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1.
登陆台风等熵面位涡演变的数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
选取1997年第11号台风温妮为研究个例,通过中尺度模式MM5模拟再现了该台风登陆后经历初期减弱、变性及变性后再次发展的演变过程.引入Ertel等熵面位涡收支方程,深入分析了登陆台风结构演变的过程中绝热与非绝热作用对对流层低层位涡局地变化的影响.研究表明:台风温妮深入内陆的过程中,对流层低层台风中心西北侧位涡增长,且大值中心不再与台风中心重合;由于摩擦和非绝热加热的存在,对流层低层位涡不守恒,其局地变化主要决定于位涡的水平平流(守恒项)、位涡的垂直平流、加热的垂直微分(非守恒项)的分布;台风温妮变性前后,对流层低层位涡的守恒性逐渐减弱,非守恒项尤其是加热的垂直微分对位涡的局地增长的正贡献不断增强直至占有主导地位. 相似文献
2.
副热带高压对登陆台风等熵面位涡演变影响的数值模拟研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
选取1997年第11号台风“温妮”为研究个例, 通过中尺度模式MM5模拟再现了该台风登陆后经历初期减弱、 变性及变性后再次发展的演变过程。采用Davis et al.(1996) 提出的片段位涡反演方法, 提取具有副热带高压物理意义的位涡扰动, 采用片段位涡反演的方法, 改变模式积分初始时刻台风东部副热带高压强度, 并引入Ertel等熵面位涡收支方程, 深入分析不同强度的副热带高压环流系统在登陆台风结构演变的过程中等熵面位涡的守恒性, 以及守恒性与非守恒性相对作用的大小。研究表明: 台风北上深入内陆的过程中, 高空槽大值位涡源源不断的输送使得对流层低层西北侧位涡增长, 台风中心上空的辐散形势有利于台风强度的再次增强。由于摩擦和非绝热加热的存在, 对流层位涡局地变化主要决定于位涡的水平平流 (守恒项)、 位涡的垂直平流、 加热的垂直微分 (非守恒项) 的分布。台风经历变性及再增强的过程中, 其影响范围内位涡守恒性经历了先减弱后增强的过程, 非守恒项中位涡的垂直平流能较好地描述对流层中层位涡局地变化趋势, 而加热的垂直微分则在对流层低层和高层表现良好。副高强度的加强使台风加速北上, 加快了台风变性速度, 高层位涡的向下输送明显提前且强度增强, 位涡守恒性的破坏、 重建也相应提前, 位涡垂直平流的整层负值减小, 加热垂直微分对对流层低层位涡增长的正贡献加强, 且持续时间更长。 相似文献
3.
结合“海棠”台风（2005）定量分析非绝热加热对湿 Q 矢量诊断能力的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
湿Q矢量最大特点就是考虑了非绝热加热作用,各种湿Q矢量差异也主要表现在对非绝热加热计算处理方案的不同.因此,通过比较分析非绝热加热作用,可揭示出不同湿Q矢量之间诊断能力的差异.2005年第5号登陆台风"海棠"在7月19日08时20 H 08时,给福建省东北部及浙江省造成大范围暴雨.WRF模式成功模拟出此次台风暴雨过程.文章将结合"海棠"台风(2005)登陆台风暴雨过程,利用 WRF模式模拟输出的气象要素,通过计算降水场,定量分析了非绝热加热作用及其对湿Q矢量诊断能力的影响.结果表明:(1)对于公包括大尺度凝结加热的非绝热加热作用H1及包括了潜热加热(大尺度凝结加热和对流凝结加热)、感热加热和辐射加热的非绝热加热作用H2来讲,局地变化项的强迫作用较垂直平流项、水平平流项的强迫作用约小1-2个量级,可以忽略不计,垂直平流项的强迫作用是主要成分,对于水平平流项来讲,尽管其强迫作用明显小于垂直平流项的强迫作用,但也明显大于局地变化项的强迫作用,考虑其将更有利于充分反映H1、H2的强迫作用.对于包括非均匀饱和大气中潜热加热的H3来讲,水平平流项与垂直平流项的强迫作用相当,均为主要成分,而局地变化项的强迫作用为次要成分且不容忽视,对其考虑将有助于全面描述H2的强迫作用.(2)非绝热加热作用H1、H2以及H3强迫产生的24 h累积降水场具有相似的水平分佰特征,三者强迫产生的逐时雨量随时间演变特征也非常相似,这表明水汽凝结潜热是非绝热加热作用的主要成分.(3)进一步结合模拟降水场分析表明,相对于H1强迫产生的降水场来讲,H2与H3强迫产生的降水场更接近模拟结果,这揭示出包含H2的湿Q矢量与包含H2的湿Q矢量诊断能力相近,且对降水反映能力较包含H1的湿Q矢量诊断能力强.(4)不同湿Q矢量各自有其自身诊断特点,根据不同研究目的的需要,可有针对性的选取相应的湿Q矢量来作为研究工具.如需要具体、细敛分析水汽潜热的强迫作用,可以选朋包含H1、H3的湿Q矢量,如仅需考虑总的湿Q矢量强迫作用,则可以直接选用包含H2的湿矢量. 相似文献
4.
“等熵思维”到“等熵位涡思维”回顾与讨论 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
等熵位涡守恒与中纬度斜压扰动发展之间的诊断关系可用于对气旋发生发展的预报,并作为理解水汽图像的动力学场而在业务上使用。"等熵位涡思维"建立在等熵面分析的"等熵思维"基础上。本文首先依据基础的动力学理论,对等熵面上物理量场的动力学解释和业务应用作回顾和讨论,内容包括:等熵面随高度分布特征、等熵坐标中的垂直速度场、等熵面上水汽输送解释、等熵面上高空急流和锋区的特征等。其次,通过与等熵面物理量场分析和斜压二层模式准地转垂直运动方程的比较,着重回顾和讨论等熵位涡面上的物理量场和业务应用,内容包括:对流层顶定义及其温压湿分布特征、对流层顶等熵位涡面上急流和锋区的特征、对流层顶等熵位涡面上的垂直速度场、"等熵位涡思维"与气旋发展及位涡、水汽图像在改进数值预报模式中的作用等。 相似文献
5.
强降水过程中热力切变平流参数的诊断分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
在以往研究的基础上, 本文把对流涡度矢量的垂直分量、水平散度和广义位温的垂直梯度有机地结合起来, 引入热力切变平流参数的概念。本文针对两次强降水过程, 利用NCEP/NCAR全球最终分析资料对热力切变平流参数进行诊断分析, 结果表明, 热力切变平流参数能够比较准确地综合表征雨区上空水平风场切变和湿等熵面漏斗状向下伸展等动力学和热力学典型的垂直结构特征, 因而该参数与降水系统的发展演变密切相关, 与观测的6小时累积地面降水区存在一定的对应关系; 在空间水平分布和时间演变趋势上, 热力切变平流参数的异常值区覆盖着观测的6小时累积地面降水区; 该参数在降水区内表现为强信号, 而在非降水区表现为弱信号。影响热力切变平流参数发展演变的因素分析表明, 该参数倾向方程中通量散度项的异常值区覆盖着观测的6小时累积地面降水区, 表明雨区内通量散度项导致的热力切变平流参数变化比较明显, 其中纬向风速与经向风速相互作用的贡献是不容忽略的。 相似文献
6.
1思路气温的预报主要考虑本来Δt时间内的温度变化，即气温的局地变化。根据热力学方程在P坐标系的形式：通过展开整理得到：即气温的局地变化取决于温度的平流变化、大气稳定度和非绝热传递。在非局部区域中，空气的垂直运动量级较小，大气稳定度对气温局地变化所引起的贡献可以忽略，因此在实际分析中只侧重于温度平流和非绝热项的变化。其中，温度平流与水平温度梯度成正比，当垂直于温度梯度的风速分量越大，温度平流越强，温度的局地变化越大；非绝热变化主要取决于辐射、水汽相变等，它与云量、云状、风向风速、湿度、气压等本站要素… 相似文献
7.
位涡、湿位涡及其守恒开启了(湿)位涡理论的较广泛应用,使(湿)位涡成为天气系统、天气现象演变的重要诊断物理量,能有效解释一些天气系统、天气现象的演变。为合理应用(湿)位涡及等熵位涡思维,简单分析了气象常用坐标中位涡、湿位涡表达式的限制性条件,强调此条件与(湿)等熵坐标成立的条件相同,指出z 坐标(湿)位涡与p、θ(θse)坐标(湿)位涡存在物理差异。在θ(θse)坐标中,气块的水平速度是相对水平面(地面)的移动速度,而非气块沿着等θ(θse)面的移动。在(湿)等熵位涡分析中,(湿)等熵位涡强度的变化,是平流、垂直输送以及非绝热过程的综合作用,不能简单归因为只由高层的(湿)等熵位涡异常向中低层传输、或中低纬的(湿)等熵位涡异常向高纬传送所造成。 相似文献
8.
本文利用1958～2019年日本气象厅逐日再分析资料（JRA-55）,基于热力学方程,详细研究了北亚地区春夏季节转换前（第19至28候）平稳增温过程的热力学特征。结果表明,气候温度平流和非绝热加热有相反的变化趋势,它们先后主导着北亚春夏季节转换前的温度变化。在第22候之前,绝热的气候温度平流主导着北亚地区的增暖过程。但随着欧亚大陆中高纬度上的非绝热加热逐步增强,气候温度平流逐渐变为冷平流,使得非绝热加热成为主导项。线性斜压模式结果表明,非绝热加热除直接加热局地大气外,它还会在北亚地区强迫出气旋式环流异常和上升运动,从而引导着原位于新地岛附近的低压系统向北亚地区移动,进而在水平和垂直方向上引起绝热的冷平流。该冷平流部分抵消了非绝热的加热作用,最终在北亚地区形成平稳的增温过程。 相似文献
9.
东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压短期东西向移动的热力强迫分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用NCEP/NCAR 1 000～10 hPa 2.5 °×2.5 °日平均再分析资料,分析2003年6月22—25日热带对流层上空东风带扰动影响西太平洋副热带高压（简称西太副高,下同）短期东西进退的热力强迫过程,并探讨了相应机制。结果表明:东风带扰动附近非绝热效应分布和强度的变化影响着西太副高东西向的运动;西太副高短期东西向移动有趋“冷”的趋势,即西太副高向非绝热加热减弱或者非绝热冷却增强方向移动;在西太副高突然东退前后,东风带扰动东、西侧的非绝热加热效应出现明显的变化,主要体现为东风带扰动东侧非绝热冷却效应增强和东风带扰动西侧非绝热冷却效应减弱东退的特征,而且在对流层300 hPa高度附近表现最为明显;在非绝热加热效应影响因子中,垂直输送项最为重要,其次为局地变化项,水平平流效应最不显著,因此,垂直输送作用和局地变化作用引起的非绝热效应的变化是影响西太副高突然东退的主要原因。 相似文献
10.
11.
Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development and the complete vorticity equation with mass forcing 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
The moist potential vorticity (MPV) equation is derived from complete atmospheric equations including the effect of mass forcing, with which the theory of Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development (USVD) is proposed based on the theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development (SVD). When an air parcel slides up along a slantwise isentropic surface, its vertical component of relative vorticity will develop, and the steeper the isentropic surface is, the more violent the development will be. From the definition of MPV and the MPV equation produced here in, a complete vorticity equation is then put forward with mass forcing, which explicitly includes the effects of both internal forcings, such as variations of stability, baroclinicity, and vertical shear of horizontal wind, and external forcings, such as diabatic heating, friction, and mass forcing.When isentropic surfaces are flat, the complete vorticity equation matches its traditional counterpart. The physical interpretations of some of the items which are included in the complete vorticity equation but not in the traditional one are studied with a simplified model of the ChangjiangoHuaihe Meiyu front. A 60-h simulation is then performed to reproduce a torrential rain event in the ChangjiangoHuaihe region and the output of the model is studied qualitatively based on the theory of USVD. The result shows that the conditions of the theory of USVD are easily satisfied immediately in front of mesoscale rainstorms in the downwind direction, that is, the theory of USVD is important to the development and movement of these kinds of systems. 相似文献
12.
Vertical vorticity development owing to down-sliding at slantwise isentropic surface 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Based upon the conservation of Ertel potential vorticity and moist potential vorticity, a ‘parcel dynamic’ approach is used to investigate the development of vertical vorticity of a parcel which is sliding down a slantwise isentropic surface. An accurate form of the tendency equation of vertical vorticity is deduced to interpret such slantwise vorticity development (SVD). In addition to those dynamic terms in the traditional vertical vorticity equation, the newly developed accurate form includes several thermal terms associated with the changes in stability, vertical wind shear and baroclinity. It is proved that the combinative impacts of these thermal terms on the development of vertical vorticity can be expressed by a succinct theory of SVD. According to this theory, when the horizontal component of potential vorticity and stability possess opposite signs, and the slantwise isentropic surfaces are very steep, the vorticity development of the down-sliding flow at such isentropes can be dramatic. It is also shown that in a convectively unstable and saturated atmosphere, such vorticity development must be accompanied by the development of a low-level jet. Study of a torrential rain process shows that moist potential vorticity analysis is a powerful tool in the study of torrential rain occurrence. Results from the present study are in agreement with the contentions of earlier workers that moist symmetric instability is the cause of some heavy rainbands. 相似文献
13.
湿位涡和倾斜涡度发展 总被引：266，自引：22，他引：266
从完整的原始方程出发，在导出精确形式的湿位涡方程的基础上，证得绝热无摩擦的饱和湿空气具有湿位涡守恒的特性。并由此去研究湿斜压过程中涡旋垂直涡度的发展。结果表明，在湿等熵坐标中，涡旋的发展与对流稳定度的减少，等熵面上的辐合和潜热的释放有关。由于等熵位涡分析的应用受等熵面倾斜的限制，又进而发展了Ｚ坐标及Ｐ坐标中的倾斜涡度发展理论。指出无论是湿对称不稳定或对流不稳定大气，还是湿对称稳定或对流稳定大气，除对流稳定度的影响外，风的垂直切变的增加或水平湿斜压的增加均能因湿等熵面的倾斜而引起垂直涡度的增长。湿等熵面的倾斜越大，这种由干湿斜压性加强所引起的涡旋发展更激烈。在梅雨锋附近及其南侧暖湿区的北端，湿等熵面十分陡立，是涡旋发展及暴雨发生的重要地区。对１９９１年６月１２—１５日江淮流域暴雨过程的湿位涡分析表明，湿位涡分析，尤其是等压面上湿位涡量ＭＰＶ１和ＭＰＶ２的分析不仅在中高纬有效，在低纬度及低对流层也十分有效，是暴雨诊断和预报的有力工具。 相似文献
14.
CONSERVATION OF MOIST POTENTIAL VORTICITY AND DOWN-SLIDING SLANTWISE VORTICITY DEVELOPMENT* 
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下载免费PDF全文 An accurate form of the moist potential vorticity(MPV) equation was deduced from a complete set of primitive equations.It was shown that motion in a saturated atmosphere without diabatic heating and friction conserves moist potential vorticity.This property was then used to investigate the development of vertical vorticity in moist baroclinic processes.Results show that in the framework of moist isentropic coordinate,vorticity development can result from reduction of convective stability,or convergence,or latent heat release at isentropic surfaces.However,the application of the usual analysis of moist isentropic potential vorticity is limited due to the declination of moist isentropic surfaces.and a theory of development based on z-coordinate and p-coordinate was then proposed.According to this theory,whether the atmosphere is moist-symmetrically stable or unstable,on convective stable or unstable,the reduction of convective stability,the increase of the vertical shear of horizontal wind or moist baroclinity may result in the increase of vertical vorticity,so long as the moist isentropic surface is slantwise.The larger the declination of the moist isentropic surface,the more vigorous the development of vertical vorticity.In a region with a monsoon front to the north and the warm and moist air to the south,or by the north of the front,the moist isentropes are very steep.The is the region most favorable for development of vorticities and formation of torrential rain.For a case of persistent torrential rain occurring in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang and Huaihe Rivers in June 11-15,1991,moist potential vorticity analysis,especially the isobaric analysis of its vertical and horizontal components,i.e.MPV1 and MPV2,respectively,is effective for identifying synoptic systems not only in middle and high latitudes,but also in low latitudes and in the lower troposphere.It can serve as a powerful tool for the diagnosis and prediction of torrential rain. 相似文献
15.
The complete form of the vertical vorticity tendency equation (the complete-form vorticity equation) is derived from the Ertel potential vorticity equation to contain thermodynamic factors. In this study, a new complete-form vorticity equation, which has the same form as the original complete-form vorticity equation, is deduced from the absolute vorticity vector equation combined with the continuity equation and the expression of three-dimensional (3D) entropy gradient. By comparing the complete-form vorticity equation with the classical vertical vorticity equation, it is found that regardless of whether or not the isentropic surface is tilting, the two vorticity equations are in essence the same. The “baroclinic term” of the complete-form vorticity equation is exactly equal to the solenoidal term of the classical one, and there is a significant amount of cancellation between the two baroclinic items (the “slantwise term” and the horizontal vorticity change term) in the complete-form vorticity equation. In operational weather analysis, the tilt of the isentropic surface can be diagnosed according to the density of the isotherm on the upper-level isobaric map. For synoptic-scale motion, the vertical vorticity produced by the tilt of the isentropic surface is due to the contribution of atmospheric baroclinicity, which is measured by the solenoid. The 3D solenoid is parallel to the isentropic surface, so the more tilted the isentropic surface, the bigger the projection of the 3D solenoid in the vertical direction. The baroclinic contribution can be interpreted based on the PV thinking theory, but the relationship between the vorticity field and the potential vorticity field is not immediate. 相似文献
16.
ISENTROPIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS ON THE MESOSCALE CYCLONE DEVELOPMENT IN A TORRENTIAL RAIN PROCESS* 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The mesoscale model MM4 is used to simulate the torrential rain associated with Meiyu front occurring on 5-6 July.1991 in the Changjiang-Huaihe Basin.Based on the outputs of the model,the cause of the mesoscale cyclogenesis on the lower troposphere is investigated in terms of the potential vorticity principle.The results show that because of the favorable pattern of moist isentropic surface,the absolute vorticity increases when cold air with high moist potential vorticity value rapidly slides down southwards along the moist isentropic surface,and then causes the cyclonic vortex development. 相似文献
17.
应用倾斜涡度发展理论,对云南的一次冬季强降水天气进行诊断分析。结果表明：强降水发生在θｅ 陡立密集区内;倾斜涡度发展和条件性对称不稳定是形成强降水的重要因子;大气的弱位势稳定和强斜压性有利于云南冬季强降水的发生。 相似文献
18.
The effect of transient eddy on interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Using ERA-40 reanalysis daily data for the period 1958-2002,this study investigated the effect of transient eddy(TE) on the interannual meridional displacement of summer East Asian subtropical jet(EASJ) by conducting a detailed dynamical diagnosis.The summer EASJ axis features a significant interannual coherent meridional displacement.Associated with such a meridional displacement,the TE vorticity forcing anomalies are characterized by a meridional dipole pattern asymmetric about the climatological EASJ axis.The TE vorticity forcing anomalies yield barotropic zonal wind tendencies with a phase meridionally leading the zonal wind anomalies,suggesting that they act to reinforce further meridional displacement of the EASJ and favor a positive feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.However,The TE thermal forcing anomalies induce baroclinic zonal wind tendencies that reduce the vertical shear of zonal wind and atmospheric baroclinicity and eventually suppress the TE activity,favoring a negative feedback in the TE and time-mean flow interaction.Although the two types of TE forcing tend to have opposite feedback roles,the TE vorticity forcing appears to be dominant in the TE effect on the time-mean flow. 相似文献
19.
2005年05号台风“海棠”登陆福建后,在外围云系里有1个明显发展的中尺度对流云团经过温州东部及北部地区,引起了强降水。通过分析这次中尺度对流系统的环流形势,得到该次中尺度对流系统的垂直结构特征,并对中尺度强对流系统的形成和发展机制进行研究。结果表明:台风东南急流在温州附近冷区边缘处低层受地形影响发生强烈辐合引起的垂直上升运动和冷暖空气相汇产生的对流不稳定性是台风环流内中尺度对流系统的主要形成机制;对流系统在暖湿空气和冷空气中心交汇处发展,西北侧的冷空气堆迫使暖湿东南气流沿西北倾斜的等熵面爬升,有利于倾斜对流系统的发展;低层条件不稳定区与中层条件对称不稳定区叠加,产生对流对称不稳定,在湿等熵面倾斜引起的涡旋发展的强迫机制下在中层产生范围较广的倾斜上升对流;由于等熵面的倾斜,大气水平风垂直切变或湿斜压性增加,进一步加强涡度的发展,使得对流系统向西北方向发展;另外,源于东南沿海,由台风东南气流输送的水汽为特大暴雨的产生提供了有利的热力条件。 相似文献
20.
The Advanced Research Weather Forecasting (ARW) model was used to simulate the sudden heavy rainstorm associated with the remnants of Typhoon Meranti in September 2010. The results showed that the heavy rainfall was produced when the remnant clouds redeveloped suddenly, and the redevelopment was caused by rapid growth of micro/mesoscale convective systems (MCSs). As cold air intruded into the warm remnant clouds, the atmosphere became convectively unstable and frontogenesis happened due to strong wind shear between weak northerly flow and strong southwesterly flow in the lower levels. Under frontogenesis-forcing and warm-air advection stimulation in updrafts, vertical convection developed intensely inside the remnant clouds, with MCSs forming and maturing along the front. The genesis and development of MCSs was due to the great progress vertical vorticity made. The moist isentropic surface became slantwise as atmospheric baroclinity intensified when cold air intruded, which reduced the convective instability of the air.Meanwhile, vertical wind shear increased because the north cold air caused the wind direction to turn from south to north with height. In accordance with slantwise vorticity development (SVD), vertical vorticity would develop vigorously and contribute greatly to MCSs. Buoyancy, the pressure gradient, and the lifting of cold air were collectively the source of kinetic energy for rainfall. The low-level southwesterly jet from the western margin of the Western Pacific Subtropical High transported water and heat to remnant clouds. Energy bursts and continuous water vapor transportation played a major role in producing intense rainfall in a very short period of time. 相似文献