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1.
This work considers the well placement problem in reservoir management and field development optimization. In particular, it emphasizes embedding realistic and practical constraints into a mathematical optimization formulation. Such constraints are a prerequisite for the wider use of mathematical optimization techniques in well placement problems, since constraints are a way to incorporate reservoir engineering knowledge into the problem formulation. There are important design limitations that are used by the field development team when treating the well placement problem, and these limitations need to be articulated and eventually formalized within the problem before conducting the search for optimal well placements. In addition, these design limitations may be explicit or implicit. In this work, various design limitations pertaining to well locations have been developed in close collaboration with a field operator on the Norwegian Continental Shelf. Moreover, this work focuses on developing constraint-handling capability to enforce these various considerations during optimization. In particular, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied to optimize for the well locations, and various practical well placement constraints are incorporated into the PSO algorithm using two different constraint-handling techniques: a decoder procedure and the penalty method. The decoder procedure maps the feasible search space onto a cube and has the advantage of not requiring parameter tuning. The penalty method converts the constrained optimization problem into an unconstrained one by introducing an additional term, which is called a penalty function, to the objective function. In contrast to the penalty method, only feasible solutions are evaluated in the decoder method. Through numerical simulations, a comparison between the penalty method and the decoder technique is performed for two cases. We show that the decoder technique can easily be implemented for the well placement problem, and furthermore, that it performs better than the penalty method in most of the cases.  相似文献   

2.
为避免粒子群算法(PSO)早熟的缺点,设计了一种双种群进化粒子群算法(DE-PSO)。DE-PSO是基于PSO,引入选择、交叉及差分变异操作,并结合合理有效的粒子评价方法及越界处理方法之后形成的。将DE-PSO应用于两个地下水管理模型算例,第一个算例DE-PSO解的总抽水量分别比遗传算法(GA)、模拟退火算法(SA)和PSO减少了64、256、207 m3/d,第二个算例DE-PSO解的总治理成本分别比GA、SA和PSO减少了57.74、151.93、76.59万元。两个算例中DE-PSO都表现出稳定的进化趋势,寻优效率好于GA、SA和PSO,可以有效求解地下水管理模型问题。  相似文献   

3.
Determining the optimum type and location of new wells is an essential component in the efficient development of oil and gas fields. The optimization problem is, however, demanding due to the potentially high dimension of the search space and the computational requirements associated with function evaluations, which, in this case, entail full reservoir simulations. In this paper, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is applied for the determination of optimal well type and location. The PSO algorithm is a stochastic procedure that uses a population of solutions, called particles, which move in the search space. Particle positions are updated iteratively according to particle fitness (objective function value) and position relative to other particles. The general PSO procedure is first discussed, and then the particular variant implemented for well optimization is described. Four example cases are considered. These involve vertical, deviated, and dual-lateral wells and optimization over single and multiple reservoir realizations. For each case, both the PSO algorithm and the widely used genetic algorithm (GA) are applied to maximize net present value. Multiple runs of both algorithms are performed and the results are averaged in order to achieve meaningful comparisons. It is shown that, on average, PSO outperforms GA in all cases considered, though the relative advantages of PSO vary from case to case. Taken in total, these findings are very promising and demonstrate the applicability of PSO for this challenging problem.  相似文献   

4.
Determining optimal well placement and control is essential to maximizing production from an oil field. Most academic literature to date has treated optimal placement and control as two separate problems; well placement problems, in particular, are often solved assuming some fixed flow rate or bottom-hole pressure at injection and production wells. Optimal placement of wells, however, does depend on the control strategy being employed. Determining a truly optimal configuration of wells thus requires that the control parameters be allowed to vary as well. This presents a challenging optimization problem, since well location and control parameters have different properties from one another. In this paper, we address the placement and control optimization problem jointly using approaches that combine a global search strategy (particle swarm optimization, or PSO) with a local generalized pattern search (GPS) strategy. Using PSO promotes a full, semi-random exploration of the search space, while GPS allows us to locally optimize parameters in a systematic way. We focus primarily on two approaches combining these two algorithms. The first is to hybridize them into a single algorithm that acts on all variables simultaneously, while the second is to apply them sequentially to decoupled well placement and well control problems. We find that although the best method for a given problem is context-specific, decoupling the problem may provide benefits over a fully simultaneous approach.  相似文献   

5.
Subsidence has been affecting many cities around the world, such as Nagoya (Japan), Venice (Italy), San Joaquin Valley and Long Beach (California), and Houston (Texas). This phenomenon can be caused by natural processes and/or human activities, including but not limited to carbonate dissolution, extraction of material from mines, soil compaction, and fluid withdrawal. Surface deformation has been an ongoing problem in the Houston Metropolitan area because of the city’s location in a passive margin where faulting and subsidence are common. Most of the previous studies attributed the causes of the surface deformation to four major mechanisms: faulting, soil compaction, salt tectonics, and fluid withdrawal (groundwater withdrawal and hydrocarbon extraction). This work assessed the surface deformation in the greater Houston area and their possible relationship with fluid withdrawal. To achieve this goal, data from three complimentary remote sensing techniques Global Positioning System (GPS), Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), and Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar were used. GPS rates for the last 17 years show a change in surface deformation patterns. High rates of subsidence in the northwestern areas (up to ~4 cm/year) and signs of uplift in the southeast are observed (up to 2 mm\year). High rates of subsidence appear to be decreasing. Contrary to previous studies in which the location of subsidence appeared to be expanding toward the northwest, current results show that the area of subsidence is shrinking and migrating toward the northeast. Digital elevation model generated from airborne LiDAR, revealed changes between salt domes and their surrounding areas. The persistent scatterer interferometry was performed using twenty-five (25) European remote sensing-1/2 scenes. Rates of change in groundwater level and hydrocarbon production were calculated using data from 261 observation wells and 658 hydrocarbon wells. A water level decline of 4 m/year was found in area of highest subsidence, this area also show ~70 million m3/year of hydrocarbon extraction. This study found strong correlation between fluid withdrawals and subsidence. Therefore, both groundwater and hydrocarbon withdrawal in northwest Harris County are considered to be the major drivers of the surface deformation.  相似文献   

6.
结构面产状分析是进行岩体力学分析及稳定性评价的基础,玫瑰花图、等密度图等传统的图形分析方法较为粗糙,无法对产状数据进行准确分析,采用模糊聚类方法则可以得到较为准确的优势产状,但需要事先指定分组数及初始聚心,且模糊聚类算法为局部寻优算法,初始划分对最终的数据分析结果影响较大。为了得到较为客观的分组结果及优势产状,同时能够针对大量结构面产状数据进行聚类分析,提出了基于粒子群算法的岩体结构面产状模糊C均值聚类算法。采用粒子群算法进行模糊C均值聚类算法初始聚心的求解,在计算过程中可同时确定最佳分组数,避免了人为指定的主观性,克服了模糊C均值聚类算法易陷入局部极小值和对初始划分敏感的不足。最后,通过工程实例中不同方法的聚类效果对比分析该算法的有效性,并将该方法应用于实测结构面产状数据的分析,得到较为符合实际的优势结构面分组。  相似文献   

7.
闫滨  高真伟 《岩土力学》2006,27(Z2):548-552
将粒子群算法（PSO）引入大坝监测领域,提出一种基于粒子群神经网络（PSONN）的大坝监控预报模型。该模型充分发挥PSO的全局寻优能力和BP神经网络局部细致搜索优势,给BP神经网络提供了良好的初始权值。对逐一粒子群（SPSONN）、整体粒子群（WPSONN）、逐一BP（SBPNN）及整体BP（WBPNN）4种预报模型的对比分析表明：逐一预报模型（SPSONN和SBPNN）的预报精度明显高于对应的整体预报模型（WPSONN和WBPNN）的预报精度;与BP神经网络模型相比,PSONN模型不仅收敛速度明显加快,而且预报精度也有较大提高,尤其是SPSONN模型,其高精度和短历时性完全满足实时预报的需要,可以准确、有效地应用于大坝监测量的实时预报。  相似文献   

8.
There is no gainsaying that determining the optimal number, type, and location of hydrocarbon reservoir wells is a very important aspect of field development planning. The reason behind this fact is not farfetched—the objective of any field development exercise is to maximize the total hydrocarbon recovery, which for all intents and purposes, can be measured by an economic criterion such as the net present value of the reservoir during its estimated operational life-cycle. Since the cost of drilling and completion of wells can be significantly high (millions of dollars), there is need for some form of operational and economic justification of potential well configuration, so that the ultimate purpose of maximizing production and asset value is not defeated in the long run. The problem, however, is that well optimization problems are by no means trivial. Inherent drawbacks include the associated computational cost of evaluating the objective function, the high dimensionality of the search space, and the effects of a continuous range of geological uncertainty. In this paper, the differential evolution (DE) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms are applied to well placement problems. The results emanating from both algorithms are compared with results obtained by applying a third algorithm called hybrid particle swarm differential evolution (HPSDE)—a product of the hybridization of DE and PSO algorithms. Three cases involving the placement of vertical wells in 2-D and 3-D reservoir models are considered. In two of the three cases, a max-mean objective robust optimization was performed to address geological uncertainty arising from the mismatch between real physical reservoir and the reservoir model. We demonstrate that the performance of DE and PSO algorithms is dependent on the total number of function evaluations performed; importantly, we show that in all cases, HPSDE algorithm outperforms both DE and PSO algorithms. Based on the evidence of these findings, we hold the view that hybridized metaheuristic optimization algorithms (such as HPSDE) are applicable in this problem domain and could be potentially useful in other reservoir engineering problems.  相似文献   

9.
Geostatistical optimization in designing infill boreholes is an important cost-effective approach in increasing the accuracy of the tonnage and grade of an ore deposit. In this research, a new approach is proposed to design the optimum infill directional boreholes. In the proposed approach, the Kriging estimation variance is considered as the objective function and the number and properties of the optimum boreholes are estimated to minimize the objective function. The optimization procedure is implemented by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. Range of the spatial and directional properties of new boreholes is determined by considering the primary information of the mineralization and administrative constraint of drilling. Then, the PSO algorithm is iteratively applied, and in each iteration, the variation of the estimated Kriging variance after drilling the new boreholes is determined and properties of the new boreholes are updated. The iterative procedure of the algorithm is continued until minimum Kriging variance is satisfied. The approach was applied to the Dalli Cu-Au porphyry deposit in Iran and three new infill directional boreholes were designed by considering six earlier boreholes from the preliminary exploration stage. New optimum boreholes were located where less information from the preliminary exploration stage exists and the highest variance is considered. Two new boreholes are near to vertical (78°) and the third is an inclined with 55° dip. By drilling these three new boreholes, the estimated grade model could be upgraded by 20%. For simplicity, quickness and the ability to search for the required numbers and specifications of a group of directional boreholes in a 3D environment are the most advantages aspects of the proposed approach.  相似文献   

10.
岩溶地表塌陷是由多个影响因素共同作用导致地面形成塌陷坑（洞）的一种动力地质现象,具有隐蔽性和突发性的特点,常规简单数学模型难以对地表塌陷危险性准确预测。文章先通过主成分分析法（PCA）对选取的地下水位、地下水位波动幅度、给水度等11个影响因素提取5个主成分,对导致地表塌陷危险性的主成分进行全新的解释,同时引入粒子群算法（PSO）优化的支持向量机（SVM）方法,建立PCA-PSO-SVM岩溶地表塌陷危险性预测模型,并结合凡口铅锌矿地区工程实例,将预测结果与单一的SVM模型预测结果进行对比,表明PCA-PSO-SVM危险性预测模型精度更高,可以更好地为岩溶地表塌陷防治工作提供依据。   相似文献   

11.

In this study, a database developed from existing literature about permeability of cracked rock was established. The performance of Support Vector Machine (SVM) combined with optimisation algorithms: Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimisation Algorithm (PSO) in predicting the permeability of cracked rock masses (CRM) is evaluated. Also, the sensitivity analysis of the influence factors to the permeability of CRM is conducted. The results indicate that the hybrid GA–SVM and hybrid PSO–SVM models can accurately predict the permeability of CRM in terms of the statistical performance criteria: Coefficient of Determination R2, Regression Coefficient R and Mean Residual Error (MSE); Additionally, optimisation algorithms: PSO and GA can improve significantly the predictive performance of the SVM model. Based on the sensitivity analysis, crack angle is the most important factor to change the permeability of CRM, followed by confining pressure.

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12.
通过将地下介质划分为一定规模的网格单元,并构造一个与磁性体中心网格位置有关的指数函数模拟地下介质磁性分布特征,利用粒子群算法反演该函数参数,根据求得的函数表达式,推算各网格单元磁化强度,由此实现磁化强度的快速成像。理论模型试验显示:该方法不仅能将一个求解20×10网格规模的物性分布问题简化为求解指数函数的10个参数值的问题;而且,当在不同模型地质体磁异常中加入20%的随机噪声时,也能取得理想的效果,且需要调整的参数少,算法通用性强。利用该算法处理老挝爬立山铁矿区某磁测剖面,得到厚度近140 m的强磁性体;钻孔证实,实际钻遇矿体累积最大厚度达130.6 m,且矿体中心与成像中心相对应:由此证明该方法应用于实际资料处理与解释的可行性和有效性。  相似文献   

13.
为了建立高精度的边坡位移预测模型,文章采用基于粒子群优化(PSO)的双稀疏相关向量机(DSRVM)建立边坡稳定性和影响因素之间的非线性关系。双稀疏相关向量机是在变分和相关向量机(RVM)框架下提出的一种多核组合优化的方法,相比于RVM和其他多核学习方法,DSRVM不仅有更少的训练时间,并且能够得到更高的预测精度。由于DSRVM的核参数对预测效果的影响较大,文章采用粒子群算法实现多个核参数的优化选取并应用于边坡位移预测。最后将本文提出的基于粒子群优化的双稀疏相关向量机(PSO-DSRVM)预测结果与极限学习机(ELM)和小波神经网络(WNN)预测结果进行对比,通过均方根误差(RMSE)、复相关系数(R2)和平均相对预测误差(ARPE)进行评价,验证了PSO-DSRVM模型在边坡变形预测上的可行性。  相似文献   

14.
Source location is one of the most valuable features of the microseismic technique due to its ability to delineate the unstable areas. In this paper, the precise formulas of the station residual and event residual are derived for the L1 norm statistical standard and the L2 norm statistical standard based on the residual analysis. Then, the error space for microseismic source location is proposed and analyzed. Based on the above research, a nonlinear microseismic source location method using the Simplex method is developed. This new method can search the microseismic source directly in the error space through four deformations of the simplex figures, and it is able to make use of both P-wave and S-wave velocities. Finally, the performance of the Simplex microseismic source location method is tested and verified by laboratory experiments. Test results show that the Simplex microseismic source location method can improve the accuracy and stability of the source location greatly when P-wave and S-wave velocities are involved simultaneously and correctly. The results also demonstrate that the L1 norm statistical standard always provides more accurate and reliable solutions than the L2 norm statistical standard when there are some major but isolated errors in the input data. However, none of the optimization methods are able to function when the errors in the input data are systematic and extreme, which indicates that an early detection and correction of these errors is of primary importance for microseismic source location.  相似文献   

15.
The utility of a physiologically based extraction test for evaluating the bioaccessibility of metals from fly ash in the human gastrointestinal system was evaluated in the present research. Calcium-rich and silica-rich fly ashes collected from eight power plants in India and United States of America were assessed for bioaccessibility for arsenic, chromium, lead, selenium and zinc. The results from the physiologically based extraction test were compared with those from a sequential extraction procedure that is often applied to solid wastes. Based on the physiologically based extraction test results, more than 40 % of the arsenic was found to be bioaccessible for all the ashes while selenium was very accessible for the calcium-rich ashes. Lead was found to be insignificantly bioaccessible in calcium-rich as well as silica-rich fly ashes. The mobilization of metals in the first three steps of the sequential extraction procedure was similar to the mobilization in the physiologically based extraction test for selenium for all ashes and for arsenic and chromium for most ashes, but the sequential extraction procedure mobilized more zinc than did the physiologically based extraction test. These results indicate that while sequential extraction procedures can provide good estimates of the bioaccessibility of many elements, extraction tests that more closely simulate physiological conditions can provide more accurate measures of bioaccessible concentrations of metals.  相似文献   

16.
The solubility mechanism of fluorine in quenched SiO2-NaF and SiO2-AlF3 melts has been determined with Raman spectroscopy. In the fluorine abundance range of F/(F+Si) from 0.15 to 0.5, a portion of the fluorine is exchanged with bridging oxygen in the silicate network to form Si-F bonds. In individual SiO4-tetrahedra, one oxygen per silicon is replaced in this manner to form fluorine-bearing silicate complexes in the melt. The proportion of these complexes is nearly linearly correlated with bulk melt F/(F+Si) in the system SiO2-AlF3, but its abundance increases at a lower rate and nonlinearly with increasing F/(F+Si) in the system SiO2-NaF. The process results in the formation ofnonbridging oxygen (NBO), resulting in stabilization of Si2O 5 2? units as well as metal (Na+ or Al3+) fluoride complexes in the melts. Sodium fluoride complexes are significantly more stable than those of aluminum fluoride.  相似文献   

17.
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18.
Uranium mineralization in Madyalabodu area, Cuddapah district, Andhra Pradesh, is spatially related to chloritized and brecciated quartzite of the Gulcheru Formation in the immediate vicinity of E-W to ESE-WNW trending basic dyke. Chloritization transgresses the lithological boundaries. Whole-rock geochemical data indicate enrichment of MgO and Al2O3 coupled with depletion of SiO2, Na2O, K2O, CaO and TiO2 in the chlorite-rich zone. Fe2O3 and FeO do not vary significantly in the altered and the unaltered zones. Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA) data reveal that the chlorites in contact with uranium minerals are enriched in MgO and depleted in FeO than in the others. Considering the petrological evidence, geochemical signature and structural constraints, it appears that chlorite acted more as an adsorbent rather than as a reductant in facilitating uranium mineralization. Uraninite crystallized later from the uranium originally adsorbed on chlorites. Chloritization might also have facilitated mineralization through the generation of nascent hydrogen, H2S and lowering pH of uranium-bearing solution.  相似文献   

19.
In the present investigation, 37 numbers of high sulphur tertiary coal samples from Meghalaya, India have been studied on the basis of proximate and ash analysis. Various statistical tools like Bivariant Analysis, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Clustering Analysis (HCA), and also the geochemical indicators were applied to determine the dominant detrital or authigenic affinity of the ash forming elements in these coals. The genetic interpretation of coal as well as the coal ash has been carried out based on chemical compositions of high temperature ash (HTA) by using Detrital/Authigenic Index. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis was also carried out to study the mineralogy of the studied coal ashes. Both statistical tools and geochemical indicators have confirmed the detrital nature of these coals as well as the ash forming elements.  相似文献   

20.
As a basis for eventual control of the vicious anthropophilic and ornithophilic simuliid females of the Marquesas Islands, a taxonomic revision of Polynesian Simuliidae is in progress. Cytotaxonomic studies reveal two simuliid species in Rarotonga, Cook Islands; nine species in Tahiti, Society Islands, and two in the Marquesas Islands. A cytophylogeny is now available. Polynesian Simuliidae are unique in possessing heterogametic females. A reconstructed phylogeny, based mainly on morphological character states of larvae and pupae, agrees well with the cytophylogeny. One of the new species which is closely related to Simulium oviceps Edwards has larvae with highly reduced, non-functional cephalic fans. Ages of the Polynesian islands are discussed in relation to possible dispersal of Simuliidae into Polynesia.  相似文献   

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