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1.
《海洋科学》2012,36(2)
根据2008年8月与11月在东山湾海域获得的调查资料对表层水中溶解态Fe（II）和Fe（III）含量、浮游植物叶绿素a、营养元素及其浓度等环境参数进行分析。结果表明,夏、秋季海水中Fe（II）浓度及其在总溶解铁中所占比例均与浮游植物叶绿素a呈正相关,其相关系数分别为0.7959、0.9219。现场围隔实验表明,海水中总溶解态Fe含量在24 h内有较大的变化,最大减少量达到17.4%。DS2站点海水中Fe（II）浓度及其在总溶解铁中所占比例随光照强度增加而增加。最高值与初始值相比较,叶绿素a较高的DS2站点海水中Fe（II）浓度增加较叶绿素a较低的DS5号站点高0.053μg/L。Fe（II）和Fe（III）加富实验研究了溶解态的Fe（II）和Fe（III）在海水中相互转化。高浓度的Fe（II）在海水中被氧化成Fe（III）,海水中浮游植物也会引发光还原作用使Fe（III）还原成Fe（II）。 相似文献
2.
Fe是海洋浮游植物生长所必需的营养元素,而Fe(Ⅱ)是可以被直接吸收利用的形态。由于Fe(Ⅱ)处于氧化还原的中间状态,且在产生和转化的过程中,与NO_3~-的还原和NH_4~+的氧化密切相关。因此,研究Fe(Ⅱ)的产生及消亡机制对于研究海区内的初级生产力及海洋中的C、N元素循环具有重要意义。而目前对于海水中Fe(Ⅱ)的迁移转化机制报道尚少。本文详细论述了海洋中Fe(Ⅱ)的产生机制及Fe(Ⅱ)的化学行为,重点探讨了厌氧微生物催化下,异化还原和铁氨氧化还原对Fe(Ⅱ)产生、消亡等循环过程的作用,以及对周围环境中N移除的影响。 相似文献
3.
于2011年6月12日至28日采集黄海表层海水进行甲板培养实验,研究了不同营养盐添加条件下浮游植物生长释放二甲亚砜(DMSO)的动态变化规律。实验结果表明,不同浓度及不同氮、磷、硅比值的营养盐的加入,均会导致培养体系中叶绿素a(Chl-a)、溶解态和颗粒态DMSO(DMSOd和DMSOp)含量的增加。培养实验过程中,DMSOp的浓度变化趋势与Chl-a相一致,其中在氮/磷比值最高(32∶1)的培养体系内DMSOp浓度最大,而DMSOd的浓度变化有一定的波动。此外,N、P营养盐相对于Si对DMSO含量的影响更为显著,而微量营养元素Fe可能并不是影响黄海浮游植物生物量的1个重要因子。 相似文献
4.
胶州湾中汞的含量及其形态的分布规律 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
1987年5月、9月和1988年1月调查了胶州湾表层海水、浮游植物和表层沉积物中汞含量。溶解无机汞含量的变化范围为0.63—4.4ng/dm~3,溶解总汞含量的变化范围为2.5—40ng/dm~3,浮游植物含量变化范围为1.1—25ng/g(湿重)。测定结果表明,胶州湾中汞含量和分布规律与浮游植物的盛衰和陆地迳流有关。有机汞和COD之间存在着线性关系,溶解无机汞含量随叶绿素a含量增加呈指数下降,表明浮游植物对汞的富集及其在海水中形态的转化起着十分重要的作用。 相似文献
5.
秋季东海二甲基硫和二甲巯基丙酸内盐浓度分布及降解速率研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
于2013年10~11月现场测定了东海中二甲基硫(DMS)及其前体物质二甲巯基丙酸内盐(DMSP,分为溶解态DMSPd和颗粒态DMSPp)的含量,研究其水平分布特征、DMSPp的粒径分布及DMSPd的降解速率,并对DMS的海-气交换通量进行了探讨。研究结果表明,表层海水中DMS、DMSPd和DMSPp的浓度平均值分别为(4.84±0.40)、(5.84±0.93)和(13.01±0.52)nmol·L-1。海水中DMSPd的降解速率在2.59~16.36nmol·L-1·d-1之间,平均值为(6.78±0.84)nmol·L-1·d-1。调查海域范围内,小型浮游植物(20μm)是DMSPp和叶绿素a(Chl a)重要贡献者。此外,秋季东海表层海水DMS的海-气交换通量为0.66~31.73μmol·m-2·d-1,平均值为(11.63±0.71)μmol·m-2·d-1。 相似文献
6.
腐殖质是地表普遍存在的天然有机物,对海洋中重要的微量营养元素-铁（Fe）的分布及生物地球化学循环具有重要的影响作用。本文对腐殖质的来源、分布及对海水中溶解态铁的迁移转化的影响做了总结,特别论述了其在河口及沿岸水域的行为。大量研究表明河口、沿岸及开放海水中溶解态铁分布的变化可以用腐殖质的浓度及其铁结合能力的变化来解释。腐殖质的络合作用不仅能够阻止溶解态铁（DFe）在河口、沿岸等水域被去除,而且能够通过洋流将DFe迁移至外海及大洋区域,此外还能增加铁的溶解度及对海水中浮游植物的生物可利用性,并且促进铁的氧化还原循环。研究还发现两者之间的络合强度受到盐度、pH等理化因素的影响。盐度是影响HS与DFe配合能力的重要影响因素,盐度增加,导致HS中可以与Fe配合的位点数量降低,配合总量呈现指数降低,而pH的增加可以增加HS与DFe的配合量。另外HS还能影响海水中DFe的氧化还原,并以此影响浮游植物对DFe的吸收利用。因此腐殖质对溶解态铁的有机络合作用是影响其海洋生物地球化学循环的一个重要参数,进一步研究海水中腐殖质的浓度和分布具有重要的意义。 相似文献
7.
2011年11月28日至2012年1月12日期间,通过对南海18°N至5°N海域25个站点78个溶解态铝样品的采集分析及所获得的浮游植物数据,首次研究报道了南海中南部海域溶解态铝的空间分布特征,探讨其与浮游植物群落结构之间的关系。结果表明,表层海水中溶解态铝平均含量138.3±39.1nmol·L-1,呈现陆架高、海盆和岛礁区低的水平分布特点;表层浮游植物共57属132种,分别属于硅藻门38属72种,甲藻门18属58种,蓝藻门1属2种,细胞总丰度在(0.75~21.09)×103cell·dm-3之间,表层溶解态铝的分布与甲藻总丰度(n=22,r=0.55,p0.01)具有显著的正相关性。就垂直分布而言,溶解态铝在0~100m水深内变化剧烈,在100~300m深度范围内,溶解态铝变化不明显,200m处稍有增加;溶解态铝的垂直分布与营养盐相关性不显著,与叶绿素a浓度(n=16,r=0.58,p0.05)、浮游植物总丰度(n=16,r=0.59,p0.05)和甲藻总丰度(n=15,r=0.69,p0.01)显著正相关,推测冬季溶解态铝对南海甲藻生长具有一定促进作用。 相似文献
8.
使用切向流超滤系统得到粒度较均匀的Fe(OH)3胶体,进而对Fe(OH)3胶体粒子与Cu2 的作用进行了研究,并将实验结果与南沙群岛海区表层水中铜与胶体物质结合状况的调查数据进行了比较分析,得到如下结果:(1)在海水介质中,铜在Fe(OH)3胶体上结合的百分率(pH>5)随pH的升高而下降,随着Fe(OH)3胶体浓度的减小而下降?(2)在天然海水介质中,使铜在Fe(OH)3胶体上结合的百分率在50%-70%的有机物浓度为1.0mg·L-1,有机物浓度的增大使铜与无机胶体结合的百分率有下降的趋势? 相似文献
9.
铁对自然群落浮游植物生长的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
利用室内加铁实验,研究了铁对胶州湾自然群落浮游植物生长的影响。实验结果显示,加入铁的浓度在5×10-8mol时,实验第7天的总细胞数量和叶绿素a含量分别比不加铁的对照组增加了5.9倍和3.7倍。加入铁的浓度增加10倍,达5×10-7mol时,浮游植物的生长速度更快,实验第5天的细胞数量和叶绿素a含量是对照组的34.9倍和16.1倍。浮游植物优势种中肋骨条藻(Skeletonemacostatum)在加铁浓度为5×10-7mol时,第5天达最高峰,而在加铁浓度为5×10-8mol和对照实验组,细胞数量达到高峰的时间推后了2d,新月菱形藻(Nitzschiaclosterium)在中肋骨条藻衰败后成为优势种。 相似文献
10.
以渤海(塘沽海域)沉积物为材料,富集异化铁还原混合菌群。采用三层平板方法,从混合菌群中纯化出一株异化铁还原细菌KB52。通过形态观察和16S r RNA基因序列分析,菌株命名为Klebsiella sp.KB52(Gene Bank号KM233642)。在葡萄糖为电子供体,Fe(OH)_3为电子受体条件下厌氧培养菌株KB52,其细胞生长和Fe(Ⅲ)还原具有明显耦合关系。碳源分别设置为葡萄糖、乳酸钠、丙酮酸钠、乙酸钠、甲酸钠和丙酸钠,在海水培养条件下菌株KB52以丙酮酸钠为碳源时,菌株培养液累积Fe(Ⅱ)浓度最高,为4.41 mmol/L±0.59 mmol/L。菌株KB52在设定NaCl浓度范围内,都能够生长并具有铁还原性质,菌株表现出较强的耐盐性。NaCl质量浓度为4 g/L时,菌株KB52还原Fe(Ⅲ)效率最高,Fe(Ⅱ)达到4.95 mmol/L±0.72 mmol/L。铁还原细菌KB52在淡水和海水条件下能够生长并具有铁还原性质,可用于近海沉积物中微生物介导异化Fe(Ⅲ)还原过程,进一步应用于治理海洋环境污染。 相似文献
11.
《Marine Chemistry》2001,73(2):83-95
More than half of the dissolved iron in rain collected in Wilmington, NC, USA, occurred as Fe(II)(aq). More than 80% of the dissolved iron in marine rain from several marine storms in both North Carolina and New Zealand was Fe(II)(aq). In almost all rain events Fe(II)(aq) was in excess of Fe(III)(aq). Rainwater is a significant source of iron to surface seawater and contributes approximately 1010 mol year−1 of dissolved plus particulate iron to surface seawater on a global scale, which is more than 30 times the amount of iron resident in the surface 10 m of seawater. The length of time atmospherically deposited dissolved iron remains in surface seawater is critical to its role as a phytoplankton nutrient because it is predominately the soluble form of Fe that is bioavailable. Earlier studies have demonstrated that Fe(II)(aq) oxidizes rapidly in seawater. Our experiments utilizing authentic rainwater with ambient concentrations and speciation of iron clearly demonstrate, however, that rainwater Fe(II)(aq) is stabilized against oxidation for more than 4 h in seawater and rainwater Fe(III)(aq) is protected against rapid precipitation when added to coastal or oligotrophic seawater. These results are significant because they show rainwater deposited Fe does not behave as previously thought based on earlier kinetic work on non-rainwater Fe(II) oxidation in seawater. Rainwater, therefore, is an important source of soluble, stable Fe(II)(aq) to surface seawater. 相似文献
12.
To elucidate iron regeneration and organic iron(III)-binding ligand formation during microzooplankton and copepod grazing on phytoplankton, incubation experiments were conducted in the western subarctic Pacific. During 8 days of dark incubation of ambient water and that amended with plankton concentrate, dissolved iron and organic iron(III)-binding ligands accumulated, approximately proportionally to the decrease in chlorophyll a. The observed increases in dissolved iron concentration were much greater than those expected from the consumption of phytoplankton biomass and previously reported Fe:C value of cultured algal cells, suggesting resolution from colloidal or particulate iron adsorbed onto the algal cell surface. When copepods were added to the ambient water, organic iron(III)-binding ligands accumulated more rapidly than in the control receiving no copepod addition, although consumed phytoplankton biomass was comparable between the two treatments. Bioassay experiment using filtrates collected from the incubation experiment showed that organic ligands formed during microzooplankton grazing reduced the iron bioavailability to phytoplankton and suppressed their growth. Moreover, picoplankton Synechococcus sp. and Micromonas pusilla were more suppressed by the organic ligands than the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii. In conclusion, through microzooplankton and copepod grazing on phytoplankton, organic iron(III)-binding ligands as well as regenerated iron are released into the ambient seawater. Because the ligands lower iron bioavailability to phytoplankton through complexation and the degree of availability reduction varies among phytoplankton species, grazing by zooplankton can shift phytoplankton community structure in iron-limited waters. 相似文献
13.
The northern part of Okinawa Island suffers from red soil pollution—runoff of red soil into coastal seawater—which damages coastal ecosystems and scenery. To elucidate the impacts of red soil pollution on the oxidizing power of seawater, hydrogen peroxide (HOOH) and iron species including Fe(II) and total iron (Fe(tot), defined as the sum of Fe(II) and Fe(III)) were measured simultaneously in seawater from Taira Bay (red-soil-polluted sea) and Sesoko Island (unpolluted sea), off the northern part of Okinawa Island, Japan. We performed simultaneous measurements of HOOH and Fe(II) because the reaction between HOOH and Fe(II) forms hydroxyl radical (•OH), the most potent environmental oxidant. Gas-phase HOOH concentrations were also measured to better understand the sources of HOOH in seawater. Both HOOH and Fe(II) in seawater showed a clear diurnal variation, i.e. higher in the daytime and lower at night, while Fe(tot) concentrations were relatively constant throughout the sampling period. Fe(II) and Fe(tot) concentrations were approximately 58% and 19% higher in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Gas-phase HOOH and seawater HOOH concentrations were comparable at both sampling sites, ranging from 1.4 to 5.4 ppbv in air and 30 to 160 nM in seawater. Since Fe(II) concentrations were higher in red-soil-polluted seawater while concentrations of HOOH were similar, •OH would form faster in red-soil-polluted seawater than in unpolluted seawater. Since the major scavenger of •OH, Br−, is expected to have similar concentrations at both sites, red-soil-polluted seawater is expected to have higher steady-state •OH concentrations. 相似文献
14.
Iron coordination and redox reactions in synthetic and coastal seawater were investigated at nanomolar concentrations using 59Fe radiometry and ion-pair solvent extraction of iron chelated by sulfoxine (8-hydroxyquinoline-5-sulfonate) and BPDS (bathophenanthroline disulfonate). Using sulfoxine, we determined the rate at which the monomeric Fe(III) hydroxide species present in seawater of pH 8 are complexed by the microbial siderophore deferriferrioxamine B and the synthetic chelator EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid). Forward rate constants of 2 × 106M−1s−1 and 20 M−1s−1, respectively, were obtained. The kinetics of these reactions have not been measured previously at pH values near that of seawater. Conditional equilibrium constants measured for the Fe(III)-EDTA system are consistent with published stability constants for EDTA complexes and for Fe(III) hydrolytic equilibria minus the neutral Fe(OH)3o species, suggesting it is not quantitatively significant near pH 8. Commercial humic acid was found to have sufficient affinity for iron to compete with Fe(III) hydrolysis in seawater, and limited evidence was obtained for an interaction with dissolved organic matter in coastal seawater.In our investigations of redox reactions using BPDS to trap Fe(II) produced in the medium, we observed enhanced photoreduction of Fe(III) by humic acid as well as reduction induced by solutes released from phytoplankton in seawater of pH 8. Although the method is sensitive enough to work at near-oceanic levels of iron, the difficulty in distinguishing Fe(II) generated by Fe(III)-BPDS interactions from Fe(II) produced by other means limits its utility. This analytical ambiguity may be generalizable to other methods which measure ferrous iron in seawater using Fe(II)-specific ligands. 相似文献
15.
S. Paul Hansard William M. Landing Chris I. Measures Bettina M. Voelker 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2009,56(7):1117-1129
The redox speciation of dissolved iron in seawater was evaluated at 121 locations in the Pacific Ocean at depths of 15-1000 m, using the method of luminol chemiluminescence. The results indicate that reduced iron, Fe(II), is ubiquitous in surface seawater with a relatively consistent pattern of occurrence. Surface maxima were present in most profiles, with median concentrations of 25-30 pM representing 12-14% of the total dissolved iron. Concentrations decreased monotonically with depth to<12 pM within the upper euphotic zone. This pattern was observed during both day and nighttime sampling events, which suggests that non-photochemical production mechanisms can produce photochemical-like signatures. Further, if theoretical rates of Fe(II) oxidation are applicable to the open ocean, then the employed sampling methods precluded assessment of photochemically-produced Fe(II), regardless of ambient light conditions. For this and other reasons, the concentrations reported here for the upper water column likely represent lower limits of labile iron concentration, and suggest that dissolved iron may be more available for uptake than previously believed. Deeper in the water column, Fe(II) was also frequently detected, though it constituted a small fraction of the total dissolved iron. Possible source mechanisms at these depths include thermal (dark) reduction of Fe(III) organic complexes or remineralization of sinking biogenic particles containing Fe(II). In the northern Philippine Sea between the Japanese coast and the Izu-Bonin volcanic arc system, Fe(II) concentrations were found to be atypically high, possibly because of high atmospheric dust deposition near the surface and transport of sediment-derived iron at depth. 相似文献
16.
The relationship between total and chemically labile Fe has been studied in estuarine, coastal and shelf waters of the Gulf of Maine, U.S.A. Measurements of the labile fraction of total Fe, defined by complexation with 8-hydroxyquinoline in 1 h, correlate with the availability of Fe to marine phytoplankton and therefore can be used to estimate Fe availability in seawater. The results show that the relative lability (=labile/total) of Fe in seawater varied both spatially and temporally from near-zero to 100%. Although particulate Fe (>0.45 μm) was generally less labile than dissolved Fe (<0.45 μm), the particulate fraction often contributed substantially to labile Fe concentrations overall. Conversely, as much as 75% of ‘dissolved’ Fe was non-labile, and therefore was probably not available to phytoplankton. In seawater/river-water mixing experiments, aggregation diminished the relative lability of Fe by 30%, even though much of it remained in the ‘dissolved’ fraction. Considering phytoplankton nutrition, these results demonstrate that equating dissolved Fe concentrations with ‘available’ metal can be misleading. Furthermore, the large variability observed in the labile proportion of total Fe in seawater indicates that Fe availability to phytoplankton cannot be estimated by applying fixed lability-ratios to total Fe concentrations. 相似文献
17.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2009,56(26):2810-2821
The cumulative evidence from more than a dozen mesoscale iron-enrichment studies in high nitrate low chlorophyll (HNLC) waters demonstrates that iron limitation is widespread and very likely affects atmospheric carbon dioxide and thus global climate. However, the responses of microphytoplankton (>20 μm), predominantly diatoms, vary greatly among these mesoscale experiments even though similar amounts of iron were added, making it difficult to quantitatively incorporate iron effects into global climate models. Nowhere is this difference more dramatic than between the massive bloom observed during Subarctic Pacific Iron Experiment for Ecosystem Dynamics Study (SEEDS) I and the order of magnitude smaller ecosystem response in SEEDS II; two mesocale experiments performed in the same HNLC region of the western subarctic Pacific in different years. Deckboard incubation experiments initiated during the early, middle, and late stages of the 32-day SEEDS II experiment show that while the two iron infusions increased phytoplankton growth, diatoms remained significantly limited by iron availability, despite total dissolved Fe concentrations in the patch being well above the diffusion-limited threshold for rapid diatom growth. This iron limitation was apparent <6 days after the initial iron infusion and was not alleviated by the second, smaller iron infusion. In contrast, smaller phytoplankton (<20 μm) showed a more restricted response to further iron amendments, indicating that their iron nutrition was near optimal. Iron complexed to desferrioximine B, a commonly available siderophore produced by at least one marine bacterium, was poorly available to diatoms throughout the patch evolution, indicating that these diatoms lacked the ability to induce high-affinity iron uptake systems. These results suggest that the strong organic complexation of Fe(III) observed in the SEEDS II-fertilized patch was not compatible with rapid diatom growth. In contrast, iron associated with protoporphyrin IX, a weaker iron complexing ligand of a class hypothesized to be representative of recycled iron species, was readily available to diatoms. Our findings demonstrate that a persistence of iron limitation was the primary factor underlying the comparatively small diatom response during SEEDS II. This continued growth limitation would have increased the importance of mesozooplankton grazing as a controlling factor in the SEEDS II ecosystem response. 相似文献
18.
Effect of siderophores on the light-induced dissolution of colloidal iron(III) (hydr)oxides 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Paul M. Borer Barbara Sulzberger Petra Reichard Stephan M. Kraemer 《Marine Chemistry》2005,93(2-4):179-193
Siderophores play an important role in biological iron acquisition in iron-limited aquatic systems. While it is widely accepted that the solubilization of iron-bearing mineral phases is a key function of siderophores, the mechanism of siderophore-promoted mineral dissolution in aquatic systems is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of siderophores (desferrioxamine B (DFOB) and aerobactin) on light-induced dissolution of goethite and lepidocrocite in the presence or absence of oxalate in aerated and deaerated suspensions at pH 6. For the irradiated two-ligand system (oxalate/siderophore), the experimental results suggest that oxalate acts as the electron donor for the formation of surface Fe(II), and the siderophore acts as an efficient shuttle for the transfer of surface Fe(II) into solution. Furthermore, even in the absence of an electron donor such as oxalate, both DFOB and aerobactin accelerated the light-induced dissolution of lepidocrocite as compared to the thermal dissolution. Experiments with dissolved Fe(III)–DFOB and Fe(III)–aerobactin complexes suggest that this enhancing effect is not due to photolysis of corresponding surface complexes but to efficient transfer of reduced surface Fe(II) into solution, where surface Fe(II) may be formed, e.g., through photolysis of surface Fe(III)–hydroxo groups. Based on this study, we conclude that the interplay of light and siderophores may play a key role in the dissolution of colloidal iron(III) (hydr)oxides in marine systems, particularly in the presence of efficient electron donors. 相似文献