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1.
鄱阳湖产银鱼的繁殖生物学 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
本文记述了鄱阳湖产太湖短吻银鱼(Neosalanx tangkahkeii taihuensis)、乔氏短吻银鱼(Neosalanx jordani)、雷氏银鱼(Reganisalanx brachyrostralis)等三种银鱼的成熟年龄、繁殖时期、生殖群体的体长、性比、生殖力、卵的特征等繁殖生物学资料,并记述了太湖短吻银鱼性腺成熟系数的周年变化、太湖短吻银鱼和乔氏短吻银鱼的产卵生态条件等。近二十年来鄱阳湖银鱼产量急剧下降的主要原因是产卵场遭到了严重破坏。银鱼生命周期仅一年,繁殖力强,认为加强繁殖保护、合理安排捕捞时间是恢复鄱阳湖银鱼资源的关键措施。 相似文献
2.
长江流域是我国刀鲚(Coilia nasus)分布的重要水域传统意义上认为,刀鲚存在长颌鲚和短颌鲚2种表现型,其上颌骨的长或短是区分刀鲚溯河洄游、淡水陆封(湖鲚)和淡水定居3种生态型的关键外形指标然而这种主观分型经验尚需要野外调查数据验证本研究基于以往研究所获溯河洄游和淡水栖息刀鲚不同的耳石微化学图谱技术,首先对采集自长江中下游及附属湖泊的刀鲚群体共566尾个体有无溯河洄游"履历"进行了分析确认;再对其上颌骨长、头长、全长进行方差分析和回归分析结果发现长颌鲚、短颌鲚在早期发育阶段,长、短颌特征分化并不明显当发育至幼鱼阶段时,前者上颌骨长会长于头长;而后者全生活史过程中上颌骨长均短于头长发育至幼鱼阶段可能是刀鲚长、短颌鲚分型的临界生活史阶段此外,长颌鲚中同时存在溯河洄游和淡水定居两种生态型个体,其上颌骨长/头长比值(S/H)分别为1.170±0.075和1.165±0.064,两者S/H比值与形态上同为长颌的湖鲚比值(1.178±0.087)无显著性差异短颌鲚亦同时存在溯河洄游和淡水定居两种生态型个体,两者的S/H比值分别为0.922和0.918±0.062,与上述3类长颌鲚的S/H比值均差异极显著因此,建议把长江干流及太湖、鄱阳湖、洞庭湖等水域内3种传统生态型的刀鲚细分为溯河洄游型、淡水定居型长颌鲚,溯河洄游型、淡水定居型短颌鲚以及陆封型湖鲚5种生态表型. 相似文献
3.
长江江豚(Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis)是一种小型齿鲸,仅分布在长江中下游干流和洞庭湖及鄱阳湖中,其种群数量仅约1000头,极度濒危.鄱阳湖是长江江豚最重要的栖息地之一,估算种群数量约450头,是长江江豚最后的避难所.本文系统地总结了鄱阳湖长江江豚种群生态学、保护遗传学和保护生物学的研究进展,着重探讨了各种人类活动对其种群迁移活动的影响,并对鄱阳湖长江江豚种群面临的威胁、保护对策和未来研究方向等进行了总结和展望,以期为今后的保护工作提供借鉴. 相似文献
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三峡水库以及上游江段形成的河—库生态系统与长江中下游洞庭湖和鄱阳湖的江湖生态系统都是四大家鱼的重要栖息地,有相似性也有差异.2017年7—8月在三峡水库、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖利用地笼、虾笼、高网和迷魂阵采集草鱼和鲢幼鱼样本,观测耳石日轮,分析三峡水库和通江湖泊草鱼和鲢幼鱼的繁殖时间和早期生长特征及差异,探讨相应的保护措施.结果显示,三峡水库、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖采集草鱼幼鱼的孵化日期分别为4月24日—5月25日、5月21日—6月26日和5月4日—5月28日;鲢幼鱼的孵化日期分别为4月10日—6月12日、5月25日—6月19日和5月9日—6月12日.三峡水库、洞庭湖和鄱阳湖草鱼样本的体长增长率分别为1.04、1.84和1.64 mm/d,微耳石的沉积率分别为3.41、5.41和4.77μm/d;鲢幼鱼的体长增长率分别为1.10、2.87和1.96 mm/d,微耳石沉积率分别为2.96、7.17和4.57μm/d.洞庭湖草鱼和鲢的体长增长率和耳石沉积率均显著大于三峡水库;鄱阳湖鲢的体长增长率和耳石沉积率均显著大于三峡水库,而草鱼的体长增长率和耳石沉积率则与三峡水库没有显著差异.结果表明,三峡水库蓄水后长江中游干流草鱼和鲢的繁殖时间明显滞后;洞庭湖和鄱阳湖的草鱼和鲢幼鱼生长更快.目前,长江全面禁渔正在逐步实施,预期将对恢复鱼类资源起到重要的作用.除了全面禁渔之外,还建议保护和修复鱼类栖息地;减少江湖阻隔,灌江纳苗;增殖放流亲鱼;开展生态调度,促进鱼类繁殖. 相似文献
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湖泊水位是维持其生态系统结构、功能和完整性的基础.鄱阳湖受流域"五河"和长江来水双重影响,水位变化复杂.为了准确预测鄱阳湖水位变化,采用长短时记忆神经网络方法(LSTM)构建了鄱阳湖水位预测模型.该模型以赣江、抚河、信江、饶河和修水"五河"入湖流量和长江干流流量作为输入条件,预测鄱阳湖湖区不同代表站(湖口、星子、都昌、吴城和康山)的水位过程.研究以1956—1980年的水文时间序列数据作为训练集,1981—2000年作为验证集,探讨了LSTM模型输入时间窗、隐藏神经元数目、初始学习率等模型参数对预测精度的影响,并确定了鄱阳湖水位预测模型的最优参数.结果表明,采用LSTM神经网络方法可基于流域"五河"和长江来水量历时数据合理预测鄱阳湖不同湖区的水位过程,五站水位预测的均方根误差为0.41～0.50 m,纳什效率系数和决定系数达0.96～0.98.为考察模型训练数据集对鄱阳湖水位预测结果的影响,进一步选取了随机5年(1956—1960年)的资料和5个典型水文年(1954年、1973年、1974年、1977年和1978年)的日均流量资料来训练模型.结果显示随机5年资料作为训练数据的预测精度要差于典型年水文资料训练得到的模型,尤其是洪、枯水位的预测;由于典型水文年数据量仍远低于20年的资料,故其总体预测精度要略低于采用20年资料训练的模型.建议应用这类基于数据驱动的模型时,应该尽可能多选取具有代表性的资料来训练. 相似文献
7.
鄱阳湖水文过程对湿地生物的节制作用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
从实测水文数据出发,研究2009-2013年近5年各年水位过程变化,归纳年内、年际水位变化的特征和类型,在此基础上分析各年水温、水体透明度及水深梯度的变化过程.结合"鄱阳湖科学考察项目"对生物资源及其动态变化的考察成果,重点探索2009、2010、2011年3个典型年鄱阳湖湿地生物繁殖、生长、成熟或死亡过程与各水文要素变化过程耦合时的联动关系.结果表明,4-6月涨水过程,沉水植物经历淹水深度1.5~2.0 m、水体透明度低于20~30 cm后,大部分死亡;3-6月和6-9月水位过程偏低,导致定居性鱼类产卵场和索饵场范围缩小;10-12月水位偏高或偏低影响冬候鸟入迁或栖息等.研究初步揭示鄱阳湖水文节律对鄱阳湖湿地生物生长、生存的节制作用,从一定意义上反映了鄱阳湖生态水文过程. 相似文献
8.
中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)生存危机的主因到底是什么？ 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
野生中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)种群正面临灭绝的风险,一个重要原因是长期以来对其生存危机的主因缺乏共识,导致缺乏针对性保护措施.基于中华鲟种群模型,我们把主流专家提出的五个主因——捕捞、污染、航运、全球气候变化、水利工程与中华鲟种群衰退的影响因子进行对比,归并为繁殖群体损失、补充群体损失、存活率降低和长江水坝累积影响四种可能因子,在此基础上进行单因子和多因子情景计算和分析,并评估这些情景发生的可能性.结果表明:长江水坝的累积影响是中华鲟生存危机的主因.捕捞、污染、航运等其他因素对种群数量有一定不利影响.我们的定量情景计算和分析,验证了1982年中央批准把中华鲟列为葛洲坝救鱼唯一对象的共识和观点-葛洲坝对中华鲟影响最大;揭示了长江水坝对中华鲟种群衰退和灭绝风险的影响机制;厘清了各影响因素的主次关系,否定了长期存在的、把中华鲟生存危机主因归咎于非法捕捞、污染、航运、全球气候变化等传统主流观点.我们认为,要挽救野生中华鲟种群,必须采用针对性措施减缓长江水坝的影响,恢复野生群体的自然繁殖是中华鲟保护的当务之急. 相似文献
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鄱阳湖是东亚—澳大利西亚迁徙路线上重要的水鸟越冬栖息地,雁类是迁徙路线上的优势种群。然而,近年来迁徙路线上的雁类种群数量有所下降,识别越冬地雁类时空分布特征,确定分布热点区域是科学、精准保护的前提。本研究利用2018—2021年越冬期在鄱阳湖区域开展的共58次水鸟调查数据,提取了基于时间序列的白额雁(Anser albifrons)、豆雁(Anserfabalis)、鸿雁(Anser cygnoid)的分布数据,分析了3种雁类在越冬地的种群动态、时间和空间分布动态,评估了鄱阳湖各子湖的重要性,确定了雁类分布热点区域。研究结果表明,3种雁类在越冬地的种群数量表现出一定的年际波动,雁类种群总数量维持在27.9万～44.8万只;不同雁类迁徙的时间节律存在差异,本次地面调查数据显示白额雁、豆雁、鸿雁分别是在10月初至11月初、11月中旬、12月中旬到达鄱阳湖,其中鸿雁到达最晚;高峰期集中在11月底至次年2月初,持续时间约为100天;3种雁类分别在2月中旬、2月底和3月中旬开始迁离鄱阳湖。3种雁类空间分布范围有所差异,豆雁分布范围最广,白额雁分布相对集中,高峰期雁类的分布范围最大,对子湖的利用强... 相似文献
10.
葛洲坝下中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)性腺退化严重吗？ 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
葛洲坝对中华鲟(Acipenser sinensis)性腺发育的影响,是一个存在争议的问题,其影响程度直接关系到中华鲟的种群生存.利用中华鲟洄游动力学模型和性腺发育模型,我们揭示了中华鲟在长江的种群结构特点、时空分布和性腺发育过程以及葛洲坝的影响.通过对相关文献的分析和评价,我们认为,在葛洲坝救鱼过程中,长江水产研究所柯福恩等(1985)对葛洲坝下中华鲟性腺退化的研究工作是扎实的,他们关于中华鲟性腺退化十分严重,产卵规模相当有限,若干年后资源要下降的结论是可靠的,也得到了1990s以来中华鲟持续衰退事实的证明.作为葛洲坝救鱼的重要专业机构,中国科学院水生生物研究所的相关成果否认中华鲟性腺退化的方法和材料,是不充分和不可靠的.利用新理论重新分析历史调查数据,我们给出中华鲟性腺发育严重退化的其他证据.研究表明,葛洲坝的阻隔效应导致中华鲟性腺退化率为75%左右;该问题被长期忽视或轻视,对中华鲟保护产生了严重影响. 相似文献
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《Limnologica》2015
The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) is a highly specialized and sensitive freshwater bivalve, whose survival in the juvenile phase is indicative of high quality habitats. This contribution investigates the use of juvenile freshwater pearl mussels as bioindicators, considering the influence of mussel stock and study stream conditions on juvenile performance, as described by survival and growth rates. A standardized cross experiment was carried out investigating juvenile performance in four different pearl mussel stocks originating from the Rhine, Danube and Elbe drainages, representing distinct genetic conservation units. The juveniles were exposed in five study streams which were selected to integrate pearl mussel streams with different water qualities and recruitment status of the mussel population. Per study stream, five standard mesh cages containing an equal number of 20 (10 × 2) juvenile pearl mussels per stock in separate chambers were installed. Survival and growth rates of juveniles were checked after three months (i.e. before their first winter) and after nine months (i.e. after their first winter). Mussel stock and study stream conditions significantly influenced juvenile performance. Growth rates were determined by study stream conditions and increased with stream water temperature, organic carbon and C/N ratios. Survival rates varied stock-specifically, indicating different levels of local adaptation to their native streams. Due to the detection of stream-specific differences in juvenile performance, freshwater pearl mussels appear suitable as bioindicators. However, a careful consideration of stock-specificity is necessary to avoid false interpretation of bioindication results. The comparison of stock-specific survival in native versus non-native streams implicates that exposure of juveniles outside their native habitats is able to increase breeding success or else serve for risk spreading in breeding programs. 相似文献
13.
《Limnologica》2015
Substrate conditions are considered crucial for the survival of juvenile freshwater pearl mussels (Margaritifera margaritifera L.) – and therefore for the recovery of overaged populations in danger of extinction – as fine sediments can clog the interstitial habitat and hamper water and oxygen circulation to the juveniles. Watercourses and their bed sediments must meet two seemingly diametrically opposite requirements in order to offer the freshwater pearl mussel appropriate habitats: stable substrates for all live stages and an unclogged interstitial for the juveniles. As only few scientific publications deal with subsurface conditions in pearl mussel brooks, the present preliminary study tries to contribute to this topic by compiling a variety of chemical and hydromorphological data from several Austrian watercourses with distinctly different characteristics. It was clearly shown that discharge patterns, hydraulic pressure, water depths and flow velocities affect both river bed stability and the perfusion of the hyporheic zone: In an artificial millrace with permanent low flow conditions and a permanently stable substrate a distinct barrier was detected within the first 5 cm substrate depth that totally blocks the interchange between surface and interstitial water, resulting in an accumulation of substances of all kinds, among them potentially toxic substances. Such a barrier was also found to be building up in several natural watercourses, clearly indicating the danger of adverse land-use and of long-term low flow conditions in smaller brooks (given that the local decrease in precipitation, proven in long-term studies, proceeds). Significant differences in substrate concentrations in the interstitial water were detected between watercourses, whereas chemical conditions in the surface water exhibited no differences at all. An accompanying biomonitoring study showed high survival rates all over the study area, indicating the suitability of juvenile freshwater pearl mussels as bioindicators in terms of surface water, but not of interstitial water. 相似文献
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《Limnologica》2015
The freshwater pearl mussel was historically abundant in many streams and rivers in the Elbe, Oder, and Danube Basins in the Czech Republic, Central Europe. By the 21st century, the mussels had become extinct in the lower and middle altitudes, and current populations are only present near the upper limit of their natural range. The current population of this mussel is estimated to be only 1% of the historical abundance. The population decline was related to the negative impacts of pollution from industry, intense agriculture, forestry, and sewage water. The freshwater pearl mussel habitat has also been impacted by watercourse regulations and has been fragmented by dams and weirs. All of these impacts have resulted in failure of the reproductive cycle; the last significant cohort of juveniles settled approximately 30 – 40 years ago. Therefore, this species is considered critically endangered, and an action plan was developed to conserve the populations in the Czech Republic. Special measures were conducted between 1984 and 2005 to improve the age structure of elderly populations. Fish infected with millions of glochidia were released in two locations, and over 53,000 captive-bred juveniles that were three to five years old were released in seven locations. Only the latter approach resulted in a small number of subadults that gradually emerged from the substratum to the bottom surface, as confirmed by monitoring efforts. Despite simultaneous efforts to restore mussel habitat over the last 25 years, natural reproduction still does not occur in the Czech Republic. Therefore, complete restoration of oligotrophic streams is the key to the future presence and natural reproduction of freshwater pearl mussels in the Czech Republic. 相似文献
15.
《Limnologica》2019
The freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera (L., 1758) is considered to be a critically endangered species. It is important to obtain information on the distribution and status of the surviving populations of the species, but in Russia this work is still problematic due to the size of the country’s territory, combined with the insufficient number of available specialists. “Searching rules” have been proposed to remotely identify potential pearl mussel habitats in rivers. The most important criteria are relating to the lakes found at the rivers’ sources, as well as to the extent of the deforestation along river basins. About 200 watercourses of the Russian section of the Baltic Sea basin were evaluated using these “rules”. As a result, two previously unknown, viable populations were discovered (comprising about 53,000 specimens), while the absence of pearl mussels was made evident among some rivers which were traditionally believed to be their habitats. The obtained data provides an update on the status of pearl mussels in Russian territories located south of the 61 st degree of latitude. There are 10 populations of this species; 4 of them are almost extinct, 6 are relatively numerous but declining. The total number of pearl mussels hardly exceeds 90,000 individuals. 相似文献
16.
《Limnologica》2015
The freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) is declining throughout its entire range. On the river Rede, North-East England, the population has been equally declining and shows no apparent recruitment. The study presented here aimed at characterizing water quality and habitat conditions for pearl mussels to identify possible indicators of pressures on the population and inform a restoration and conservation strategy. Water quality monitoring revealed levels of turbidity and suspended sediments to be above the limit set for functional pearl mussel rivers. Substrate sampling revealed silt was present at all sites. A loss of redox potential between the water column and the substrate occurred at all sites, indicating non suitable conditions for juvenile pearl mussels. These investigations suggest that fine sediment input in the river could be one of the factors preventing the development and survival of juvenile mussels while adults face water quality largely affected by high turbidity and high phosphate load. Restoration strategy for the Rede pearl mussel population should focus mainly on limiting sediment and nutrient input in the river throughout the catchment in order to improve habitat for juvenile pearl mussels. This work highlights the need for a catchment-based approach in order to succeed in the conservation of a fragile species. 相似文献
17.
The Chilean lake district includes diverse lentic ecosystems along ca. 700 km of the country (36°–43°S), including the “Nahuelbutan lakes”, “Araucanian lakes” and “Chiloe lakes”. This area is recognized as an important “hot spot” of benthic freshwater biodiversity in Southern South America. In Chilean temperate lakes, increased nutrient loads of P and N caused eutrophication, particularly in the Nahuelbutan Lakes. The freshwater Hyriidae mussel Diplodon chilensis (Gray, 1828) which is one of the most abundant species in Chilean temperate lakes, is known to be very susceptible to eutrophication. This species presents a clear reduction in its geographic ranges and is considered to be a threatened species in many Chilean lakes. In this study, we used a correlative approach to determine how eutrophication-driven changes in the food supply and in geographical parameters of different Chilean lakes affected the shell growth rates of D. chilensis. The results obtained from sclerochronological analyses of the mussel shells suggest an association with a group of environmental variables, including geographical types (negative), such as latitude and altitude, and limnological types (positive), especially phosphorous and turbidity. However, the D. chilensis populations under extreme conditions of turbidity in eutrophic and hypertrophic lakes are extinct or nearly so. The high positive correlation of the mean D. chilensis growth rates with orthophosphate (R=0.76; P<0.05), in relation to dissolved inorganic nitrogen, suggests that P is the major limiting factor of the primary productivity in Chilean temperate lakes. We discuss some implications of our results in terms of the conservation of biodiversity in temperate lake ecosystems at different taxonomic levels. 相似文献
18.
《Limnologica》2020
Oxygenated streambeds are considered a key requirement for the successful recruitment of stream fauna, including highly endangered freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera. Excessive amounts of fines impede exchange between open water and interstitial, leading to colmation and low oxygen levels in the juvenile habitat. Understanding the dynamic relationship between sediment delivery, transport, deposition and remobilization in relation to anthropogenic drivers is still poorly understood, yet is essential for conservation and restoration.This study analysed spatiotemporal sediment dynamics and interstitial habitat quality in five pearl mussel streams at the border region between Bavaria, Saxony and the Czech Republic during 2018 and 2019, comparing extremely dry periods with higher discharge events caused by snow melt and rainfall. Physicochemical habitat conditions within the streambed and sediment deposition were recorded in high spatial resolution along the stream courses, with a particular focus on the effects of tributaries and outflows of man-made fishponds.Habitat conditions were unsuitable for juvenile pearl mussels at the majority of sites, indicated by pronounced differences in physicochemical parameters between open water and the substrate, independent of discharge conditions. Sediment deposition varied markedly between discharge events, in terms of both the quality and quantity of deposits. Snow melt resulted in the highest sedimentation rates, but the smallest proportion of fine particles. During low flow conditions, fine sediment deposition was highly variable, ranging from 0.048 to 4.170 kg/week/m², mostly independent of flow velocity. High spatiotemporal variation was observed within and amongst stream systems, revealing different longitudinal patterns of fine sediment deposition, with catchment land use as the main driver. Temporal variability in sediment deposition was mainly associated with the discharge condition while abiotic parameters varied mainly with season.The high site-specificity of sedimentation rates and substrate conditions in response to different discharge events highlights the importance of an adapted conservation management which considers anthropogenic effects at the local scale. 相似文献
19.
双峰无齿蚌Anodonta bigibba(Heude)非寄生变态发育的研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
1993年4、5月份观察到双峰无齿蚌Anodonta bigibba(Heude)母体排出的不是钩介幼虫,而是幼蚌。幼蚌壳中具一呈似三角形、较厚的钩介幼虫外壳,其腹缘顶端具壳钩。幼蚌在原钩介幼虫壳缘生长了1—4环新壳,而且具育带纤毛的足、前后闭壳肌、管状鳃原基和肛门孔等。幼蚌在室内试养存活了39天,显示已具独立生活能力。研究表明,该蚌钩介幼虫在母体育儿囊中已经历并完成变态,发育成幼蚌。这是我国首次发现的一种非寄生变态发育的珠蚌类,对于研究我国珠蚌类的进化及与世界淡水贝类的亲缘关系有着重要价值。此外,鉴于双峰无齿蚌与背角无齿蚌Anodonta woodiana(Lea)的成体壳形和发育生活史的不同,应恢复Heude建立的双峰无齿蚌的种名。 相似文献
20.
《Limnologica》2020
Amik Lake or, historically, Lake of Antioch, was a large freshwater body in the lower Orontes River basin (Hatay Province, Turkey) that was drained in the 1940s–1970s. Several endemic animal species were described from this lake, including the freshwater mussel Anodonta pseudodopsis Locard, 1883 (Bivalvia: Unionidae) characterized by a large rounded shell covered by a peculiar yellow or yellowish-brown periostracum. Molecular analyses of topotypes of this nominal taxon collected from the former lake’s tributaries in the Amik Plain indicate that it is an intra-specific lineage of the widespread Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus, 1758) based on the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA, and the nuclear 28S rRNA gene fragments. Geometric morphometric analyses using the lectotype and topotypes of Anodonta pseudodopsis support our DNA-based hypothesis on the status of this nominal taxon. A new synonymy is provided as follows: Anodonta anatina = Anodonta pseudodopsis syn. nov. The syntype of Anodonta pseudodopsis SMF 5129 “See von Antiochia” (Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum, Frankfurt, Germany) is designated here to be the lectotype of this nominal taxon. Finally, we conclude that Anodonta anatina range covers the Orontes River basin in Turkey and Syria and the Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali River in the Latakia Governorate of Syria. This intraspecific lineage of Anodonta anatina and other freshwater mussels of the Middle East are highly threatened due to multiple anthropogenic impacts and must be a focus of international conservation efforts. The Karasu River in eastern Turkey hosts viable populations of all freshwater mussel species of the Orontes’s fauna and can be considered one of the most important water bodies for the conservation of these imperiled animals in the region. 相似文献