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1.
Gilbert CASTANY 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):5-17
Abstract Reserves stand for the gravific or releasable water volume stored up in an aquiferous level. It is possible to distinguish regulative, geological and potential reserves. Their calculation is necessitating the knowledge of hydrogeological structures and the determination of specific yield or coefficient of storage. The use of recession curves allows speedy valuations. 相似文献
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Hamit N. PAMIR 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(4):40-49
Abstract Almost all runoff from the semiarid rangelands of the Southwestern United States results from intense convective storms of short duration. Depth-duration values for precipitation for this region that are developed through standard procedures may be misleading when used for runoff design. Various combinations of short bursts of rain can, and do, plot on average depth-duration curves, but such curves have little practical meaning for small watersheds (100 square miles or less). For design purposes for small watersheds, depths of precipitation for relatively short periods (15-30-60 minutes) for varying return periods and areas are needed. For runoff design for larger watersheds two probability estimates may be needed—the probability of storms of certain intensities and size falling on tributary watersheds of finite sizes, and the probability of storms developing over a multi-tributary system in such patterns as to produce important volumes and peaks of runoff. 相似文献
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C. DIACONU 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):51-89
Abstract The study is based on the 121 answers to the international survey on ground water recharge published in I.A.S.H. bulletin n° 87. After generalities about the aims, benefits, type of devices, recharged aquifers and size of plants, are examined: —The infiltration devices (basins canals). —The injection devices (wells). —The economical aspects of realisations. Diverse statistical correlations are found, and regression formulas proposed, concerning: —Connections between permeability, size of devices, and the injection or infiltration rate. —Connection between the annual input and the capital invested. The synthesis of these datas conduct to results which may be useful to pepare new-projects of artificial recharge. 相似文献
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SHRI R. S. CHUGH M.A. 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):10-17
Summary The Hooghly is a tidal river and Calcutta one of the most important ports of India is situated on it. The tidal effect stretches to over 175 miles length up to Nabadwip where two nonperennial rivers Bhagirathi and Jalangi, both taking off at different sites from the Gangesmeet and discharge their rain water (freshets) into the Hoogly all through the summer months. Other rivers join it also downstream. Annual tide tables are published for three places on the river viz Sagar, Diamond Harbour and Garden Reach. In this paper lunitidal intervals, durations of rise and fall, mean high water, mean low water, mean tide level and mean sea level planes and mean ranges have been shown to go through periodic seasonal changes. It has been shown that different tidal planes have changed differently in the intrior of the river indicating changes in tidal regimes and in the river bed. Whereas variations in yearly sea levels since 1882 have not been appreciable at Sagar, these at Garden Reach have changed considerable at indicating sometimes an improvement in the channel, other times worsening of the channel. Four 19 yearly cycles of mean sea-level at Garden Reach have been analysed to give phaselags different from Zero and large variations in amplitudes. To carry this study further one period of 19 years each for Sagar, Madras and Vishakhapatnam on East Coast and 4 periods each for Bombay and Aden in the Arabian Sea have also been analysed to see the possibility of nodal variations being constant in amplitude and phase over large areas of the ocean. 19-yearly cycles in the differences between MTL &; MSL have been examined for Bombay, Madras and Garden Reach. The effects of freshets on various planes have been analysed and the curves of annual freshets and MTLs at Garden Reach are found to run closely parallel. The variations in yearly high water and law water planes above MTLs of the corresponding years after corrections for the longitude of the moons' node have been found to be inappreciable. Theoretical extreme high water and low water planes have been found to be more extreme than actually recorded planes which are very near M.H.W.S. and M.L.W.S. planes indicating there are no predominant effects of winds and storms on the tides in the river. The mean ranges at Garden Reach have been found to be steadily increasing. Theoretical effects of increase in range and lowering of MSL on MHW and MLW plane has been found to agree with actual values. Monthly average temperatures and salinities show distinct annual cycles. High temperatures occur at the same times as low salinities and high mean sea levels. Vertical density structure may be responsible for a large part of annual variation in the sea level at Sagar which is a region of particular interest on account of opposite influences of seasonal monsoons, drainage of rivers and oceanic currents. Seasonal variations in average monthly pressure have been related to variations in mean sea levels and it is found that as the pressures decrease, the height of MSL increases. Tide in Hooghly has been found to be progressive type of wave. Rates of travel of tidal streams outside Sagar and rates of streams in the river have been given also, stating the effects of freshets on tidal streams. Bores in Hooghly have been examined. Shapes of tidal curves and profile of the bore at Garden Reach have been drawn. Rates of propagation of the bore from Doodsons' formulae have been compared with actual values and a remarkable agreement has been found. The rise of tide in 10 minutes and 30 minutes which is the time taken for the steep rise to disappear has been correlated with range of tide and a useful table has been included. Tides in Hooghly are predicted by applying harmonic shallow water corrections to open sea primary predictions at Sagar. As the freshets are unpredictable an approximate relationship has been worked out between the departures of actual freshets from num freshets of the years of analyses and departures of actual from predicted tides. From a knowledge of actual freshets the predictions can be corrected almost, daily. A large number of tables and only the essential graphs have been included to illustrate the contents. 相似文献
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ABSTRACT From data obtained at stations set up in Chad, the Central African Republic and Congo-Brazzaville, stretching from the desert to the equatorial zone, it has been possible to compare measurements of evapotranspiration and of evaporation with results obtained by using the energy-balance method. Several difficulties arise in these comparisons since the scale of the measurements (small evaporating surfaces) is generally different from that of the climatic characteristics on which evaporation is dependent. After proposing a model to resolve this problem and fitting the empirical coefficients of Penman's formula, the author has applied this formula to some results derived for stations in Congo-Brazzaville; the potential evapotranspiration calculated in this way is in good agreement with water balance data. At these stations the evapotranspiration energy may be a constant percentage of global short-wave radiation. Finally, the energy-balance method has been used at Brazzaville to measure the actual evapotranspiration over grass during the dry season. The result is that actual and potential evapotranspiration were found to be closely related. These results indicate the importance of solar readiation in the field of hydrometeorology. 相似文献
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Charles W. CARLSTON 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):62-84
ABSTRACT Sir Charles Cotton (1964) has pointed out that in an earlier paper (Carlston, 1963) which related drainage density to hydrology, there was insufficient emphasis on the role of climate in its effect on drainage density. Re-examination of the relation of drainage density to base flow in the 15 basins originally described has revealed additional evidence that base flow is affected by precipitation or recharge (a climatic variable), while varying inversely with drainage density. Within the climatic region studied in the earlier paper (the Humid Subtropical Climate of the eastern U. S.), no evidence could be found that amount or intensity of rainfall affected the intensity of flood runoff or the scale of drainage density. In comparison with other climates, however, such as the Marine West Coast Climate, it is possible that the less intense precipitation of a marine climate may result in lower runoff intensities and lower drainage densities, however the lower mean temperatures of such climates may develop soils of generally higher infiltration capacity which would produce lower drainage densities. A progressive increase in aridity results in a decrease in soil and vegetal cover which greatly magnifies the range of drainage densities characteristic of semi-arid regions. In such regions, where the land sur-face has a good infiltration capacity rainfall sinks readily into the dry soil (although recharge to ground water may be negligible), and runoff is virtually zero, as is drainage density, Impermeable terranes devoid of vegetal and soil cover reject the rain, runoff is briefly total and drainage density may be greatly magnified, as in the South Dakota Badlands, where drainage density runs into the hundreds. Arid or Desert Climates should produce erosional landforms with generally high drainage densities, though not reaching the magnitudes of drainage density found in the semi-arid badlands where rainfall intensities are much higher. 相似文献
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L. Olayinka ASSEEZ 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):61-62
Abstract When a river flows into a reservoir, the solid materials it carries sink to the bottom thus reducing the potential reservoir capacity. The suspended load of eight major western rivers flowing into Kainji Lake was determined as a part of the investigation of the suspended sediment of the reservoir. The sediment content in each sample was determined in parts per million. On the whole the results of this study is in agreement with the previous conclusion that the sediment load of the Niger was low. A range of 29–221 ppm was observed within the reservoir whereas the concentration in the inflowing rivers varied from 122–953 ppm. It was however not possible to determine the total sediment load because discharge data were lacking. The data presented herein confirm the earlier conclusion that the rate of silting is slow but indicate that locally high rate of sediment supply should give cause for anxiety regarding the possible growth of deltas as the months of these rivers. The full potential of this study is difficult to assess at this stage but it has revealed a number of problem areas worth looking into in future years. A number of future studies believed to be capable of giving the necessary data for operation and management of the reservoir are recommended. 相似文献
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ANDRÉ RENAUD 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(2):109-116
Abstract The authors give data of water infiltrations in horizontal and vertical columns, and in a two dimensional model. The soils are two mixtures of sand and loam, and a natural sandy loam. The characteristics of these soils are given in the article. As a conclusion, the two dimensional problem can be approached by a linear combination of data in horizontal and vertical columns. 相似文献
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J. C. SCHÖNFELD 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):11-22
Abstract The intrusion of seawater in a tidal river is treated as a diffusion problem, characterized by a coefficient of longitudinal diffusivity. In order to analyse the longitudinal diffusivity, a mathematical model is set up, consisting of two bodies of water, either one besides the other or one on top of the other. The two bodies are assumed to move relatively to each other, as a secondary effect of the tidal flow. It is moreover assumed that there is turbulent exchange of salt between the bodies. It is demonstrated that the diffusion of salt into the river is greatest for an optimum value of the coefficient of exchange between the two bodies. Exchange weaker or stronger than this optimum both diminish the salt intrusion. The theory is applied to the Rotterdam Waterway, for which estimates of the exchange are made. Estimation of the reduction of the turbulence by stratification and hence of the vertical exchange, shows that the observed strong intrusion is explainable. Intensified vertical mixing, for instance as provoked by compressed air, need not always result in less intrusion, and hence should be considered carefully. 相似文献
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Sergio E. Serrano 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(1):177-205
Abstract Mathematical models are the means to characterize variables quantitatively in many groundwater problems. Recent advances in applied mathematics have perfected what is now called Adomian's decomposition method (ADM), a simple modelling procedure for practical applications. Decomposition exhibits the benefits of analytical solutions (i.e. stability, analytic derivation of heads, gradients, fluxes and simple programming). It also offers the advantages of traditional numerical methods (i.e. consideration of heterogeneity, irregular domain shapes and multiple dimensions). In addition, decomposition is one of the few systematic procedures for solving nonlinear equations. By far its greatest advantage is its simplicity of application. It may produce simple results for preliminary simulations, or in cases with scarce information. The method is described with simple applications to regional groundwater flow. Many applications in groundwater flow and contaminant transport are available in the literature. Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor Xi Chen Citation Serrano, S.E., 2013. A simple approach to groundwater modelling with decomposition. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 58 (1), 1–9. 相似文献
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利用差异演化（Differential Evolution）非线性全局优化算法,设计了一种反演地壳速度模型和进行地震定位的方法,并给出了反演结果的具体分析.利用有限差分算法计算速度模型的走时场,可以节省大量的计算量,加快计算过程.反演得到的地壳速度模型和地震的震源参数可以直接用于地震层析成像研究,还可以利用地震层析成像得到的三维速度结构对地震重新定位,从而得到较为精确的震源参数.地壳速度模型的反演方法也可以用于三维速度结构的反演. 相似文献
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M. A. BENSON 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(3):5-6
Abstract This study was made to define the relation between floods in a humid region and the causative factors that account for their variability. The study covered the basic relationships between peak discharges and hydrologic factors as well as the practical working methods for generalizing the results on a regional basis. Statistical multiple-correlation techniques were applied to hydrologic data in New England. A field and library investigation of historical flood data extended the period of flood knowledge to as much as 300 years. The relation of many topographic and climatic factors to flood peaks was tested. Flood peaks with recurrence intervals at 9 levels, from 1.2 to 300 years, were related to 6 independent variables, 3 of which are topographic, 2 climatic, and 1 orographic. 相似文献
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Abstract The problem of non-steady flow of water in a soil-plant system can be described by adding a sink term to the continuity equation for soil water flow. In this paper the sink term is defined in two different ways. Firstly it is considered to be dependent on the hydraulic conductivity of the soil, on the difference in pressure head between the soil and the root-soil interface and some root effectiveness function. Secondly the sink is taken to be a prescribed function of the soil water content. The partial differential equation applying to the first problem is solved by both a finite difference (FD 1) and a finite element (FE 1) technique, that applying to the second problem by a finite difference approach (FD 2). The purpose of this paper is to verify the numerical models against field measurements, to compare the results obtained by the three numerical methods and to show how the finite element method can be applied to complex but realistic two-dimensional flow situations. Two examples are given. The first concerns one-dimensional flow and it compares numerical results with those obtained experimentally in the field from water balance studies on red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. ‘Rode Herfst’) grown on a clay soil in the presence of a water table. The second example describes two-dimensional flow in a complex field situation in the Netherlands where flow takes place under cropped field conditions through five anisotropic layers. Water is supplied to the system by infiltration from two unlined ditches and is withdrawn from the system by evapotranspiration and by leakage to an underlying pumped aquifer. 相似文献
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本文利用GCITEM-IGGCAS模式,从电动力学耦合作用和直接上传两种作用方式,详细模拟研究了DE2潮汐4种Hough波模分量对电离层的影响.我们将不同种类的Hough波模分别输入到模式当中作为底层边界条件,驱动模式模拟得到电离层的电子密度变化,从中分离两种作用机制的响应进行分析.模拟结果发现电离层对DE2的4种Hough波模的响应都表现为半年变化,波峰出现在春季和秋季,波谷则出现在冬季和夏季.一天的变化特性上,赤道对称波模的响应出现明显的4个峰值和谷值,其他3种波模响应主要表现为一个峰值和谷值.4种波模当中赤道对称波模对电离层的作用最为明显,占据主导地位,对电离层的影响表现为波动效应,其中3波分量的响应最强,主要由电动力学作用控制.其他3种波模对电离层则是削弱作用.本研究可以帮助我们更深刻的理解非迁移潮汐对电离层的作用方式和效果. 相似文献
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G. Böhnecke 《Ocean Dynamics》1957,10(5):202-203