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1.
Impacts of the Lowest Model Level Height on Tropical Cyclone Intensity and Structure简 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Variable thicknesses in the lowest half-ηmodel level （LML） are often used in atmospheric models to compute surface diagnostic fields such as surface latent and sensible heat fluxes.The effects of the LML on simulated tropical cyclone （TC）evolution were investigated in this study using the Weather Research and Forecasting （WRF） model.The results demonstrated notable influences of the LML on TC evolution when the LML was placed below 12 m.The TC intensification rate decreased progressively with a lowering of the LML,but its ultimate intensity change was relatively small.The maximum 10-m winds showed different behavior to minimum sea level pressure and azimuthally-averaged tangential winds,and thus the windpressure relationship was changed accordingly by varying the LML.The TC circulation was more contracted in association with a higher LML.Surface latent heat fluxes were enhanced greatly by elevating the LML,wherein the wind speed at the LML played a dominant role.The changes in the wind speed at the LML were dependent not only on their profile differences,but also the different heights they were taken from.Due to the enhanced surface heat fluxes,more intense latent heat release occurred in the eyewall,which boosted the storm＇s intensification.A higher LML tended to produce a stronger storm,and therefore the surface friction was reinforced,which in turn induced stronger boundary layer inflow together with increased diabatic heating. 相似文献
2.
Three experiments for the simulation of typhoon Sinlaku (2002) over the western North Pacific are performed in this study by using the Canadian Mesoscale Compressible Community (MC2) atmospheric model. The objective of these simulations is to investigate the air-sea interaction during extreme weather conditions, and to determine the sensitivity of the typhoon evolution to the sea surface temperature (SST)cooling induced by the typhoon. It is shown from the three experiments that the surface heat fluxes have a substantial influence on the slow-moving cyclone over its lifetime. When the SST in the East China coastal ocean becomes 1℃ cooler in the simulation, less latent heat and sensible heat fluxes from the underlying ocean to the cyclone tend to reduce the typhoon intensity. The cyclone is weakened by 7 hPa at the time of its peak intensity. The SST cooling also has impacts on the vertical structure of the typhoon by weakening the warm core and drying the eye wall. With a finer horizontal resolution of (1/6)°×(1/6)°, the model produces higher surface wind, and therefore more surface heat fluxes are emitted from the ocean surface to the cyclone, in the finer-resolution MC2 grid compared with the relatively lower resolution of 0.25°×0.25°MC2 grid. 相似文献
3.
Indian Ocean SST Biases in a Flexible Regional Ocean Atmosphere Land System (FROALS) Model 
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下载免费PDF全文 The authors examine the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature(SST) biases simulated by a Flexible Regional Ocean Atmosphere Land System(FROALS) model.The regional coupled model exhibits pronounced cold SST biases in a large portion of the Indian Ocean warm pool.Negative biases in the net surface heat fluxes are evident in the model,leading to the cold biases of the SST.Further analysis indicates that the negative biases in the net surface heat fluxes are mainly contributed by the biases of sensible heat and latent heat flux.Near-surface meteorological variables that could contribute to the SST biases are also examined.It is found that the biases of sensible heat and latent heat flux are caused by the colder and dryer near-surface air in the model. 相似文献
4.
A model dealing with interactions between the air and low stratiform clouds is presented based on the mixed-layer model Lilly (1968) pioneered and on Deardorffs three dimensional numerical model results. Its main new aspects lie in 1) consideration of the natures of both the atmosphere and cloud; 2) a new entrainment velocity scheme with few arbitrary assumptions; 3) transition from one-mixed layer to two-mixed layer model; and 4) parameterization of radiation and precipitation calculations.The model results for radiation, moisture, and heat turbulent fluxes turn out to be in good agreement with those calculated or observed by Kawa (1988), Nicholls (1984), and Schmets et al. (1981) in California, the North Sea, and the North Atlantic, respectively.Basically, this paper furnishes the theoretical basis for a model to address questions concerning the time-evolution of thermodynamical profiles both in cloud and out of cloud. The applications of this model wil be in a separate paper. 相似文献
5.
The Role of the Kuroshio in the Winter North Pacific Ocean-Atmosphere Interaction： Comparison of a Coupled Model and Observations 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
A comparative study between the output of the Flexible Global Climate Model Version 1.0 (FGCM- 1.0) and the observations is performed. At 500 hPa, the geopotential height of FGCM is similar to the observations, but in the North Pacific the model gives lower values, and the differences are most significant over the northern boundary of the Pacific. In a net heat flux comparison, the spatial patterns of the two are similar in winter, but more heat loss appears to the east of Japan in FGCM than in COADS. On the interannual timescale, strong (weak) Kuroshio transports to the east of Taiwan lead the increasing (decreasing) net heat flux, which is centered over the Kuroshio Extension region, by 1–2 months, with low (high) pressure anomaly responses appearing at 500 hPa over the North Pacific (north of 25N) in winter. The northward heat transport of the Kuroshio is one of the important heat sources to support the warming of the atmosphere by the ocean and the formation of the low pressure anomaly at 500 hPa over the North Pacific in winter. 相似文献
6.
Liang Xinzhong 《大气科学进展》1996,13(3):269-298
7.
A Coupling Experiment of an Atmosphere and an Ocean Model with a Monthly Anomaly Exchange Scheme 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
A nine-layer spectral atmospheric general circulation model is coupled to a twenty-layer global oceanic general circulation model with the “prediction-correction” monthly anomaly exchange scheme which has been proposed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP). A forty-year integration of the coupled model shows that the CGCM is fairly successful in keeping a reasonable pattern of the modelled SST although most of the Pacific become warmer than those given by the uncoupled ocean model. The model tends to reach a more realistic state than the uncoupled one in terms of downward surface heat flux into ocean particularly in the equatorial Pacific region. Also, the model is capable to simulate interannual variability of sea surface temperature in tropical region. 相似文献
8.
1. IntroductionRecently, the improvement of accuracy in the out-puts of a numerical mesoscale model by the physi-cal dissipative technique is reached (Liu et al., 2002;Liu and Liu, 2003). The effect of improvement ofthis technique differs not only from model to model,but from scheme to scheme of parameterization em-ployed in the same model. The rapid developmentof the computer technology makes possible the com-plicated numerical experiments by a model with highresolution and multiple domains … 相似文献
9.
An online systematic error correction is presented and examined as a technique to improve the accuracy of real-time numerical weather prediction, based on the dataset of model errors(MEs) in past intervals. Given the analyses, the ME in each interval(6 h) between two analyses can be iteratively obtained by introducing an unknown tendency term into the prediction equation, shown in Part I of this two-paper series. In this part, after analyzing the 5-year(2001–2005) GRAPESGFS(Global Forecast System of the Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) error patterns and evolution,a systematic model error correction is given based on the least-squares approach by firstly using the past MEs. To test the correction, we applied the approach in GRAPES-GFS for July 2009 and January 2010. The datasets associated with the initial condition and SST used in this study were based on NCEP(National Centers for Environmental Prediction) FNL(final) data.The results indicated that the Northern Hemispheric systematically underestimated equator-to-pole geopotential gradient and westerly wind of GRAPES-GFS were largely enhanced, and the biases of temperature and wind in the tropics were strongly reduced. Therefore, the correction results in a more skillful forecast with lower mean bias and root-mean-square error and higher anomaly correlation coefficient. 相似文献
10.
Mesoscale surface turbulent fluxes over a complex terrain surrounded by oceans have been investigated using a 3-D numerical mesoscale model, under conditions with and without synoptic flows. The study indicated that under synoptically calm condition, the allocation and intensity of mesoscale surface turbulent fluxes (MSTFs) were greatly impacted by the thermally forced mesoscale circulation (TFMC) over mesoscale heterogeneous landscape. The max-imum values of sensible (Hs) and latent (LE) heat fluxes were located over the convergent zones and considerably im-pacted by the soil wetness (M), but did not depend strongly on the atmospheric background thermal stability (β0). The simulated results suggested that the sensible heat flux was closely proportional to the square of wind speed in the surface layer. By the action of synoptic flow, the allocation of LE was shifted to downwind, its intensity increased. 相似文献
11.
As a preliminary and major step for land use planning of the coming years, the study of variability of the past decades’ climatic conditions with comprehensive indicators is of high importance. Given the fact that one of the affected areas by climatic change includes variability of thermal comfort, this study uses the physiologically equivalent temperature (PET) to identify and evaluate bioclimatic conditions of 40 meteorological stations in Iran. In this study, PET changes for the period of 1960 to 2010 are analyzed, with the use of Mann-Kendall non-parametric test and Pearson parametric method. The study focuses particularly on the diversity in spatio-temporal distribution of Iran’s bioclimatic conditions. The findings show that the mean frequency percentage of days with comfort is 12.9 % according to the total number of selected stations. The maximum and minimum frequency percentage with values of 17.4 and 10.3 belong to Kerman and Chabahar stations, respectively. The findings of long-term trend analysis for the period of 1960–2010 show that 55 % of the stations have significant increasing trend in terms of thermal comfort class based on the Pearson method, while it is 40 % based on Mann-Kendall test. The results indicate that the highest frequency of days with thermal comfort in the southern coasts of Iran relates to the end of autumn and winter, nevertheless, such ideal conditions for the coastal cities of Caspian Sea and even central stations of Iran relate to mid-spring and mid-autumn. Late summer and early autumn along with late spring can be identified as the most ideal times in the west and northwest part of Iran. In addition, the most important inhibiting factors of thermal comfort prove to be different across the regions of Iran. For instance, in the southern coasts, warm to very hot bioclimatic events and in the west and northwest regions, cold to very cold conditions turn out to be the most important inhibiting factors. When considering the variations across the studied period, an increase in the frequency of thermal comfort condition is observed in almost half of the stations. Moreover, based on Pearson and Mann-Kendall methods, the trend of changes in monthly averages of PET has decreased in most stations and months, which can lead to different consequences in each month and station. Thus, it is expected that due to PET changes in recent decades and to the intensified global warming conditions, Iran’s bioclimatic conditions change in a way that transfers the days with comfort to early spring and late autumn. 相似文献
12.
Summary This study investigates the characteristics of the daily maximum urban heat island (UHI) intensity in the six largest cities of South Korea (Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Daegu, Gwangju, and Busan) during the period 1973–2001. The annually-averaged daily maximum UHI intensity in all cities tends to increase with time, but the rate of increase differs. It is found that the average annual daily maximum UHI intensity tends to be smaller in coastal cities (Incheon and Busan) than in inland cities (Daejeon, Daegu, and Gwangju), even if a coastal city is larger than an inland city.A spectral analysis shows a prominent diurnal cycle in the UHI intensity in all cities and a prominent annual cycle in coastal cities. A multiple linear regression analysis is undertaken in order to relate the daily maximum UHI intensity to the maximum UHI intensity on the previous day (PER), wind speed (WS), cloudiness (CL), and relative humidity (RH). In all cities, the PER variable is positively correlated with the daily maximum UHI intensity, while WS, CL, and RH variables are negatively correlated with it. The most important variable in all cities is PER, but the relative importance of the other three variables differs depending on city. The total variance explained by the multiple linear regression equation ranges from 29.9% in Daejeon to 44.7% in Seoul. A multidimensional scaling analysis performed with a correlation matrix obtained using the daily maximum UHI intensity data appears to distinguish three city groups. These groupings are closely connected with distances between cities. A multidimensional scaling analysis undertaken using the normalized regression coefficients obtained from the multiple linear regression analysis distinguishes three city groups. Notably, Incheon and Busan form one group, whose points in the two-dimensional space are very close. The results of a cluster analysis performed using the multivariate data of PER, WS, RH, and CL are consistent with those of the multidimensional scaling analysis. The analysis results in this study indicate that the characteristics of the UHI intensity in a coastal city are in several aspects different from those in an inland city. 相似文献
13.
1966—2018年秦皇岛气候舒适度时空变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1966—2018年气象资料,采用气候舒适度评价及趋势分析方法,对秦皇岛地区近53 a气候舒适度变化进行分析。结果表明：秦皇岛北部山区、中部平原和东南沿海三个区域的气候舒适度变化趋势一致,存在空间差异性。整体上,秦皇岛气候舒适度以舒适至冷凉特征为主,各区域舒适和较舒适等级占47%—49%,冷不舒适等级占34%—37%,炎热及更热不舒适等级极少。近53 a,夏季、冬季气候舒适度均呈增暖趋势,冬季增暖幅度大于夏季。热不舒适日数自20世纪90年代开始激增且持续偏多,寒冷不舒适日数呈逐年代减少态势;在空间上,热不舒适日数随着测站高程和纬度的降低而增多,寒冷不舒适日数与之相反。5—10月气候舒适或较舒适,秦皇岛全域皆为旅游、疗养适宜期;7—8月无酷暑,“微热”的天气为人们提供畅游大海的有利气象条件;3月、4月和11月气候偏冷凉,是户外登山的大好时机;12月至翌年2月寒冷不舒适,不适宜大众旅游疗养,适宜开展冰雪旅游活动。因此,可以认为秦皇岛全域、全季皆适宜旅游,由此为秦皇岛市旅游开发与规划及研究气候变化对旅游业的影响提供依据,为来到“秦皇山海、康养福地”的康养群体提供生活和出游气象服务指导。 相似文献
14.
采用人体舒适度指数分析方法,大样本利用西江流域13个主要旅游市（县）1961—2010年的气象站观测资料,统计分析了西江流域旅游气候舒适度的时空变化特征。结果表明：西江流域年舒适日数具有西部多于东部,山区多于河谷、平原的地域分布特点。西江流域北部多数市（县）适宜旅游的月份是3-5月、9-11月,南部多数市（县）适宜旅游的月份是3-5月、9-12月或10-12月。1961—2010年,西江流域冷不舒适日数均呈减少趋势,多数市（县）热不舒适日数呈增加趋势;北部多数市（县）年舒适日数呈显著增加趋势,南部部分市（县）,如靖西、梧州、大新等地年舒适日数呈现增加趋势,而桂平、南宁、上思等地则呈现减少趋势。 相似文献
15.
利用1961-2017年成都市西部邛崃国家气象观测站日平均气温、日最高气温、日平均风速、日平均相对湿度和日最小相对湿度计算逐日人体舒适度指数及白天和夜间舒适度指数,并通过线性倾向估计方法分析近30年邛崃市人体舒适度变化特征。结果表明：近30年邛崃市没有暑热和寒冷天气,人体舒适度日数舒适级别日数最多,其次是冷不舒适级别日数,热不舒适级别日数最少;年平均人体舒适度指数呈现较小的上升趋势;舒适日数集中在春季、夏季、秋季三个季节;热不舒适日数和舒适日数21世纪初期相比20世纪90年代有所增加,冷不舒适日数有所减少;近30年白天人体舒适度指数有着较明显的升高趋势,夜间人体舒适度指数变化不大。 相似文献
16.
利用1961-2017年岳阳市国家气象观测站日平均气温、日平均相对湿度和日平均风速资料计算逐日人体舒适度指数,并采用线性倾向估计方法、Mann-Kendall趋势检验及小波分析法分析年平均指数和各等级日数的变化特征。结果表明:19612017年岳阳舒适日数最多,冷不舒适日数次之,热不舒适日数最少;岳阳较舒适的月份是5月和10月,最热不舒适的月份是7月和8月,最冷不舒适的月份是1月;近57年来岳阳人体舒适度指数数值显著上升,主要原因是受到冷不舒适日数减少、舒适日数和热不舒适日数增多等因素共同影响;各月份不同级别日数发生了较大的变化,冷不舒适日数减少、舒适日数增多的变化在3月最明显,舒适日数减少、热不舒适日数增加的变化在7月最明显;岳阳春、秋、冬三季越来越暖,而夏季变得更热;岳阳人体舒适度各级别日数呈现出显著的周期变化,1991年冬季至1992年是岳阳人体舒适度发生突变的时间段;未来几年中岳阳冷不舒适日数将会比2017年的增加,热不舒适日数会先增加后减少,舒适日数将会减少。 相似文献
17.
利用1969—2018年气象观测资料对金华市年、季尺度的舒适度和冷/热日数进行分析。结果表明：金华市全年和各季节的平均有效温度均呈显著上升趋势,2000年前后稳定超过平均值且上升趋势增加;年均气候倾向率为0.67℃/10 a,各季节的上升趋势不同,其中冬季最大,夏季最小。暖冬或冷冬的概率呈先增后减再略增的N型变化趋势,热夏或凉夏的概率呈弱增加趋势。舒适期呈双峰型分布,主要集中在4—6月和9—10月,其中5月的舒适日数最多。舒适期的50 a平均初、终日分别为4月4日和11月8日,随时间推移,初日呈显著提前趋势（约5.7 d/10 a）,终日呈显著延后趋势（约4 d/10 a）,气候舒适率总体呈不显著的弱上升趋势。年舒适日数和热日数呈显著增加趋势,分别为5.08 d/10 a和2.31 d/10 a,冷日数呈显著下降趋势,达7.39 d/10 a。整体来看,金华市冬季气温较以往更为温暖,夏季更热,春季舒适时间明显增多,秋季的冷不舒适体感时间明显减少。 相似文献
18.
2011年深圳人体舒适度空间分布特征及影响因子分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用深圳多个区域自动气象站资料,采用考虑了气温、风速、相对湿度等要素的人体舒适度计算方案,计算了深圳地区的人体舒适度指数以及不同舒适等级天数,分析了城市地形地貌、路网密度和人口密度等因素对人体舒适度的影响。结果表明：深圳地区沿海比内陆舒适,全市全年舒适天数为7-9个月,夏季感觉热的天数约为2-3个月,冬季感觉冷的天数大部分地区为30 d左右。从不同地区人体舒适度指数的日变化特征来看,夏季比冬季更易受地理位置和下垫面等因素影响。地形地貌、海陆分布、城市规划等地理因素对人体舒适度均有一定影响,相关分析表明海拔高度、道路占地面积和人口密度与热-炎热日数呈对数关系。但在深圳的东部人口稀疏和道路占地较小地区也并非舒适宜人,也会出现较多炎热天气,这与该地区年平均风速相对微弱有直接关系。 相似文献
19.
利用四川省156个国家气象站1980~2020年逐日观测资料、2018~2020年逐时观测资料和3DCloudA总云量格点数据,计算逐日和逐时通用热气候指数（Universal Thermal Climate Index,UTCI）,以UTCI介于9~26℃为室外热环境舒适状态的判定标准,在统计分析各站点年均UTCI值、年均舒适日数、月均舒适日数及日均舒适小时数的基础上,研究了四川地区舒适度区划。结果表明:盆地大部分地区为夜间舒适和春秋舒适;阿坝州南部、甘孜州西部和凉山州北部为日间舒适和夏季舒适;攀西地区南部总体呈现全天和冬季舒适的特征;甘孜州北部、中部和阿坝州北部均表现为人体不舒适的特征。 相似文献
20.
Safar Marofi Mohammad Mehdi Sohrabi Kurosh Mohammadi Ali Akbar Sabziparvar Hamid Zare Abyaneh 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,103(3-4):401-412
In this study, in order to detect probable trends and effects of climatic extreme events of precipitation and temperature as well as maximum relative humidity, dew point temperature, sunshine hours, and wind speed, 12 stations on the northern and southern coastlines of Iran were investigated from 1977 to 2007. For this purpose, 27 indices of precipitation and temperature, which are specified by the Expert Team of the World Meteorological Organization and Climate Variability and Predictability, were calculated by using RClimDex software. The Mann?CKendall method was also used to detect possible trends in the data time series. The results indicate that temperature indices are absolutely consistent with warming. Warm nights, hot days, and hot day and night frequencies increased, while cold spell and cool day and night frequencies declined. The minimum temperature experienced a considerable rise both in its maximum and minimum values. The minimum temperature had a higher increase than the maximum temperature. Therefore, diurnal temperature ranges have experienced dramatic declines. In the northern coastal sites, hot day frequency and hottest day temperature showed higher magnitudes than those of the southern sites as a result of the significant increase in the maximum sunshine hours in northern stations. This enhancement led to a considerable increase in the maximum wind speed. Consequently, relative humidity declined in the northern sites. Precipitation indices indicate few significant trends over the studied period. Temporal precipitation distribution was different from station to station. Three precipitation patterns were detected at individual stations, although an overall regional rainfall pattern was not detectable. On the whole, the results of this study emphasize that the water resources in the studied area are going to become problematic. 相似文献