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1.
大量震例表明地震前后可以观测到地下水成分的变化。 本文通过差应力下花岗岩与水反应实验模拟研究花岗岩含水层在应力积累至破裂过程中水化学组分的变化, 并探讨了地震水化异常的形成机理。 实验结果表明, 随着差应力及其加载时间的增加, 溶液中不同离子浓度均呈现不同程度的增加, 其中Na+、 K+和Cl-的浓度变化最明显。 随着差应力的增加, 三种离子浓度分别增加到3.3、 2.5和11.6倍。 随着加载时间的增加, 三种离子浓度分别增加到3.2、 3.1和12.5倍。 这种变化可能主要与花岗岩中矿物的溶解有关, Na+、 K+和Cl-可作为花岗岩含水层地震水化前兆监测的灵敏组分。 相似文献
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张北地震前、在中期阶段,多井水氡出现负异常变化;短期阶段出现区域水氡差分异常的月频次增加;短临阶段则出现怀来４井水汞的多次突跳。大同地震前多井出现水氡的趋势性正常,是张北地震水化前兆最显著的不同之处。本文分析了张北地震水化方法预报失误的原因。讨论认为,水氡负异常做为中期前兆的信度较低;为提高水化预报地震的效能,必须与其它前兆手段相结合。 相似文献
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V. S. Kuksenko E. E. Damaskinskaya A. G. Kadomtsev 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2011,47(10):879-885
Mechanisms of fracture of granite specimens subjected to loading controlled by the defect formation rate are studied in the
experiments on stick-slip initiation and deformation of water-saturated specimens from the acoustic emission measurements.
It is found that under mechanical loading of dry specimens, the initially dispersed formation of defects is followed by the
stage of their localization, and then a fracture nucleates whose development results in the formation of macrofracture and
failure of the specimen. In water-saturated specimens, multiple defects are formed randomly throughout the entire volume,
which causes intense damage to the material. At the final stage of deformation, several source regions appear in which the
main cracks develop. If fracturing follows the stick-slip scenario, the stoppers located on the sides of the fault are destroyed. 相似文献
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本文通过氡射气性能的压力实验,氡射气分配系数实验和岩石的溶滤实验等,对地下水氡及其它地震地球化学前兆机理进行了探讨。实验表明:氡射气的最高值发生在岩石严重破裂时;岩石射气性能高低与其本身的铀含量成正比;岩石在压力作用下射出的氡气在水中的分配大于在气相中的分配;岩石在饱和CO_2水中和压力作用下的溶滤程度要比在纯蒸馏水中和常压下大得多。因此,地震前地下水氡浓度和水中离子组分和气体组分会出现异常变化,而这种变化既与应力作用有关,又与地球内部水-气-岩系统在地震孕育过程中的物理化学作用有关 相似文献
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Ultrasonic Velocities, Acoustic Emission Characteristics and Crack Damage of Basalt and Granite 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Acoustic emissions (AE), compressional (P), shear (S) wave velocities, and volumetric strain of Etna basalt and Aue granite were measured simultaneously during triaxial compression
tests. Deformation-induced AE activity and velocity changes were monitored using twelve P-wave sensors and eight orthogonally polarized S-wave piezoelectric sensors; volumetric strain was measured using two pairs of orthogonal strain gages glued directly to the
rock surface. P-wave velocity in basalt is about 3 km/s at atmospheric pressure, but increases by > 50% when the hydrostatic pressure is
increased to 120 MPa. In granite samples initial P-wave velocity is 5 km/s and increases with pressure by < 20%. The pressure-induced changes of elastic wave speed indicate
dominantly compliant low-aspect ratio pores in both materials, in addition Etna basalt also contains high-aspect ratio voids.
In triaxial loading, stress-induced anisotropy of P-wave velocities was significantly higher for basalt than for granite, with vertical velocity components being faster than
horizontal velocities. However, with increasing axial load, horizontal velocities show a small increase for basalt but a significant
decrease for granite. Using first motion polarity we determined AE source types generated during triaxial loading of the samples.
With increasing differential stress AE activity in granite and basalt increased with a significant contribution of tensile
events. Close to failure the relative contribution of tensile events and horizontal wave velocities decreased significantly.
A concomitant increase of double-couple events indicating shear, suggests shear cracks linking previously formed tensile cracks. 相似文献
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Mechanisms for interpreting anomalous decreases in radon in ground water prior to earthquakes are examined with the help of a case study to show that radon potentially is a sensitive tracer of strain changes in the crust preceding an earthquake. The 2003 Chengkung earthquake of magnitude (M) 6.8 on December 10, 2003, was the strongest earthquake near the Chengkung area in eastern Taiwan since 1951. The Antung radon-monitoring station was located 20 km from the epicenter. Approximately 65 d prior to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake, precursory changes in radon concentration in ground water were observed. Specifically, radon decreased from a background level of 780 pCi/L to a minimum of 330 pCi/L. The Antung hot spring is situated in a fractured block of tuffaceous sandstone surrounded by ductile mudstone. Given these geological conditions, we hypothesized that the dilation of brittle rock mass occurred at a rate faster than the recharge of pore water and gas saturation developed in newly created cracks preceding the earthquake. Radon partitioning into the gas phase may explain the anomalous decrease of radon precursory to the 2003 Chengkung earthquake. To support the hypothesis, vapor-liquid, two-phase radon-partitioning experiments were conducted at formation temperature (60 degrees C) using formation brine from the Antung hot spring. Experimental data indicated that the decrease in radon required a gas saturation of 10% developed in rock cracks. The observed decline in radon can be correlated with the increase in gas saturation and then with the volumetric strain change for a given fracture porosity. 相似文献
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Ground waters from fractured igneous and high-grade sialic metamorphic rocks frequently have elevated activity of dissolved radon (222Rn). A chemically based model is proposed whereby radium (226Ra) from the decay of uranium (238U) diffuses through the primary porosity of the rock to the water-transmitting fracture where it is sorbed on weathering products. Sorption of 226Ra on the fracture surface maintains an activity gradient in the rock matrix, ensuring a continuous supply of 226Ra to fracture surfaces. As a result of the relatively long half-life of 226Ra (1601 years), significant activity can accumulate on fracture surfaces. The proximity of this sorbed 226Ra to the active ground water flow system allows its decay progeny 222Rn to enter directly into the water. Laboratory analyses of primary porosity and diffusion coefficients of the rock matrix, radon emanation, and ion exchange at fracture surfaces are consistent with the requirements of a diffusion/ion-exchange model. A dipole-brine injection/withdrawal experiment conducted between bedrock boreholes in the high-grade metamorphic and granite rocks at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States (42 degrees 56'N, 71 degrees 43'W) shows a large activity of 226Ra exchanged from fracture surfaces by a magnesium brine. The 226Ra activity removed by the exchange process is 34 times greater than that of 238U activity. These observations are consistent with the diffusion/ion-exchange model. Elutriate isotopic ratios of 223Ra/226Ra and 238U/226Ra are also consistent with the proposed chemically based diffusion/ion-exchange model. 相似文献
9.
区分"源兆"与"场兆",系地震预测探索中的重要课题。根据云南4组6级以上地震的地下流体前兆异常资料,系统分析了强震源兆的流体前兆异常特征。结果表明,在6级多强震的源兆区,即震中距100 km范围内,异常项目计有水位、水温、水氡、水汞及气汞;以中期、短期异常为主,临震异常很少;源兆异常台站和台项的比例均高于场兆。这些流体源兆特征的认识,可为利用流体异常判断地震危险区提供一定依据。 相似文献
10.
在常温下、单轴加压下对两种岩石完整样品进行蠕变破坏过程中声发射活动实验.根据实验获得的数据讨论了蠕变三个阶段中声发射活动特征.在瞬态蠕变阶段,随着加载,声发射活动逐渐增强;在稳态蠕变阶段,在较低的声发射活动背景上,可能出现较强的信号,声发射幅值-频度关系的 m 值可能稳定于某一低值,也可能下降;进入加速蠕变阶段,声发射活动水平增强,m 值下降加快,也可能表现为明显回升后再下降,并与岩石样品的性质有关.将蠕变破坏三个阶段中声发射活动与地震孕育过程中某些地震活动图象变化(如 b 值、前震活动)进行了联系,提出地壳岩石蠕变破坏机制形成前震——主震——(余震)型地震序列类型的可能性. 相似文献
11.
首都圈地震重点监视区是我国地震重点防御区和地震监视预报研究的重要试验区,区内布有流体化学测点35个,开展的多项地震流体地球化学研究已取得丰硕的成果,为地震预报研究作出了重要的贡献。笔者对部分流体地球化学组分的区域特征进行了初步分析,结果表明氡、汞、氢等组分具有较好的映震效能,它们在正常状态下,普遍具有低背景值且变化幅度不大的共性,而当地震活跃时,大部分测点的上述组分的含量均出现增高现象,成为地震短期预报的依据之一。 相似文献
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Basing on the Asymmetric Continuum Theory, we develop the thermodynamics including fragmentation spin fracture processes; applications for the earthquake source processes are considered. The fracture band model is used to describe a dislocation and disclination superlattice. The Gibbs free energy of defect formation is specified. A dynamic spin fracture criterion was formulated. Consequently, a dynamic model of rock fracture employing dislocations, disclinations, and cracks was constructed to describe slip and fragmentation fracture processes in the earthquake sources. 相似文献
14.
唐山7.8级地震前水氡异常演化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据华北地区分布的３３个水化观测点的水氡观测资料,以半年为尺度对唐山７．８级地震前水氡的异常演化过程进行了研究,认为：唐山７．８级地震前水氡异常存在由外围向震中区演化的异常特征,且在唐山地震发生的短临阶段,水氡异常在唐山地区形成集中,异常强度最大。 相似文献
15.
共和7.0级地震前地下流体前兆的动态演化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
使用４０个地下流体观测点的资料,对１９９０年４月２６日青海省共和ＭＳ７．０地震的前兆动态特征进行了系统研究．结果表明：（１）地震带内观测点的水氡趋势异常及水化、水位群体异常及频次异常与断层平均形变速率呈同步变化．地下流体群体异常频次的累加值曲线在地震前表现为指数加速变化图形．（２）震源外围２４０ｋｍ范围内的水氡中短期趋势上升异常,表现为由震源逐渐向外围扩散的特点．在短临阶段各测点水氡的异常变化基本同步．（３）流体短临前兆出现明显的起伏加剧和层次现象,突出的表现是流量、断层气日变化在临震阶段出现３次加剧,且异常幅度一次高于一次 相似文献
16.
在地震短临跟踪工作过程中,我们发现,2008年3月21日盈江5．3级地震前,在地震活动性方面,长中短临不同时段内呈现出各种形态的异常,小震活动呈现条带、围空和平静－活跃的过程。地下流体前兆异常水氡趋势性中期异常呈现同步性转折,水氡突变性短临异常呈现同步性突跳,近源区和邻区的水汞呈现同步性高值异常;而且,地下流体前兆异常形成区域与中强震发生地点有一定的构造关联性。因此,对2008年3月21日盈江5．3级地震前地震活动性长中短临各阶段呈现的异常．中短临地下流体前兆异常,进行了系统回顾和总结,理清预报思路,以便更好地指导今后的工作。 相似文献
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应用双剪法对滇西地震实验场岩石的摩擦滑动特性进行了研究。实验的岩石有花岗岩、玄武岩、正长岩和片麻岩。实验的正应力为10—40MPa。实验表明,花岗岩、玄武岩和正长岩三种岩石,当正应力为10MPa时发生稳滑,当正应力超过10MPa时发生粘滑。稳滑与粘滑过程均出现位移强化现象。片麻岩当正应力为10MPa时发生稳滑,当正应力超过10MPa时样品未滑动而发生破裂。摩擦强度值比Byerlee定律的值稍低。与济南辉长岩相比,滇西三种岩石粘滑发生时的平均应力降较低,平均错距较小,平均重复周期较短。花岗岩粘滑前声发射率明显增加,玄武岩与正长岩粘滑前声发射率变化不明显。 相似文献
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脆塑性转化带对于研究岩石圈变形、断层强度和变形机制以及强震的孕育和发生具有重要意义。文中采用汶川地震震源区彭灌杂岩中具有代表性的细粒花岗岩样品,在固体压力介质三轴实验系统上开展了高温高压非稳态流变实验研究。实验设计模拟了汶川地震区地壳10~30km深度的实际温度和压力,温度为190~490℃,压力为250~750MPa,应变速率为5×10-4s-1,利用扫描电镜对实验样品进行微观结构观察。实验力学数据、微观结构及变形机制分析表明,在相当于地壳浅部10~15km深处的低温低压条件下,表现为应变强化,样品具有脆性破裂-半脆性流动的变形特征;在相当于地壳15~20km的深度条件下,随着应变量增加,应力趋于稳态,样品具有脆塑性转化特征;在相当于地壳20~30km的深度条件下,样品具有塑性流动特征。当样品处于半脆性域时发生非稳态流变,主要变形机制为碎裂作用,同时激活了动态重结晶作用、位错蠕变等塑性变形机制。样品强度随着深度不断增大,在深度为15~20km时达到极大值,深度为20~30km时强度逐渐减小。因此,花岗岩的强度随深度的变化规律与微观结构及变形机制均表明,在实验温度和压力条件下,花岗岩具有非稳态流变特征,在15~20km深处,龙门山断裂带处于脆塑性转化带,花岗岩强度达到最大值,该深度与汶川地震的成核深度一致,显示出彭灌杂岩的强度和变形对汶川地震的孕育和发生具有控制作用。 相似文献
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Graham Ryder 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1976,29(2):255-268
Large, coarse-grained fragments of granite, containing plagioclase, a silica polymorph, potash feldspar, and exsolved pyroxene, with minor ilmenite, a phosphate, Fe-metal, and troilite, occur in sample 15405. A similar coarse-grained clast type (KREEP-rich quartz-monzodiorite) has a similar mineralogy but contains more ilmenite, large phosphates, less silica, and lacks troilite. One unusual KREEPy olivine vitrophyre fragment is also present. All the other fragments in 15405 are of Apollo 15-type KREEP basalt; ANT-suite and breccia fragments are conspicuously absent. The groundmass of 15405, of a KREEP basalt composition, is vesicular with a variolitic texture and is interpreted as an impact melt. Except for the olivine vitrophyre, the fragments are believed to be the remnants of a shallow-level KREEP basalt-granite differentiated pluton, in which granite was produced as the residual liquid without involvement of immiscibility effects.The large amount of melt required to produce the pluton, and the retention of the pluton's integrity from crystallization until the formation of the source boulder of 15405 suggest that KREEP basalt magma is not ancient (～4.3 b.y.), but was produced by the partial melting of the interior of the moon at around 3.90–3.95 b.y.; this conclusion is supported by the presence of KREEP basalt in soil breccia 15205, to the exclusion of other highland rock types. If this interpretation is correct, the source of Apollo 15-type KREEP basalt had a Rb/Sr ratio higher than anorthositic norite, commonly proposed as the source rock. 相似文献