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晚白垩世河道和冲积平原等河流相沉积广泛分布于中国大部分地区,保存了大量以鸭嘴龙超科为主的恐龙骨骼化石和遗迹化石。这些河流是否存在水系上的联系以及其对陆地生态系统分布的影响程度,目前研究较少。笔者收集了中国9个晚白垩世陆相盆地共2357个碎屑锆石的U-Pb年龄资料,通过对已收集的碎屑锆石的物源分析,探讨了中国晚白垩世的水系展布模式和物源方向。研究结果表明:晚白垩世中国南方地区可能存在北东—南西向的大型水系,其与现代水系展布模式相反,整体流向可能起源于晚中生代东部高原,向西和西南方向流经中国南方大部分地区,并形成了彼此相互交错、宽阔的河岸和冲积平原带;而北方地区的盆地则显示出被古隆起分隔的山间盆地特征,除共享来自晚中生代东部高原的少量物源外,各个盆地的物源主要来自于周围的古隆起,并形成了较为独立的复杂水系。以鸭嘴龙超科为代表的恐龙主要繁盛于北方地区相对独立的水系所形成的流域,演化出独特的东亚鸭嘴龙超科动物群。南方大型水系所形成的流域虽然保存了大量恐龙蛋和足迹化石,但仅发现少量骨骼化石,推测这可能是因为以鸭嘴龙为主的恐龙不适宜在南方炎热干旱的气候条件下常年生活,而只是在适宜的季节沿南方大型水系迁徙或繁殖。 相似文献
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西藏岗巴地区出露有完整的晚白垩世至古近纪地层，地层中化石丰富，根据化石研究准确地进行了地层时代的划分，本文认为该区白垩系－古代系界线位于宗山组和基堵拉组之间，以底栖有大孔虫Orbitoides-Omphalocyclus动物群的消亡和Rotalia-Smoutina-Lockhartia动物群的始现为标志。界线上下岩层为假整合接触，期间有一短暂的暴露面。古新世的砂砾岩直接覆于晚白晋世的陆棚碳酸盐岩沉积之上，沉积的重大转变代表一次构造运动，印度大陆北缘与冈底斯南缘直至白垩纪末均具有明显的浅海生物地理分区现象，期间被深海盆地地所阻隔。古新世开始浅海相动物群在该地显示同一生物地理区系特征，说明两大陆间深水盆地的阻隔已消失，南北生物地理区同归于一残留海盆，沉积类型转变和地层古生物特征为印度－亚洲板块的起始碰撞时间研究提供了基础资料，据此推测大陆早期碰撞发生在白晋系－古近系的界线时期（约65Ma)，古新世中一晚期碳酸盐台地遭受不断的挤压与变形，进一步说明大陆的碰撞在古新世之初就已发生。沉积地层的破碎变形和滑塌堆积是持续碰撞与挤压的结果。 相似文献
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通过1∶25万区域地质调查,在藏南普兰县拉昂错—萨嘎县旦嘎东雅鲁藏布江结合带南带修康群中发现了大量放射虫化石,通过对该区沉积地层的详细调查,结合放射虫化石对原划修康群进行了充分解体,新厘定出侏罗系至始新统7个组级岩石地层单位,其中白垩系划分为折巴组与桑单林组。折巴组以杂色硅质岩、泥岩和页岩为主,夹砂岩、玄武岩等,与上覆上侏罗统旦嘎组和下伏下白垩统桑单林组呈整合接触关系,含丰富的早白垩世放射虫化石; 桑单林组以杂色石英砂岩、砂岩、泥岩、页岩及硅质岩为主,夹玄武岩等,整合于下白垩统折巴组与古近系蹬岗组之间,含丰富的晚白垩世放射虫与有孔虫化石。白垩系折巴组与桑单林组的建立与研究,丰富和完善了中生代特提斯洋盆区(雅鲁藏布江南带地层分区)的岩石地层沉积序列,提高了地层的研究水平,为研究该区沉积古地理环境和大地构造演化提供了新的基础资料。 相似文献
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The flora of Gondwanan southern Africa is represented in the rock record by micro-fossils, macro-fossils and petrified woods. All these types of fossils are seldom preserved together in any one particular facies because of taphonomic and preservational biases. In order to obtain as accurate a picture as possible of the woody vegetation, both the fossil woods and other macroplant fossils, such as leaf impressions, fructifications and cuticle, of woody plants, have been correlated. This was done for each Formation in the Karoo Supergroup in order to illustrate the changes in diversity of woody vegetation over time. Sediments of the Karoo Supergroup represent the terrestrial fossil record of the period Upper Carboniferous to the Lower Cretaceous when Africa finally separated from South America. In the Upper Carboniferous to Lower Permian (Dwyka Formation) there are at least five described genera of woods from South Africa and Namibia. Early to Middle Permian woods (Ecca Group) are a little more diverse with six genera, representing the glossopterids, cordaitaleans and possibly other seed fern groups. Late Permian to Early Triassic (Beaufort Group) woods show very little change in diversity in spite of the major floral and biotic turnover evident from the rest of the fossil record. Although the Late Triassic (Molteno Formation) macro-flora has been shown to be an example of explosive diversification, the generally poorly preserved woods do not reflect this. Lower Jurassic fossils (Clarens Formation) are also poorly preserved but have araucarian characteristics. Early Cretaceous woods represent the Araucariaceae, Cheirolepidiaceae and Podocarpaceae with a number of species. The diversity of the woods has not changed as much as the rest of the floral components in southern Africa from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Cretaceous. Possible reasons for this apparent stasis are the conservative nature of wood, functional restrictions, limitations of suitable conditions for petrifications and the fact that very little research has been done on southern African woods. 相似文献
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LI Guobiao WAN Xiaoqiao JIANG Ganqing HU Xiumian GOUDEM Nicolas HAN Hongdou CHEN Xi 《《地质学报》英文版》2007,81(6):917-924
As one of the mélanges in the southern side of the Yarlung-Zangbo suture zone, the Saiqu mélange in southern Tibet is important for understanding the evolution of the Neo-Tethys ocean. The age of the Saiqu mélange, however, has been debated due to the lack of reliable fossil evidence in matrix strata. Based on lithological similarities with platform strata in southern Tibet and limited fossils from exotic blocks, previous studies variously ascribed the Saiqu mélange to be Triassic in general, Late Triassic, or Late Cretaceous. Here we reported planktonic foraminiferal faunas from the matrix strata of the Saiqu mélange. The new fossils yield a Late Cretaceous age, which is so far the best age constraint for the mélange. Regional stratigraphic correlation indicates that the Cretaceous Oceanic Red Beds (CORBs) in Saiqu may be time equivalent to the CORBs of the Zongzhuo Formation in neighboring regions. Thus the Saiqu mélange should be correlated to the Upper Cretaceous Zongzhuo Formation rather than the Triassic Xiukang Group, as previously suggested. 相似文献
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西藏岗巴晚白垩世有孔虫动物群与海平面变化 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
西藏南部岗巴地区上白垩统的有孔虫动物群十分丰富，经鉴定共有52属130种。根据岩性，该地区上白垩统可以划分出三个最基本的岩石地层单位：冷青热组、岗巴村口组及宗山组。依据其中有孔虫的形态结构、生态环境、系统演化及地史分布等特征，可以划分出五个主要的有孔虫动物群，Rotalipora动物群，Whiteinella-Helvetoglobotruncana动物群，Dicarinella-Marginotruncana动物群，Globotruncana-Globotuncanita动物群及Orbitoides-Omphalocyclus动物群。这五个有孔虫动物在晚白垩世相继绝灭，其绝灭与古水深有着十分密切的关系，主要是受海平面变化的影响。 相似文献
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文中描述的遗迹化石是河北区调队1/25万萨噶幅(2001年)和中国地质大学1/25万江孜幅、亚东幅（2002年）野外地质调查过程分别的。遗迹化石的产地和时代是：萨噶和吉隆附近的晚白垩世，冈底斯弧前盆地日喀则群昂仁组复理石（化石点1）；和产自康马地区马拉雅拉轨岗日带晚三叠世捏如组，早中侏罗世田巴群，早白垩世加不拉组和晚白垩世宗卓组复理石(化石点2)，少量标本产自北喜拉南带岗巴?定日晚白垩世岗巴村口组(化石点3)。文内共计描述上述地区中生代遗迹化石12个遗迹属，14个遗迹种包含4个未定遗迹种其中多数(5个遗迹属，7个遗迹种)为首次在中被发现和描述(包含有两个新遗迹种)。本文详细研究了各遗迹属的行为习性特征，其中数（有9个遗迹属）过去经常产于世界各地中新生代深海复理石内，根据不同的埋和保存环境它们又可分为两大类，第一类为浊流形后（Post-turbidite）形成的遗迹，它们都是深海食沉积物动物的觅食（Fodinichnia）和游动的牧食迹（Pascichnia）如Gyrophyllites，Phymatoderma，Helminthoida和Phycosiphon，它们的主要特是都具有主动回填构造（active backfill）；另一类为流形成前（Pre-turbidite）形成的雕画迹，它们的主要特征是生活时期形成复的多孔的水道系统，并在其中培养细菌形成园艺式(Gardening)觅食或称为耕作迹（Agrichnia）Megagrapton,Rhabdoglyphus,Helicorhaphe,其中还包括适应低氧环境的化学共（Chemosymbiosis）类型如Chondrites和Cladichnus。在描述的遗迹中还包括住兼觅食(Dwellingandfeedingstructures):Schaubcylindrichnus和Syringomorpha以及一种经常趋向水流的停栖迹(Cubichnia)Sagittichnus。深海相中生代复理石地层（尤其晚三叠世，侏罗白垩纪），在我国除西藏地区特别发育外，内地其他各省区很少发育，因此上述中代遗迹化石资料显得特别珍贵，研它们相信会对今后西藏的地层学，沉积学和岩相古地理学研究，提供有价值的地质资料。 相似文献
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通过1∶5万区域地质调查,在青藏高原羌塘地块西南缘鸡夯地区原划上三叠统日干配错群中新识别出一套上侏罗统—下白垩统地层。本文根据该套地层的岩石组合以及古生物面貌特征,初步探讨了该套地层的沉积环境和沉积相特征,对其中发育的玄武岩夹层采用锆石U-Pb(LA-ICP-MS)同位素测年方法,获得其年龄为118.3±2.1Ma。在发育的生物碎屑灰岩夹层中采集了珊瑚、双壳类、腕足、腹足类化石,化石资料显示该套地层形成于晚侏罗世—早白垩世。这是首次在南羌塘地块发现该时期海相地层,这一发现证明南羌塘地块在晚侏罗世—早白垩世时期海水并未完全退出,而是局部发育海相三角洲。 相似文献
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Dinosaur eggs or fragments are abundant and extensively distributed in China. They can be very informative in biostratigraphic division and correlation of continental strata where other fossils are relatively lacking. Despite remarkable discoveries of vertebrate fossils, particularly dinosaur eggs and skeletons from the middle and Late Cretaceous of both northern and southern China, there is hardly any direct evidence for the ages of the vertebrate-bearing terrestrial deposits. To constrain their depositional ages, here we have obtained SIMS U–Pb zircon ages from the tuffs interbedded with dinosaur egg-bearing sediments from the Laijia and Chichengshan formations of the terrestrial red deposits of the Late Cretaceous in the Tiantai Basin, Zhejiang Province, southeastern China. The SIMS zircon U–Pb ages from the Laijia and Chichengshan formations are about 96–99 Ma (Cenomanian) and 91–94 Ma (Turonian), respectively, providing direct time constraints on the vertebrate and dinosaur egg evolution in the Late Cretaceous as well as a basis for correlation with terrestrial Cretaceous deposits in other regions of southern and northern China. 相似文献
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据孢粉分析黑龙江嘉荫地区晚白垩世气候变化对恐龙绝灭的影响 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
黑龙江省嘉荫地区是中国境内发现恐龙最早的地区,自恐龙化石被发现以来在该区进行过大量的发掘,但对恐龙生活环境和灭绝原因一直没有解释。本研究将产恐龙的晚白垩世地层由下而上划分为永安村组、太平林场组、渔亮子组和富饶组,其中产恐龙化石和大量孢粉化石。孢粉化石由下而上可识别为Polypodiaceaesporites-Monosulcites-Beaupreaidites、Cyathidites-Taxodiaceaepollenites-Aguilapollenites和Classopollis-Ephedripites-Sphagnumsporites组合。根据含恐龙地层中的孢粉化石组合变化和沉积物特征分析,认为晚白垩世本区总体属湿暖的亚热带气候环境。孢粉化石组合的变化显示当时出现暖湿至干热气候条件的演变。嘉荫群上部渔亮子组中膏岩层和耐高温、抗盐碱的克拉梭粉（Classopollis）麻黄粉（Ephedripites）组合在短时间内的大量出现,说明晚白垩世末期出现有短暂的干热气候,这种气候的突然转变以及伴随的生态系统的紊乱可能是嘉荫地区恐龙大量死亡的重要原因,但不排除诸如天外星体碰撞地球、大规模火山喷发等引发白垩纪末恐龙全球灭绝的因素,后者更可能是引起气候变化的直接因素。 相似文献
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黑龙江北部嘉荫盆地中南部原划新近系时代的重新厘定 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
黑龙江省北部嘉荫盆地北端的黑龙江南岸渔亮子组是中国最早发现爬行类动物化石的层位,盛产恐龙化石.长期以来,盆地中南部的地层被划为古近系孙吴组.对乌拉嘎镇、庆林林场的孢粉研究显示,该地层的时代属晚白垩世晚期,相当于马斯科里赫特早期,可与黑龙江南岸嘉荫地区的渔亮子组对比.孢粉组合中含有大量耐干旱盐碱的克拉梭粉(Classopollis)、麻黄粉(Ephedripites),但未见前人在该地层中发现和报道的反映温暖潮湿气候环境的鹰粉(Aquilapollenites)和槐叶萍科(Ariadnaesporites)异孢.反映当时有一暂短的从温暖潮湿-干旱炎热的气候大变迁,这种变迁可能是造成恐龙大量死亡的原因之一. 相似文献
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The combined approach of conventional and varietal heavy mineral analysis was applied to constrain changes in source rock area, dispersal routes of detritus, and geodynamic setting of the Upper Cretaceous to Neogene Côte d'Ivoire basin. The heavy mineral assemblage of Albian to Turonian sediments reflect a narrow source rock area and short transport distances. A prominent change in the heavy mineral association of Late Cenomanian to Neogene sediments indicates enlargement of source area and longer fluvial transport distances, or longer storage of sediment within the littoral energy fence. The sudden change within the heavy mineral associations marks the transition from the late syn-rift stage to the early passive margin stage of the Southern Atlantic. During Albian to Late Cenomanian time, the basin geometry was mainly controlled by steep slopes and sediments were transported directly to the depocenter. The situation changed in Late Cenomanian time. A small shelf area developed where sediments from different sources were mixed and reworked before deposition. We believe that the W-E direction of the long-shore drift, which transports today huge quantities of near-shore sand, was established at the end of the Paleogene. This resulted from the drifting of southern West Africa across the paleoequator and subsequent change in surface wind directions. 相似文献
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Yuri D. Zakharov Yasunari ShigetaOlga P. Smyshlyaeva Alexander M. PopovTatiana A. Velivetskaya Tamara B. Afanasyeva 《Cretaceous Research》2011,32(5):623-645
Palaeotemperatures for the Cretaceous of India and Madagascar have been determined on the basis of oxygen isotopic analysis of well-preserved Albian belemnite rostra and Maastrichtian bivalve shells of from the Trichinopoly district, southern India, and Albian nautiloid and ammonoid cephalopods from the Mahajang Province, Madagascar. The Albian (possibly late Albian) palaeotemperatures for Trichinopoly district are inferred to range from 14.9 °C to 18.5 °C for the epipelagic zone, and from 14.3 °C to 15.9 °C for the mesopelagic zone, based on analyses of 65 samples; isotopic palaeotemperatures interpreted as summer and winter values for near-bottom shelf waters in this area fluctuate from 16.3 to 18.5 °C and from 14.9 to 16.1 °C, respectively. The mentioned palaeotemperatures are very similar to those calculated from isotopic composition of middle Albian belemnites of the middle latitude area of Pas-de-Calais in Northern hemisphere but significantly higher than those calculated from isotopic composition of Albian belemnites from southern Argentina and the Antarctic and middle Albian belemnites of Australia located within the warm-temperate climatic zone. Isotopic analysis of early Albian cephalopods from Madagascar shows somewhat higher palaeotemperatures for summer near-bottom shelf waters in this area (20.2-21.6 °C) in comparison with late Albian palaeotemperatures calculated from southern India fossils, but similar winter values (13.3-16.4 °C); however, the latter values are somewhat higher than those calculated from early Albian ammonoids of the tropical-subtropical climatic zone of the high latitude area of southern Alaska and the Koryak Upland. The new isotopic palaeotemperature data suggest that southern India and Madagascar were located apparently in middle latitudes (within the tropical-subtropical climatic zone) during Albian time. In contrast to the Albian fossils, isotope results of well-preserved early Maastrichtian bivalve shells from the Ariyalur Group, Trichinopoly district, are characterised by lower δ18O values (up to −5.8‰) but normal δ13C values, which might be a result local freshwater input into the marine environment. Our data suggest that the early Maastrichtian palaeotemperature of the southern Indian near-bottom shelf waters was probably about 21.2 °C, and that this middle latitude region continued to be a part of tropical-subtropical climatic zone, but with tendency of increasing of humidity at the end of Cretaceous time. 相似文献
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自从20世纪60年代初在山东诸城发现第一具恐龙骨架“巨型山东龙”以来,一系列具有代表性的恐龙骨骼化石在诸城白垩纪地层中被发现,特别是埋藏于诸城晚白垩世地层中恐龙骨骼化石群,最为引人注目。目前研究发现了包括鸭嘴龙类、角龙类、暴龙类等在内的多种恐龙类型,为丰富我国东部白垩纪恐龙动物群的研究提供了新的宝贵材料。该文系统总结和归纳了近些年来在诸城晚白垩世地层中发现的恐龙骨骼化石及其所代表的恐龙动物群类型的研究成果,同时又提出了目前依然存在的一些亟待解决的关键问题和研究意义,有助于下一步更好的深入研究诸城晚白垩世恐龙动物群。 相似文献
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Renato Pereira Lopes Francisco Sekiguchi Buchmann 《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2011,31(1):17-27
Fossils of terrestrial mammals preserved in submarine environment have been recorded in several places around the world. In Brazil such fossils are rather abundant in the southernmost portion of the coast, associated to fossiliferous concentrations at depths up to 10 m. Here is presented a review of such occurrences and the first record of fossils in deeper areas of the continental shelf. The fossils encompass several groups of both extinct and extant mammals, and exhibit several distinct taphonomic features, related to the marine environment. Those from the inner continental shelf are removed and transported from the submarine deposits to the coast during storm events, thus forming large konzentrat-lagerstätte on the beach, called “Concheiros”. The only fossils from deeper zones of the shelf known so far are a portion of a skull, a left humerus and of a femur of Toxodon sp. and a lower right molar of a Stegomastodon waringi, all collected by fishermen at depths around 20 m. The presence of fossils at great depths and distances from the present coastline, without signs of abrasion and far from areas of fluvial discharges does indicate that these remains have not been transported from the continent to the shelf, but have been preserved directly on the area that today correspond to the continental shelf. These remains indicate the existence of large fossiliferous deposits that have developed during periods of sea-level lowstand (glacial maxima) and have been submerged and reworked by the sea-level rise at the end of the last glaciation. 相似文献
18.
北喜马拉雅地区早白垩世沉积以碎屑岩为主，海底扇沉积十分发育。根据沉积岩的矿物成分、结构、构造和产状特征，可将这些海底扇分为6个亚相。根据亚相在空间的排列组合所指示的沉积环境，海底扇的发展过程可划分为萌芽、青春、成熟和消亡四个阶段。在早白垩世早、中期海底扇处于萌芽阶段和青春阶段，沉积岩的砂/?泥比值高，砂岩的矿物成分和结构多样，反映出海岸平原和大陆架较窄，海底坡度较大，从早白垩世开始沉积环境经历了由陆棚向大陆斜坡转移的过程，海平面升高，构造性质主要为水平拉张、裂陷。早白垩世晚期海底扇处于成熟阶段，海岸平原和大陆架宽度加大，砂/?泥比值降低，沉积物以泥质组分为主，富含菱铁矿、钙质结核，少见菊石等生物化石，相变缓慢，水体低能，属于缓倾斜、无明显坡折带的陆缘，反映了北喜马拉雅区的最大海侵事件。由于印度洋扩张、印度板块向北漂移，在早白垩世晚期北喜马拉雅被动陆缘已趋成熟，本区处于大陆斜坡下部强还原的深海-半深海环境。晚白垩世总体上属于海退，海底扇处于消亡阶段，其岩石由泥岩类向砂岩类直至砾岩类演化。白垩纪沉积盆地则相应经历了由陆棚→拉张断陷盆地→陆坡→深海盆地的演变。 相似文献
19.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》1999,28(1):129-143
The Palaeozoic marine invertebrate fossil record in southern Africa is characterised by extensive data for the Early and Middle Devonian but extremely limited or absent for other Palaeozoic Periods. The Mesozoic Era is lacking in marine invertebrate fossils for the Triassic, Late Jurassic, and Cretaceous. For the Cenozoic Era there is limited marine megafossil information. Overall, in benthic, cool waters, Palaeozoic, marine megafossils from southern Africa appear to represent relatively low diversity communities, when compared to ecologically comparable warm water environments elsewhere. However, the marine benthic Cretaceous and Cenozoic faunas of southwestern Africa are typically diverse warm water types, until the later Miocene when cool waters again prevailed. The Benguela Current clearly influenced lower diversity faunas.Climatically, it can be inferred from the marine megabenthic pal˦ontological evidence, thatwarm conditions were present from Early Cambrian until mid-Ordovician times, followed by a much cooler climate that persisted well into the Middle Devonian. The Late Palaeozoic evidence thus indicates cool to cold conditions. In contrast, the Late Permian fossils are consistent with warmer conditions, continuing through Late Jurassic and Cretaceous times along the East African and West African coasts, until the Late Miocene.Within the Gondwanan framework, a Central African region can be envisaged that was subject to non-marine conditions during the entire Phanerozoic Eon. Peripheral to this central African region were marine environments of various ages. The geological history of these peripheral regions was fairly unique. Some features in southern Africa are similar of those found in the Paraná Basin and the Falkland Islands.Most of North Africa from central Senegal to Libya contains a Phanerozoic marine cover extending from the Early Cambrian through to the Carboniferous, characterised by warm water faunas, except for the Ordovician which yields cool-cold water faunas.The Palaeozoic of Arabia, which was an integral part of Africa until the Miocene, has yieldedwarm water fossils. 相似文献
20.
江西修水第四系网纹红土的地层学研究 总被引：32，自引：1，他引：32
根据大量野外观察和室内分析结果，较详细论述了江西修水地区第四系网纹红土的地貌地层、岩石地层、磁性地层和年代地层等方面的特征，并在此基础上，就有关网纹红土的形成时代、成因以及与黄土的对比等问题进行了讨论，提出１）网纹红土可分为强网纹化红土和弱网纹化红土两个岩性段，每个岩性段又由若干个密集网纹层与稀疏网纹层构成；网纹红土与下伏红色砾石层属同期产物；２）网纹红土中的密集网纹层的地质意义相当于北方黄土中的古土壤；３）网纹红土形成于早更新世末（约０．９ＭａＢ．Ｐ．）至晚更新世初（约０．１ＭａＢ．Ｐ．）；４）网纹红土发育于湿热气候条件下，地下水埋深浅，地表低洼、排水不畅的环境。 相似文献