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地震波散射:理论与应用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
传统的球面对称(或层状构造)地球模型正经历着一场革命。地球被揭示从地壳、地幔到地核到处都呈现多尺度的横向非均匀性。这些具有不同尺度的非均匀体对地震波具有不同的效应。速度和密度的非均匀体能改变波形,引起走时和振幅的起伏以及产生直达波的视衰减。地球岩石层的非均匀体还能产生P尾波、S尾波和Lg尾波等。核-幔边界附近的非均匀体能产生对PKP波的散射而成为PKIKP的前驱波,PKKP波的散射波可成为主震相自己的前驱波。近源和近台站的复杂构造可通过共振、散射来改变地震波形。粗糙地形或粗糙界面能造成体波和面波的耦合。地壳内规则排列的裂隙可产生有效各向异性而使S波分裂。由三维非均匀体所引起的地震波的变化,在广义上被称为地震波散射。近十多年来,由于高质量的高频数字地震资料的逐渐增多,对地震波散射的研究在急速发展并引起了越来越多的地震学家、工程学家和勘探地球物理学家的兴趣。本文综述了地震波散射的基本理论和在这一领域各方面的最新进展。其内容大致为:一、地球横向非均匀性的谱及各种散射态式二、地震波散射的研究方法1.理论研究(1)不连续非均匀介质的边界匹配方法(2)弱散射的微扰法(3)高频近似法(4)随机方法和非均匀体的统计特性2.数值模拟和物理模型试验3.野外观测三、弹性波散射的基本特征和标量波近似1.弹性波瑞雷散射2.弹性波瑞雷-甘斯散射3.随机介质的弹性波散射四.地震波散射的表现和应用1.透射起伏2.尾波产生及包络消减3.散射衰减4.核-幔边界附近的散射5.地表地形、近地表结构和深部构造引起的散射6.裂缝散射和有效各向异性7.散射和非线性。 相似文献
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地震学百科知识(十二)——地震波散射 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
正广义地说,由地球介质的任何三维非均匀性引起的地震波场畸变均可称为地震波散射。不过,通常地震波散射是指由地球小尺度(与波长相比)非均匀性引起的、不适合用射线理论(几何射线)研究的地震波场畸变现象。例如,波场传播方向的偏折和分裂,P波和S波的相互转换,地震尾波的产生,地震波的走时和振幅横跨观测台阵的随机起伏变化等。1地球介质的不均匀性及地震波散射随着对地球结构认识的深入,经典的球 相似文献
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应用高频地震台阵资料我们能研究频带１～１０Ｈz同伯地震波场空间和时间的特征。作者 对ＮＯＲＥＳＳ、ＦＩＮＥＳＡ和ＡＲＣＥＳＳ的地震波散射进行了研究。研究应用了两种主要方法,即尾波的频率－波数分析和地震相位的相干性分析。对区域地震记录,Ｌg尾波的频率－波数分析表明Ｌg到Ｌg的散射是主要的,且散射开始集中在正向,在尾波的后面变成了均匀的反射散射。Ｐ尾波的情况更加复杂,尽管研究的所有情况表明能量是集中的方位 相似文献
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为揭示地震波在地壳小尺度非均匀介质中的散射过程,更准确地描述地震波的包络展宽现象,本文基于多次各向异性散射理论,采用离散波数法求解能量密度积分方程,选取高斯型自相关函数表征的散射模式,得到S波能量密度包络。基于此,本文首先分析了单次散射和多次散射在形成S波能量密度包络中的贡献规律;然后探讨了吸收系数和总散射系数对合成S波能量密度包络的影响;最后对比了在不同散射模式下合成的S波能量密度包络的差异。结果显示:① 不同的散射模式下单次散射和多次散射对地震波散射过程的贡献规律是一致的,对于近震（震源距小于100 km）,单次散射模型可以近似合成S波能量密度包络;随着震源距增大,多次前散射模型可以更快地接近总能量密度包络;② 吸收系数增大会降低直达S波和尾波幅值,总散射系数增大会降低直达S波幅值,但使得S波尾波幅值升高;③ 前散射模式下S波能量密度包络随震源距的增大会导致峰值延迟,包络展宽,尾波衰减一致性更快等现象产生。 相似文献
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在多次各向异性散射理论的基础上,本文重新推导了方向性散射系数的球函数展开式.引入特征时间的概念,来定义震源处初始地震波脉冲宽度,并在地震波能量密度积分方程中引入任意给定频率的初始脉冲能量谱密度的解析表达.通过离散波数方法求解了修正的地震波能量密度积分方程.基于积分方程的数值解,研究了不同散射模式对S波能量密度包络曲线的影响.计算结果表明:随着震源距的增加,在S波到时之后,多次各向异性散射模式与多次各向同性散射模式合成的能量密度包络差异逐渐增大.其中通过多次前散射模式,我们可以得到不同震源距的尾波能量密度包络的同一衰减趋势,以及S波能量密度包络随着震源距的增加而出现的展宽现象.最后,利用美国内华达州Wells地震余震的台站记录验证了多次前散射模式的实用性与有效性. 相似文献
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本文从地球介质的复杂性与非均匀性的普遍性以及地震波在其中的传播过程的复杂性出发,对地震波散射理论及方法研究的历史进行了简要的回顾,并对该领域从20世纪90年代以来的某些进展作了简要的介绍与评述.本文分两大部分进行阐述.(1)．历史回顾：简介并回顾了地震波散射理论几十年的发展历程、存在的问题及对解决这些问题的潜在的基本途径.(2)．20世纪90年代以来的若干进展：简要介绍了弱散射理论体系的形成及强散射问题研究的部分成果,提出了散射理论未来发展的可能方向之一,即在无近似的拟微局部分析理论的基础上,建立并发展可处理高度复杂的地球固体介质中地震波传播问题的地震波散射及全波理论. 相似文献
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为了测定台阵下面岩石层下均匀性的程度和尺度以及局部散射源的位置对ＮＯＲＥＳＳ地震台阵记录的远震数据进行了分析研究。用相对尾波强度包络，频率－波数谱和质点运动方法分析了数据。尾波强度包络未清楚地显示出ｋａ趋势，但在初运之后１５Ｓ左右未含有较高能量水平和高能滤包的０．５ＨＺ带通数据却表明ｋａ趋势。频率－波数分析表明大多数远震尾波是垂直传播的。以１５Ｓ左右为中心的时间窗，含有低视速度向东北方向传播的地震 相似文献
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随着油气勘探领域逐渐向深层、复杂型、隐蔽性油气藏转移,油气资源的勘探难度越来越大,传统反射地震勘探技术难以满足日益增长的油气勘探需求,亟需发展适合复杂地质构造的地震波偏移反演新技术.针对地球深部非均匀结构体引起的地震散射波,发展地震逆散射偏移反演理论和技术将有可能解决复杂构造成像反演的技术难题.本文回顾地震波逆散射偏移反演理论的发展历史和基本原理,以逆广义Radon变换求解线性化逆散射问题为基础,介绍逆散射理论在介质结构成像、物性参数反演、多次波衰减等方面的技术延伸,同时将其应用到合成数据和实际数据资料,探讨地震勘探逆散射方法的技术优势和应用潜力. 相似文献
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Yuehua Zeng 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2006,163(2-3):533-548
One of the many important contributions that Aki has made to seismology pertains to the origin of coda waves (Aki, 1969; Aki
and Chouet, 1975). In this paper, I revisit Aki's original idea of the role of scattered surface waves in the seismic coda.
Based on the radiative transfer theory, I developed a new set of scattered wave energy equations by including scattered surface
waves and body wave to surface wave scattering conversions. The work is an extended study of Zeng et al. (1991), Zeng (1993) and Sato (1994a) on multiple isotropic-scattering, and may shed new insight into the seismic coda wave
interpretation. The scattering equations are solved numerically by first discretizing the model at regular grids and then
solving the linear integral equations iteratively. The results show that scattered wave energy can be well approximated by
body-wave to body wave scattering at earlier arrival times and short distances. At long distances from the source, scattered
surface waves dominate scattered body waves at surface stations. Since surface waves are 2-D propagating waves, their scattered
energies should in theory follow a common decay curve. The observed common decay trends on seismic coda of local earthquake
recordings particular at long lapse times suggest that perhaps later seismic codas are dominated by scattered surface waves.
When efficient body wave to surface wave conversion mechanisms are present in the shallow crustal layers, such as soft sediment
layers, the scattered surface waves dominate the seismic coda at even early arrival times for shallow sources and at later
arrival times for deeper events. 相似文献
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L. S. Gao 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1984,122(1):1-9
When the quality factorQ is taken into account in attenuation studies, it is necessary to know the relative losses of wave energy due to scattering and to anelastic absorption. The coda is the most important phenomenon now known which is related to elastic scattering of seismic waves. Utilizing coda, this study presents relationships which give theQ factors of the medium around the recording station and discriminate between attenuations arising from elastic scattering (under the assumption of isotropic scattering) and those arising from anelastic absorption. This work proposes a technique for separately determining the attenuation due to isotropic scattering and that due to absorption from the observed envelope of coda waves. 相似文献
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Based on the formulation of a multiple non-isotropic scattering process, a characteristic source time is introduced to define the initial impulse width of energy density at the source. An analytical expression of the initial intensity spectral density of a seismic wave is incorporated into the integral equation of seismic wave energy density. And, a recursive formula of Green’s function is derived to obtain the higher order Green’s function, which is included to describe the stronger non-isotropic scattering process. Then, the effect of the scattering pattern on the energy density envelope is investigated by the modified scattering theory. Significant differences are found in the decay of the energy density envelopes with distances using different scattering patterns. The envelope synthesized by the forward dominated scattering pattern is larger than the results obtained by the isotropic and backward dominated scattering pattern. Different scattering patterns are also used to fit the observation data from the aftershocks of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. It is concluded that the envelopes synthesized by the forward scattering pattern can match the data better than the isotropic and backward dominated scattering cases, and a new interpretation of the coda wave is given. Finally, using the forward dominated scattering pattern, the envelope broadening of the observed data is reproduced. 相似文献
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Synthesis of coda waves in layered medium 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
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在阿波罗月震记录中普遍存在着强烈持久的尾波信号,这样的波形特征无法用均匀分层月球模型解释.一个普遍被接受的解释是月震尾波由月球浅层结构对月震波的散射引起.我们采用基于交错网格的伪谱和有限差分混合方法模拟研究非均匀上月壳对月震波的散射效应,在此基础上解释月震尾波的形成机制,并估计出上月壳速度扰动的强度.我们发现,在均匀分层模型基础上,进一步考虑上月壳中的非均匀结构对月震波的散射效应,能有效地解释月震信号中强烈持久的尾波.我们认为月震尾波可能是由上月壳中的低波速、低衰减和散射这三个因素的共同作用所引起.采用不同的扰动标准差模拟上月壳的非均匀性,并比较模拟波形与真实月震图的相似程度,我们发现上月壳中速度扰动的标准差应该在3%到5%之间,很可能接近于3%. 相似文献
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Seismic coda wave is the tail portion of the earthquake record after main arrivals. Studies on the coda usually focus on high-frequency data within several hours after regional events and attribute them to the scattering effect of the heterogeneities inside the earth. Here, we use records of seven large earthquakes at globally distributed seismic stations to examine the decay of long-period (100 s to 300 s) coda in the time window of 10,000 s to 140,000 s after the origin time and fit it with a statistical model. The geometric spreading effect in the estimated initial energy and a location-independent equivalent attenuation coefficient indicate that the long-period coda energy is less affected by the heterogeneity-induced scattering effect than that of shorter-period coda. The coda energy can reach the earth's inner core and can be explained by a 1D earth model, making it more effective for constraining the global attenuation model. It also has the potential to determine the magnitudes of large earthquakes and to explore the interior of planetary bodies. 相似文献
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Arthur Frankel 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1989,131(4):639-685
This paper reviews applications of the finite-difference and finite-element methods to the study of seismic wave scattering in both simple and complex velocity models. These numerical simulations have improved our understanding of seismic scattering in portions of the earth where there is significant lateral heterogeneity, such as the crust. The methods propagate complete seismic wavefields through highly complex media and include multiply scattered waves and converted phases (e.g.,P toSV, SV toP, body wave to surface wave). The numerical methods have been especially useful in cases of moderate and strong scattering in complex media where multiple scattering becomes important. Progress has been made with numerical methods in understanding how near-surface, low-velocity basin structures scatter surface waves and vertically-incident body waves. The numerical methods have proven useful in evaluating scattering of surface waves and body waves from topography of both the free surface and interfaces buried at depth. Numerical studies have demonstrated the importance of conversions from body waves to surface waves (andvice versa) when lateral heterogeneities and topographic relief are present in the uppermost crust. Recently, several investigations have applied numerical methods to study seismic wave propagation in velocity models which vary randomly in space. This stochastic approach seeks to understand the effects of small-scale complexity in the earth which cannot be resolved deterministically. These experiments have quantified the relationships between the statistical properties of the random heterogeneity and the measurable properties of high-frequency (1 Hz) seismograms. These simulations have been applied to the study of many features observed in actual high-frequency seismic waves, including: the amplitude and time decay of seismic coda, the apparent attenuation from scattering, the dispersion of waveforms, and the travel time and waveform variations across arrays of receivers. 相似文献