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地震群体的发生近来被假定为一种自组织临界现象，时空分布具有分形特征，地震的能量或地震矩具有相应于古登堡－里克特频度－震级关系的幂律分布。实际上，严格的自组织临界行为在所有模型中并未见到，而且，它只限于那些带有弱退火（永久的）的非均匀性以及具有一种中等的构造驱动速度或应变能速度的情况。 相似文献
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1 统计物理和孕震过程在这部分,我们将评析作为临界现象或自组织临界现象的孕震过程的许多物理模型的一些结果。在此之前,很值得讨论一下“模型”的含义。将自然物质中发生的 相似文献
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通过对中国大陆及青藏高原、新疆、华北和东北各构造区的地震活动性的分析,论证了区域地震活动是一种自组织临界现象.利用分形理论中的粗视化网格法,研究了中国大陆以及各构造区断层系的分形特点和分形结构的跨尺度特征.开展了组构具有分形特点的沙堆模型实验.结合断裂力学理论,认为地震的自组织临界现象源于分形几何断层系的自组织临界性动力学过程,地震分维数和断层系分维数之间存在着一种正相关关系,明确了断层系分形和地震活动性分形之间的因果关系.在此基础上,提出了系统组构的分形是系统输出能量的分形的根源的观点,并进一步利用已有的观测资料进行了分析.最后,基于这个观点和区域断层分布可以通过常规的航卫片分析、地面调查和地质勘探等手段确定的事实,提出了利用断层的分维数与地震的分维数的相关关系,对区域地震的概率分布特征进行估计的观点,可为地震的预测预报提供参考. 相似文献
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1997年Geller等人曾发表"地震不能预报",因为在自组织临界系统中尺度不变性是普遍存在的,而地球正处于自组织临界状态中,在这种状态下小地震具有某种概率,如瀑布般触发大的地震事件。但是在物理上,只有对应其地震震级的应力能量得到有效释放,才能有大地震的发生。利用对这种应力的依赖性可以进行地震预测,方法就是利用剪切波分裂来监控即将发生地震的周围岩体的应力积累。这项技术可以说是成功的,但是由于假定的不可预报性,所以需要清晰的论证才能被普遍接受。雪崩也是自组织临界现象。近期通过二维球形素珠堆进行的雪崩实验观测表明,具有自组织临界性的自然物理现象是能够预报的,如雪崩、地震等。预报地震和雪崩的关键是监控母体介质,而不是即将发震的震源区。 相似文献
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地震活动的标度性表现出与统计物理中处于临界点及附近的其他复杂系统的显著的相似性。这导致了作为临界现象的孕震过程的各种物理模型的发展,包括由大量离散单元组成的物质中存在的局部非线性动力机制,表现出不稳定性和雪崩式过程的简化的流变性。特别是有人认为,地震可作为“自组织临界现象”的一个例子,类似于沙堆在持续地从顶部供应砂粒的情况下自然形成临界角的情况。在这个处于稳定边缘的状态下,雪崩能量的分布满足幂律,等价于古登堡-里克特频度-震级定律,并且其动力学行为对于动力学细节相对不敏感。在此我们回顾了以下几种不同尺度的模拟孕震过程的复杂物理模型的结果:(1)断层上的动态滑动;(2)断层扩展;(3)断层形成。每个物理模型都具有一些共同的特性,比如在常应变率构造加载作用下的动态能量流、强烈的局部相互作用和由动态的或固定的物体不均匀性产生的涨落。但是它们在假定的动力机制细节上和数值方法上差异显著。然而,所有这些模型都存在临界或近临界特性,定量上具有与所观测的脆性断层及地震的分维或多分维标度律相吻合的性质,包括古登堡-里克特频度-震级定律。有些结果对于动力机制细节很敏感,因此不是自组织临界性的严格例子。不过,这些不同的物理模型的结果具有一些普遍的统计特性,类似于在许多临界现象中所见的普适性。这些普适性在地震危险性概率评估的实际问题中具有重要意义。尤其是,各种自组织临界性(或近临界性)概念为在地震危险性评估中作为第一步的“稳态”的假定提供了一个科学基础。无论是在观测中还是在模型中,古登堡-里克特定律(能量或地震矩的幂律)只适用于有限尺度范围。相应地,频度-震级分布可以用能量或地震矩分布的伽玛函数来表示(其中包括了一个幂律和一个指数衰减的尾)。这允许频度-震级分布的外推和由所测地震矩或构造矩释放率来估计最大可信震级。对提出的其他问题的回答不太清晰,例如在有强烈局域相互作用的系统中预先作泊松过程假定有何影响,以及用光滑的多边形对多分维的震中分布进行分区的影响。有些模型的结果给出了可以作为主震前兆的地震活动性的预警图象。然而,无论在理论上还是在实践上,对于可靠的中期预测的可能性及有关问题,仍没有达到共识。 相似文献
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地震是一种非连续的突变现象,孕震系统是一个很繁杂的系统。这个系统是非线性的,甚至是高度非线性的。系统的过程可用非线性微分方程描述,非线性系统不同干线性系统的特点,其一是两个解的线性迭加一般不再是方程的解;其二是非线性体系可能有多个定态解(或周期解),其中有些是稳定的,有些是不稳定的。随着参数的变化,这些定态的稳定性会发生变化,出现分歧或临界现象。突变论是研究这种临界行为的有力工具,因为突变论通过剖分引理证明了系统结构的不稳定性并不取决于可能达成千上万的状态变量的总数 n,而 相似文献
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Gtz Schroth Luciana Ferreira Da Silva Marc‐Andree Wolf Wenceslau Geraldes Teixeira Wolfgang Zech 《水文研究》1999,13(10):1423-1436
The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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M. N. French R. L. Bras W. F. Krajewski 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1992,6(1):27-45
A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities. 相似文献
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M. A. Kahn 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2000,28(2):95-101
Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate. 相似文献
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