, users can identify, choose, and register thermo-radiative features for each time step according to their individual research needs. The features’ temporal development is then visualized using a directed graph that encodes topological events as well as each feature’s size and summarizing statistics. To enhance this summary, a comprehensive animated sequence emphasizes the spatiotemporal behavior of the most significant thermo-radiative features. Salient developments are visually embedded and highlighted in the original infrared images, which are blended in an animation from time step to time step. Since we enable the user to interact with the data in a flexible way, noisy and low resolution image data sets can also be processed. 相似文献
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Radio frequency geophysical methods are known for being very versatile tools in ground- and groundwater investigation at shallow
depths. They are fast and easy to use and allow a high density of information over large surfaces, which makes them very suitable
for geological mapping sensu lato (faults, lithological contacts, groundwater-bearing structures, vulnerability maps, and
contaminant plumes) and for selecting borehole locations. Significant improvement concerning 2D and 3D modelling of the data
has occurred in recent decades. However, field surveys are very seldom performed in “ideal conditions”—the lack of necessary
transmitters, in the convenient direction, in order to catch the structures in E- and H-pol for modelling purposes, is not
an unusual situation. The present paper shows how the use of RMT and RF-EM is nevertheless of great help and suggests different
ways to explore qualitative data in different geological settings.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
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在三维地质建模过程中,通过引入一定数量的虚拟钻孔,对地层分界面几何形态更加精确的控制,不仅能够明显改善地质分界面网格的质量,而且能够提高模型精度和可视化效果。现有虚拟钻孔的引入途径主要通过手工添加实现,受人为主观因素影响较大,且自动化水平低,耗时、费力,针对这一问题,提出了一种基于GIS空间分析的虚拟钻孔确定与实现方法。以地质勘查获取的钻孔数据和地质剖面图为数据源,在ArcGIS平台的支持下,综合运用自动矢量化（Arc Scan）、要素转点（Feature To Point）、创建TIN （Create Tin）、TIN转三角形（Tinto Triangle）、泰森多边形（Create Thiessen Polygons）和相交（Intersect）等空间分析和文件转换工具,分别生成断层构造和建模区域内的二维（2D）虚拟钻孔点;而后,在利用插值工具生成各地层栅格表面的基础上,结合图形插值（Interpolate Shape）工具将2D虚拟钻孔点投影为三维（3D）虚拟钻孔;然后,利用Model Builder可视化建模工具设计了生成虚拟钻孔的模型,实现虚拟钻孔创建的自动化;最后,将获得的3D虚拟钻孔应用于三维地质建模,并进行了建模对比实验,结果表明,该方法具有一定有效性、实用性和可操作性。 相似文献
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Cluster analysis can be used to group samples and to develop ideas about the multivariate geochemistry of the data set at hand. Due to the complex nature of regional geochemical data (neither normal nor log-normal, strongly skewed, often multi-modal data distributions, data closure), cluster analysis results often strongly depend on the preparation of the data (e.g. choice of the transformation) and on the clustering algorithm selected. Different variants of cluster analysis can lead to surprisingly different cluster centroids, cluster sizes and classifications even when using exactly the same input data. Cluster analysis should not be misused as a statistical “proof” of certain relationships in the data. The use of cluster analysis as an exploratory data analysis tool requires a powerful program system to test different data preparation, processing and clustering methods, including the ability to present the results in a number of easy to grasp graphics. Such a tool has been developed as a package for the R statistical software. Two example data sets from geochemistry are used to demonstrate how the results change with different data preparation and clustering methods. A data set from S-Norway with a known number of clusters and cluster membership is used to test the performance of different clustering and data preparation techniques. For a complex data set from the Kola Peninsula, cluster analysis is applied to explore regional data structures. 相似文献