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1.
马钦忠 《地震学报(英文版)》2008,21(6):618-628
On July 4,2006,a MS5.1 earthquake occurred in Wen’an county of Hebei Province of which the epicenter is near the Beijing city.The six geoelectric field monitoring stations have been in operation for several years around the Beijing area to examine the relationship between electric field changes and earthquake.This paper firstly explains the principle of the eliminating noise method by using multi-dipole observation system of the geoelectric field.Then the data observed at the stations are studied and a lot of abnormal signals preceding the Wen’an earthquake are selected,of which five abnormal signals of the geoelectric field are finally recognized as the precursory signals.The result shows that 1 there probably exists the precursory signals of the geoelectric field preceding the Wen’an earthquake;2 there are sensitive sites in the spatial distribution of the abnormal variation of the geoelectric field before the quack;3 the anomalous signals do not appear synchronously,and their durations are not same at dif-ferent stations;4 the amplitudes of the abnormal signals recorded at Baodi station are small,but large at Changli station,while the latter is farther from the epicentral area than the former. 相似文献
2.
A theory of electromagnetic radiation generation by random electric discharges in the troposphere and VHF radiowave scattering by these discharges has been developed. The discharge model, which makes it possible to calculate the spatiotemporal distribution of the discharge channel conductivity depending on the electric current value in this discharge, has been obtained. The electromagnetic radiation spectrum in the troposphere occupied by random discharges has been calculated. VHF electromagnetic wave scattering by random electric discharges in the troposphere has been considered. Equations have been derived, and the method for calculating the average value of the electromagnetic wave field scattered by random discharges has been developed. The calculations indicated that the scattered wave field amplitude is much larger than the diffraction wave field amplitude behind the horizon. The theoretical results agree with the observations of the electromagnetic radiation and VHF transmitter signals behind the horizon relative to the earthquake epicenter during the earthquake preparation. 相似文献
3.
Summary A theoretical model of an electroelastic continuum has been applied in this paper to the problem of electrodynamic phenomena (piezoelectricity, electrostriction, etc.) associated with earthquakes. In such a model the coupling between electric and mechanical fields expresses itself by a change of scale of mechanical effects along the electric field, as well as by the additional electric charge created by the earthquake source.The electrokinetic phenomena associated with earthquakes and caused by the diffusion of fluids into the dilatant region have been considered using the theory of porous media with interstitial fluid flow. General relations describing electrokinetic effects caused by the deformation processes in an earthquake source have been obtained. 相似文献
4.
马钦忠 《地震科学（英文版）》2008,21(6):618-628
On July 4, 2006, a MS5.1 earthquake occurred in Wen’an county of Hebei Province of which the epicenter is near the Beijing city. The six geoelectric field monitoring stations have been in operation for several years around the Beijing area to examine the relationship between electric field changes and earthquake. This paper firstly explains the principle of the eliminating noise method by using multi-dipole observation system of the geoelectric field. Then the data observed at the stations are studied and a lot of abnormal signals preceding the Wen’an earthquake are selected, of which five abnormal signals of the geoelectric field are finally recognized as the precursory signals. The result shows that ? there probably exists the precursory signals of the geoelectric field preceding the Wen’an earthquake; ? there are sensitive sites in the spatial distribution of the abnormal variation of the geoelectric field before the quack; ? the anomalous signals do not appear synchronously, and their durations are not same at different stations; ? the amplitudes of the abnormal signals recorded at Baodi station are small, but large at Changli station, while the latter is farther from the epicentral area than the former. 相似文献
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Electrokinetic phenomena in a water-porous medium with a fractal structure above percolation threshold are theoretically investigated. Fracture zone with space-variable porosity is considered as a model of an earthquake hypocenter zone in which the electrokinetic current results from fluid filtration in a fractal pore network. A critical exponent of the streaming potential coefficient is found to depend on both the transport critical exponent and correlation length critical exponent. In this model, logarithmic dependence of electric field amplitude E on the earthquake magnitude M is derived which is compatible with the one observed by the VAN group. Without fractal properties, this form of dependence contradicts the empirical data. The electromagnetic field far from the hypocenter is calculated, which leads to the prediction of weak magnetic field variations. To explain the observed amplitude of VAN's Seismic Electric Signals (SES), the electric source must be at a distance of about 10 km from the registration point if the medium is homogeneous. Therefore, some conductive channel(s) are needed to explain the long distance selective SES transmission. 相似文献
7.
Assessment of 2DH and pseudo‐3D modelling platforms in a large saline aquatic system: Lake Urmia,Iran 
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下载免费PDF全文 The main objective of this paper is to provide comparative quantitative examinations on the capabilities of two‐dimensional horizontal and pseudo‐three‐dimensional (3D) modelling approaches for simulating spatial and temporal variability of the flow and salinity in Lake Urmia, Iran. The water quality in the lake has been an environmentally important subject partly because this shallow hypersaline aquatic ecosystem is considered to be one of the largest natural habitats of a unique multicellular organism, Artemia urmiana. This brine shrimp is the major food source for many of the protected and rare shorebirds that visit the lake. A. urmiana can grow and survive in certain ranges of salinity, and their disappearance could lead to an alteration of existing equilibria. The lake has also experienced considerable man‐made changes during the past three decades. A newly built crossing embankment almost divided the lake into two northern and southern halves. A relatively small opening of 1.25 km in the new embankment provides water connections between the two halves. As a result, the flow and salinity regimes have been significantly changed. This might have had adverse serious impacts on the lake ecosystem. In the current study, the two‐dimensional horizontal hydrodynamic model has been found to provide reasonable predictions for the flow regime in the lake, whereas its salinity predictions have not been consistent with the field observations. The pseudo‐3D model has produced results fairly close to the salinity measurements and its temporal and spatial variations. The pseudo‐3D model has been used for evaluating the embankment effects on the lake hydrodynamics and on the salinity conditions. The effectiveness of introducing a different number or length of openings in the embankment for restoring the pre‐embankment conditions has also been examined. These remedy options have been found not to offer substantial improvements to the lake's existing ecosystem. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
An array designed to detect changes of resistivity in the upper 10 km of the crust has been in continuous operation since 1988. Long period (T=300–7200 s) telluric signals are recorded digitally on 5–16 km long dipoles. Telluric transfer functions are computed between field dipoles and two reference dipoles and then decomposed to examine daily fluctuations of those functions. Based on analysis of these daily fluctuations, stabilities of 0.1–0.3% are achieved. No intermediate term resistivity changes are seen associated with any of the 5 Mb>4.0 earthquakes that have occurred since 1989. Short term fluctuations are seen associated with most of these earthquakes, however. Minimum bounds on resistivity changes that could have caused the fluctuations in the telluric responses range from 1.7 to 13.0%. While these are within the ranges seen in other field studies, the statistical significance of these fluctuations is low because they also occur at many times that cannot be correlated to earthquakes. Comparison of the one potential resistivity change associated with a strain change results in a strain sensitivity that is unrealistically high. This possible resistivity change coincides spatially with a temporary variation in seismic travel time in May–June 1989, however. It is likely that many of the fluctuations in the telluric responses are random variations except for the one in 1989, and recording through the next M6 earthquake will be needed in order to detect a statistically significant resistivity change. 相似文献
9.
We present new in situ observations of systematic asymmetry in the pattern of damage expressed by fault zone rocks along sections of the San Andreas,
San Jacinto, and Punchbowl faults in southern California. The observed structural asymmetry has consistent manifestations
at a fault core scale of millimeters to meters, a fault zone scale of meters to tens of meters and related geomorphologic
features. The observed asymmetric signals are in agreement with other geological and geophysical observations of structural
asymmetry in a damage zone scale of tens to hundreds of meters. In all of those scales, more damage is found on the side of
the fault with faster seismic velocities at seismogenic depths. The observed correlation between the damage asymmetry and
local seismic velocity structure is compatible with theoretical predictions associated with preferred propagation direction
of earthquake ruptures along faults that separate different crustal blocks. The data are consistent with a preferred northwestward
propagation direction for ruptures on all three faults. If our results are supported by additional observations, asymmetry
of structural properties determined in field studies can be utilized to infer preferred propagation direction of large earthquake
ruptures along a given fault section. The property of a preferred rupture direction can explain anomalous behavior of historic
rupture events, and may have profound implications for many aspects of earthquake physics on large faults. 相似文献
10.
汶川5.12大地震发生后,在武都汉王地震台及其附近地区布置了2个大地电磁测深点,进行了两期余震序列的地震电磁效应连续监测,共观测到Ms4.0及以上的余震事件35次.通过与汉王强震台的地震记录数据中15个强震记录比较发现,与地震波相对应的地震同震电磁信号存在于所有的电场和磁场记录分量中,它们与地震波到达同步.地震破裂发生时的电磁辐射信号在记录数据中相比地震波达到观测点的电磁信号幅度要小得多,无法从观测数据识别出来.通过分析对比地震位移和同震电磁信号的关系,提出了地震电磁同震信号产生的地震波驱动机理,认为观测系统在地球基本磁场中随地面运动产生了地震同震电磁信号,并从观测的地震振动位移和电磁信号进行了验证. 相似文献
11.
Monitoring of subsurface fluid (underground fluid) is an important part of efforts for earthquake prediction in China. The nationwide network, which monitors groundwater level, water temperature, and radon and mercury in groundwater, has been constructed in the last decades. Large amounts of abnormal fluid changes before and after major earthquakes have been recorded, providing precious data for research in earthquake sciences. Many studies have been done in earthquake fluid hydrogeology in order to probe the nature of the earthquake. Much progress in earthquake fluid hydrogeology has been made in the last decades. The paper provides a review of the advances in research on earthquake fluid hydrogeology over the last 40 years in China. It deals with the following five aspects: (1) an introduction to the development history of monitoring networks construction; (2) cases of different subsurface fluid changes recorded before some major earthquakes which occurred in the last decades; (3) characteristics of subsurface fluid changes following major earthquakes; (4) mechanism of subsurface fluid changes before and following earthquakes; (5) application of earthquake fluids in the hydrogeology field. 相似文献
12.
2022年1月8日青海门源县发生6.9级地震,此次地震前青海地区出现了大量地球物理观测异常。2021年10月下旬青海地区出现地磁垂直强度极化高值异常,10月27日异常台站最多,并在门源-祁连至兴海地区形成一个面积约为6.6×104km2的高值异常区;此外,2021年7—11月青海地区8项地下流体观测数据出现准同步异常变化。结合青海及周边地区历史震例的分析结果,认为2021年11月23日至2022年1月23日,青海西北部地磁垂直强度极化高值区内可能发生5.6～6.4级地震。门源6.9级地震发生在地磁垂直强度极化异常出现后的73天,震中位于预测区的边缘,地震的发生时间和地点与预测意见一致,但震级超出预测意见上限值0.5级。此次地震前基于地球物理观测地震预测指标体系开展的短临异常跟踪分析过程,对中国大陆西部地震预报工作具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
13.
Geoeiectromagnetic signals related to earthquakes have been detected in China and many other countries.Problems concerning the mechanism of the electromagnetic emission and transportation still remain unsolved,although several models have been proposed.We consider that the theory of "electromagnetic missile emission" may be used to solve this problem,and thus develops the basic ideal of the Electro Magnetic Missile Emission(EMME)model of the emission of electromagnetic signals before earthquakes:pulse variation of the stress state causes the emission of electrons,or sudden flow of the fluid,in a certain direction along or near the fault which is located at the focus of an earthquake,forming a pulse electric current; this current accordingly produces a kind of slowly attenuated EM Wave(electromagnetic missile,which may be observed on the surface of the earth)in the perpendicular direction.In other directions these EM waves vanish quickly and cannot reach ground level. 相似文献
14.
The long-time practice of observational research on earthquake prediction has shown that the information on short-term and
imminent earthquake precursors can hardly be detected, but it is very important for practical and effective earthquake prediction.
The result of analysis and study in this paper has shown that the anomaly of quasi-static atmospheric electric field may be
a kind of reliable information on short-term and imminent earthquake precursors. On such a basis, the 20 years’ continuous
and reliable data of atmospheric electric field observed at the Baijiatuan seismic station are used to study the correlation
between the anomalies in seismic activity and relative quiet periods bear on the occurrence of near earthquakes within 200
km range around Beijing after the Tangshan earthquake. The observational results recently reported before hand in written
form and earthquakes that actually occurred in near field in corresponding time periods are compared and analyzed. The efficacy
of these written prediction opinions about near earthquakes in the recent 10 years is tested. From the test results, the brilliant
prospect that the anomaly of quasi-static atmospheric electric field may really become a reliable mark for making short-term
and imminent earthquake predictions is discussed. Besides, as a preliminary step, some judgment indexes for predicting earthquakes
by use of the observational data of atmospheric electric field before earthquakes are put forward. In the last part, it is
pointed out that it would be possible to obtain more believable judgment indexes for determining the three elements of near
earthquakes before greater earthquakes (M
S≥5) only if a relatively reasonable station network (2–4 stations every 10 000 km2) is deployed and further investigation is made.
Contribution No. 97A0040, Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, China.
This subject is sponsored by Program No. 95-04-05-01-04, State Seismological Bureau, China. 相似文献
15.
2006年7月4日河北文安县发生了Ms5.1地震,有6个地电场观测台布设在北京周围.本文阐述了地电场多极距观测系统的噪音识别原理及其在地电场数据分析中的应用方法.通过对首都圈6个地电场台观测资料的研究分析,在所选出的众多震前地电场异常信号中逐一排除,最后选定的5组地电场异常信号基本上被认为是震前地电场前兆异常信号.结果表明:①文安Ms5.1地震前存在着地电场异常前兆信号;②文安地震前地电场异常前兆信号的出现存在着"敏感点"效应;③地电场异常前兆信号在不同的台站存在着不同步出现的现象,并且异常结束至发震时间间隔也不同;④离震中区较近的宝坻台记录到的震前地电场异常幅度较小,而离震中区较远的昌黎台记录到的震前地电场异常幅度则较大. 相似文献
16.
M. J. S. Johnston 《Surveys in Geophysics》1997,18(5):441-476
New observations of magnetic, electric and electromagnetic field variations, possibly related to recent volcanic and seismic events, have been obtained on Mt. Unzen in Japan, Reunion Island in Indian Ocean, the Long Valley volcanic caldera in California, and for faults in China and Russia, California and several other locations. For volcanic events, contributions from different physical processes can be identified during the various eruption stages. Slow processes (weeks to months) include near-surface thermal demagnetization effects, piezomagnetic effects, and effects from rotation/displacement of magnetized material. Rapid processes (seconds to days) include piezomagnetic effects from instantaneous stress redistribution with explosive eruptions and electrokinetic effects from rupture of high pressure fluid compartments commonly encountered in volcanic regions. For seismic events, the observed coseismic offsets are instantaneous, provided care has been taken to ensure sensors are insensitive to seismic shaking and are in regions of low magnetic field gradient. Simple piezomagnetic dislocation models based on geodetically and seismically determined fault parameters generally match the observed signals in size and sign. Electrokinetic effects resulting from rupture of fluid filled compartments at hydrostatic to lithostatic pore pressures can generate transient signals in the frequency band 100 Hz to 0.01 Hz. However, large-scale fluid driven processes are not evident in near-field measurements in the epicentral region minutes to weeks before large earthquakes. The subset of ionospheric disturbances generated by trapped atmospheric pressure waves (also termed gravity waves and/or acoustic waves, traveling ionospheric disturbances or TID's) that are excited by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions are common and propagate to great distances. These are known and expected consequences of earthquakes, volcanic explosions (and other atmospheric disturbances), that must be identified and their effects removed from VLF/ULF electromagnetic field records before associating new observations of ionospheric disturbances with earthquake activity. 相似文献
17.
开展小极距井下地电阻率观测的可行性分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
目前,我国用于地震监测的地电阻率观测面临着两个难题:①测区范围较大导致台网稀疏且分布不均匀;②易受环境干扰。本文结合台站实际的地下电性结构,采用地电阻率解析表达式和有限元数值分析方法,对开展小极距井下地电阻率观测的可行性进行了讨论。结果表明:小极距井下观测方式能有效抑制地表电性异常体类干扰和年变化的影响,也能记录到地表大极距观测和井下大极距观测所能记录到的震前异常变化。小极距井下观测能大幅减小布极区范围,有助于地电阻率的足密度组网成场观测,可为解决目前地电阻率观测面临的难题提供一种可选方案。 相似文献
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The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) has been measuring temporal and spatial variations of mass redistribution within the Earth system since 2002. As large earthquakes cause significant mass changes on and under the Earth’s surface, GRACE provides a new means from space to observe mass redistribution due to earthquake deformations. GRACE serves as a good complement to other earthquake measurements because of its extensive spatial coverage and being free from terrestrial restriction. During its over 10 years mission, GRACE has successfully detected seismic gravitational changes of several giant earthquakes, which include the 2004 Sumatra–Andaman earthquake, 2010 Maule (Chile) earthquake, and 2011 Tohoku-Oki (Japan) earthquake. In this review, we describe by examples how to process GRACE time-variable gravity data to retrieve seismic signals, and summarize the results of recent studies that apply GRACE observations to detect co- and post-seismic signals and constrain fault slip models and viscous lithospheric structures. We also discuss major problems and give an outlook in this field of GRACE application. 相似文献
20.
简要回顾了几十年来对地震发生前、地震过程中和震后地下流体和地球化学变化的研究和成果,这些研究一般都是以探索地震预报可能性为目的的。论述了与地震有关的地下水文及地球化学变化的机理,这些地下流体(包括地下水和气体诸如氢、氧和惰性气体)的起源和迁移流动现象以及详细介绍了早期和近代对有关地震的地下流体和地球化学变化的观测成果。同时指出了对地下流体和地球化学作为地震前兆来观测研究的困难所在以及为了克服这些困难而应该采取的地震前兆观测研究的方向,例如多种手段和多种原理方法,开发有效的地球物理和地球化学模型以及适当的数据分析统计方法等。 相似文献