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1.
Fulvio Tonon 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2007,31(11):1301-1327
This paper presents algorithms for determining the vertices of the maximum removable block (MB) created by a joint pyramid (JP) around a tunnel when discontinuities are fully persistent. It is shown that an MB cannot be formed by more than 4 discontinuities and this drastically limits the proliferation of rock blocks that need to be analysed. The non‐convex block obtained after the MB is tunnelled through (real maximum block, RMB) is partitioned into a set of tetrahedra, and procedures are given for determining the vertices of these tetrahedra. Geometric and inertia quantities needed for stability analysis and support/reinforcement design are determined as functions of the calculated vertices' co‐ordinates. These quantities are: RMB's volume, face areas, perimeter of the excavated surface, centroid and inertia tensor. The algorithms for their calculation are at least two times faster than other algorithms previously proposed in other applications. It is shown that the formulations presented by Goodman and Shi for translational analysis and by Tonon for rotatability analysis can be used to analyse the RMBs using the geometric quantities presented. A numerical example is presented among those used to verify these analytical procedures and their implementation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Optimized extraction of dimension stone blocks 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The profitable production of dimension stone mainly depends on the extractable block size. The regularity and volume of the blocks are of critical importance, and are controlled by the three-dimensional pattern of the discontinuity system. Therefore, optimization of block size has to be the aim when quarrying for natural stone. This is mainly connected to the quantification of joints and fractures, i.e., their spacing and orientation. The problem of finding unfractured blocks within arbitrarily oriented and distributed planes can be solved effectively by a numerical algorithm. The main effects of joint orientations on block sizes and shapes will be presented in this article. Quantification of unfractured blocks with the aim of optimization is illustrated by detailed studies on several quarries. The algorithm used in this study can be applied as a powerful tool in the planning of a quarry and the future exploitation of dimension stone. Application of the described approach is demonstrated on practical examples of quarrying natural stones, namely, sandstone, granite, rhyolite, etc. Block quarrying can be optimized by using the new 3D-BlockExpert approach. The quantification of unfractured rock masses is also shown to contribute to a more ecological protection and the sustainable use of natural resources. 相似文献
3.
块体是结构控制型岩体中常见的潜在危险源之一。利用极限平衡法及强度折减法两种方法计算了某在建特大型水电站地下厂房开挖揭露的部分块体的安全系数,并根据计算结果提出一种利用块体几何及力学参数判断其稳定性的简便图解方法,经现场监测数据验证计算结果可靠性可满足工程要求。研究表明,对同一块体而言,极限平衡法和强度折减法得到的安全系数以及对其稳定性的总体判别结果并不一致。强度折减法受软件算法及网格尺寸影响,结果偏于保守。简单块体的安全系数计算应以极限平衡法为主,而复杂形态块体的安全系数用强度折减法计算较为方便。利用垂向地应力、块体体积、最大角点深度及结构面等效强度等4个指标并结合块体稳定性判别分区图,可满足快速判断块体稳定性的需要。对于判别为不稳定的块体,应及时支护并考虑加强支护。研究成果可用于类似工程块体稳定性的快速分析。 相似文献
4.
裂隙岩体一般块体理论初步 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
本文在前人工作的基础上提出了一种通用方法解决任意大小裂隙、任意形状工程岩体的岩石块体识别及稳定性计算问题。在这一方法中裂隙既可以是实测裂隙也可以是通过随机模拟方法生成的随机裂隙,工程岩体可以是任意由多面体组合成的形状,如复杂边坡或地下洞室,而且岩体和裂隙面可以是非均质的。这一通用过程被称为一般块体理论。它克服了关键块体理论(或楔形体法)中存在的弱点:即把裂隙假设为无限大的不连续面,因此无法预测岩石块体的数量和位置,而且一般只能识别出简单形状的凸形体。它在块体识别的同时将复杂的块体分解为几个简单的凸形块体,从而使复杂块体的几何描述、体积及重力计算、力学分析、可视化表示等一系列问题大大简化。在对一公路边坡的裂隙进行了详细观测之后,利用本文的方法进行了块体识别和稳定性分析,对本文的研究进行初步的验证。 相似文献
5.
Block detection is one of the important steps in all discontinuous methods of analysis such as discontinuous deformation analysis and discrete element method. It is in fact a pre‐processing step for these methods. This paper describes a new approach to the problem of geometrically defining polyhedral rock blocks created by the intersection of planar discontinuities in a rock mass. An approach is developed based on the concept of using matrices with integer elements that mostly represent vertices, edges, or face numbers and their connections. Using square matrices with integer elements and performing edge/face regularization reduce the size of the matrices because of elimination of unnecessary faces, edges, and vertices; speed and accuracy of block tracing operation will be increased. This algorithm is able to trace and identify all kinds of blocks including convex and concave blocks formed by limited or unlimited fractures. The simplicity of the procedure makes it very attractive. The algorithm was programmed in C#.Net by over 8100 code lines; several examples are presented to show application of the algorithm in different situations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
弹粘塑性块体单元法在龙滩水电站右坝肩边坡稳定分析中的应用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
介绍了三维弹粘塑性块体单元法的基本原理。该方法假定岩石块体为刚体,只考虑结构面的变形和强度特性。在建立块体系统的平衡方程、结构面的变形与块体位移的几何相容方程以及结构面上的弹粘塑性本构方程的基础上,出块体系统位移与稳定的基本方程。针对龙滩水电站右坝肩边坡地质条件复杂,块体稳定问题较为突出的情况,采用块体单元法计算了边坡中典型结构面切割形成的特定块体在不同工况下的强度储备安全系数,并针对结构面的几何参数和力学参数等重要影响因素进行了敏感性分析,为工程设计提供了依据。应用表明,作为一种新型的水工结构数值方法,块体单元法应用于复杂地质条件下的岩石高边坡的稳定和变形分析具有准确、适用和简便的特点。 相似文献
7.
F. Tonon 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2007,31(14):1567-1608
After describing the kinematics of a generic rigid block subjected to large rotations and displacements, the Udwadia's General Principle of Mechanics is applied to the dynamics of a rigid block with frictional constraints to show that the reaction forces and moments are indeterminate. Thus, the paper presents an incremental‐iterative algorithm for analysing general failure modes of rock blocks subject to generic forces, including non‐conservative forces such as water forces. Consistent stiffness matrices have been developed that fully exploit the quadratic convergence of the adopted Newton–Raphson iterative scheme. The algorithm takes into account large block displacements and rotations, which together with non‐conservative forces make the stiffness matrix non‐symmetric. Also included in the algorithm are in situ stress and fracture dilatancy, which introduces non‐symmetric rank‐one modifications to the stiffness matrix. Progressive failure is captured by the algorithm, which has proven capable of detecting numerically challenging failure modes, such as rotations about only one point. Failure modes may originate from a limit point or from dynamic instability (divergence or flutter); equilibrium paths emanating from bifurcation points are followed by the algorithm. The algorithm identifies both static and dynamic failure modes. The calculation of the factor of safety comes with no overhead. Examples show the equilibrium path of a rock block that undergoes slumping failure must first pass through a bifurcation point, unless the block is laterally constrained. Rock blocks subjected to water forces (or other non‐conservative forces) may undergo flutter failure before reaching a limit point. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(3):221-236
This paper presents a new point-to-face contact algorithm for contacts between two polyhedrons with planar boundaries. A new discrete numerical method called three-dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis (3-D DDA) is used and formulations of normal contact submatrices based on the proposed algorithm are derived. The presented algorithm is a simple and efficient method and it can be easily coded into a computer program. This approach does not need to use an iterative algorithm in each time step to obtain the contact plane, unlike the ‘Common-Plane’ method applied in the existing 3-D DDA. In the present 3-D DDA method, block contact constraints are enforced using the penalty method. This approach is quite simple, but may lead to inaccuracies that may be large for small values of the penalty number. The penalty method also creates block contact overlap, which violates the physical constraints of the problem. These limitations are overcome by using the augmented Lagrangian method that is used for normal contacts in this research. This point-to-face contact model has been programmed and some illustrative examples are provided to demonstrate the new contact rule between two blocks. A comparison between results obtained by using the augmented Lagrangian method and the penalty method is presented as well. 相似文献
9.
乌东德水电站右岸地下厂房随机块体特征研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
随机块体的几何特征和稳定性是水利水电工程中地下厂房支护设计的重要依据。对乌东德水电站右岸地下厂房随机块体的特征进行了深入研究。对研究区域内实测的裂隙参数进行了分组统计,确定了各组裂隙产状、迹长等参数的分布形式和大小。利用逆建模方法建立了三维裂隙网络模型,获取了各组裂隙的直径和三维密度。采用一般块体方法对地下厂房进行随机块体的识别和稳定性分析,利用GeneralBlock软件进行了10次随机实现,对10次计算结果进行了统计分析和讨论。研究结果表明,结构面与开挖面形成的随机块体集中在地下厂房的顶拱部位,10次随机实现中,地下厂房全长范围内平均每次形成的随机块体为414个;随机块体的平均体积为2.9 m3,最大块体的体积达152.0 m3;可移动块体中,大部分为稳定块体,不稳定块体均以坠落形式破坏;构成可移动块体的结构面多为3~4条,最多可达12条,其中倾W向的中等倾角裂隙是构成块体并可能造成块体失稳的最危险结构面;随机块体的平均深度为1.2 m,最大深度为8.8 m。建议支护锚杆应尽量穿透倾W向中等倾角的长大裂隙,且锚杆支护长度大于8.8 m。 相似文献
10.
《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2013,8(3):171-183
Block detection is one of the most important steps in all discontinuous methods of analysis like Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (DDA) and Discrete Element Method (DEM). This is in fact a pre-processing step for those methods. In this study, a comprehensive computational algorithm, for tracing rock block created by discontinuities, has been developed. Using square matrices with integer elements and performing edge regularization step, reduce the size of the matrices due to elimination of unnecessary edges and vertices. Therefore speed and accuracy of block tracing operation will be increased. This algorithm is able to trace and identify all kind of blocks including convex and concave blocks formed by limited or unlimited fractures. The algorithm was programmed in C#.Net by over 3400 code lines and some cases were modeled by the code as example. 相似文献
11.
提出采用布尔运算进行三维复杂块体形态分析的一般方法,并采用C++语言编写了相应的程序。块体布尔运算是将参与运算的主块体和客块体进行交、并或差运算,得到形态更加复杂的块体。为描述块体内部非贯通结构面,在块体数据结构中引入退化有向壳,允许块体中混合维度模型的存在。将主块体各面分别与客块体各面进行面-面求交线运算,通过环路分析得到各块体分割后的面。根据具体采用的布尔运算方法,确定有效面和无效面,并将有效面进行搜索得到新的壳和块体。选取3个算例和1个典型工程实例来验证该方法的可行性和应用性。计算结果表明,该方法可以生成形态更加复杂的块体,可以很方便地处理块体中的结构面,具有普遍性和适应性,并具有广泛的实际应用价值。 相似文献
12.
三维流形单元的生成是进行三维数值流形分析的首要问题之一。详细研究了三维流形单元的生成过程,并采用C++语言编写了相应的程序。借鉴二维流形单元的形成技术,基于拓扑学的“有向性”原理,将点、有向边、有向环、有向面和有向壳等作为三维块体的基本数据结构。将材料体和数学网格进行布尔交运算,并对形成的流形块体进行有效性检测,满足要求后即形成新的三维流形单元。每个数学网格的顶点作为新流形单元的数学覆盖,再对数学覆盖进行细分,形成流形单元的物理覆盖。分别选取凹形体、空心体和包含有限结构面的材料体与数学网格进行布尔交运算,并选取一个典型工程来检查该方法和程序的可行性。计算结果表明,该方法可以对复杂块体（凹形体、空心体和包含有限结构面的体）进行处理,为今后进行复杂结构计算和分析奠定基础,具有较强的适应性和可靠性。 相似文献
13.
To improve the computational efficiency of the numerical manifold method for discontinuous deformation simulations, a spatial-domain coupled explicit-implicit time integration algorithm is proposed. A subdomain partition algorithm based on a super manifold element is developed for the numerical manifold method to simulate dynamic motions of blocky rock mass. In different subdomains, explicit or implicit time integration method is employed respectively based on its contact and motion status. These subdomains interact through assembling the corresponding explicit or implicit time integration-based matrices of different rock blocks. The computational efficiency of the discontinuity system under dynamic loading is improved by partially diagonalizing the global matrices. Two verification examples of a sliding block along an inclined plane under a horizontal acceleration excitation and a multiblock system acted on by dynamic forces are studied to examine the accuracy of the proposed numerical method, respectively. A highly fractured rock mass situated on an inclined slope subjected to seismic excitations is then studied to show the computational efficiency of the developed algorithm. The simulated results are in good agreement with those from the versions using purely implicit or explicit time integration algorithm for the numerical manifold method. The computational efficiency is shown to be higher using the proposed algorithm, which demonstrates its potential for application in dynamic analysis of highly fractured rock masses. 相似文献
14.
A Boundary Element based Discontinuous Deformation Analysis (BE‐DDA) method is developed by implementing the improved dual reciprocity boundary element method into the open close iterations based DDA. This newly developed BE‐DDA is capable of simulating both the deformation and movement of blocks in a blocky system. Based on geometry updating, it adopts an incremental dynamic formulation taking into consideration initial stresses and dealing with external concentrated and contact forces conveniently. The boundaries of each block in the discrete blocky system are discretized with boundary elements while the domain of each block is divided into internal cells only for the integration of the domain integral of the initial stress term. The contact forces among blocks are treated as concentrated forces and the open–close iterations are applied to ensure the computational accuracy of block interactions. In the current method, an implicit time integration scheme is adopted for numerical stability. Three examples are used to show the effectiveness of the algorithm in simulating block movement, sliding, deformation and interaction of blocks. At last, block toppling and tunnel stability examples are conducted to demonstrate that the BE‐DDA is applicable for simulation of blocky systems. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
In this paper, an experimental methodology is presented using digital image techniques to assess the internal microcracks and to quantify the rock damage within rock cores. The second part of the work is devoted to the numerical estimation of the tensile blast induced damage evolution law. The set up methodology is then applied to a set of limestone cores which were sampled before and after a real field blast round. The image analysis algorithm which was developed during the present work is based on a segmentation technique that uses a particular thresholding. Petrographic parameters, such as crack number, orientation, extension, centroid position were computed as a first step aiming at a fine characterization of the cracked medium. The most important estimated parameter is the specific crack area which is defined as the ratio between the crack area and the total image area. This parameter was taken as the rock internal damage. A dynamic tensile damage ordinary partial differential equation is numerically solved and calibrated with the obtained data in order to derive a general blast induced damage evaluation law within the muckpile blocks. The application of the numerical algorithm to cores coming from sampled blocks before and after real field blasts allowed the estimation of damage parameter and dynamic stress evolution histories as well as an estimation of the microfracturing activation and growth energies used during the blast. 相似文献
16.
The methods used in conducting static stability analyses have remained pertinent to this day for reasons of both simplicity and speed of execution. The most well‐known of these methods for purposes of stability analysis of fractured rock masses is the key‐block method (KBM). This paper proposes an extension to the KBM, called the ‘key‐group method’ (KGM), which combines not only individual key‐blocks but also groups of collapsable blocks into an iterative and progressive analysis of the stability of discontinuous rock slopes. To take intra‐group forces into account, the Sarma method has been implemented within the KGM in order to generate a Sarma‐based KGM, abbreviated ‘SKGM’. We will discuss herein the hypothesis behind this new method, details regarding its implementation, and validation through comparison with results obtained from the distinct element method. Furthermore, as an alternative to deterministic methods, reliability analyses or probabilistic analyses have been proposed to take account of the uncertainty in analytical parameters and models. The FOSM and ASM probabilistic methods could be implemented within the KGM and SKGM framework in order to take account of the uncertainty due to physical and mechanical data (density, cohesion and angle of friction). We will then show how such reliability analyses can be introduced into SKGM to give rise to the probabilistic SKGM (PSKGM) and how it can be used for rock slope reliability analyses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
This paper proposes an extension to the key‐block method, called ‘key‐group method’, that considers not only individual key blocks but also groups of collapsable blocks into an iterative and progressive analysis of the stability of discontinuous rock slopes. The basics of the key‐block method are recalled herein and then used to prove how key groups can be identified. We reveal that a key group must contain at least one basic key block, yet this condition is not entirely sufficient. The second block candidate for grouping must be another key block or a block whose movement‐preventing faces are common to one or more single key blocks. We also show that the proposed method yields more realistic results than the basic key‐block method and a comparison with results obtained using a distinct element analysis demonstrates the ability of this new method. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
18.
In stability analysis of rock blocks, the deformability of the blocks can conveniently be simulated using the boundary element method (BEM). However, all boundary conditions are given as stresses. Thus, the displacement solution is not unique. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to remove rigid body motions in the solution of the boundary form of Somigliana identity discretized by the direct BEM formulation. The algorithm is applied to the calculation of the normal stiffness of rock blocks and coupled with BS3D, large displacement and rotation algorithm for the general stability of rock blocks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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20.
块体化程度是评价岩体完整性的一种新指标,能从三维角度表征岩体破碎程度,但目前该方法仍存在未充分考虑岩体切割程度及块体规模、未限定基础应用条件、块体化程度等级划分不合理等缺陷。针对上述缺陷,深入分析了其产生原因,并借鉴岩体切割程度、三维块度模数、体积RQD等计算原理,限定了块体体积百分比相关概念,提出了考虑岩体完整性块度尺寸效应的块体体积综合百分比计算方法,确立了块体化程度等级及分级指标取值依据,建立了修正的块体化程度评价方法。通过对比块体化程度评价修正方法、岩土工程规范对岩体完整性的划分结果,分析了修正方法的合理性。分别以广西铜坑矿锌多金属矿体、乌东德水电工程的块体研究数据为基础,开展了修正块体化程度评价方法的实例验证,结果表明：利用修正块体化程度评价方法计算的铜坑矿+255 m中段4#试验区岩体块体体积百分比为11.18%,属轻度块状化岩体;乌东德水电站PD49-1平硐、PD4支硐块体体积百分比分别为12.847%、10.168%,均属于轻度块状化岩体,岩体完整性程度为较完整级别。与现有块体化程度评价方法比较,修正方法计算的块体体积百分比能够更准确地从三维角度表征真实岩体的完整性。研究成果对精确刻画岩体三维完整性具有重要意义。 相似文献