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IntroductionThe wave propagation problems in saturated soil are very important for the civil engineering, geophysics and seismology. Biot (1956,1962) established the theory of wave propagation in saturated soil firstly, and hereafter many researchers have used Biot theory to study wave propagation problems in saturated soil. By using integral transform and potential function method, Philippacopoulos (1988) studied the Lamb(s problem of a vertical point force applied to the surface of saturate… 相似文献
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Three-dimensional coherent cube is an extremely effective new technique for interpreting seismic data. It has obvious advantages in many aspects compared with the conventional 3D data volume, such as recognizing faults and fractures, interpreting ancient channels, and edge detection of oil-gas reservoir. Coherent cube is to condense and extract information around a certain point in 3D data volume, and then highlight the original characteristics of the geologic body at this point. Therefore, in terms of its essence, coherent cube is a special seismic attribute cube and those points having rather small coherent value are related to the discontinuity of geologic body. In practical production, people often interpret horizontal slices or layer slices of coherent cube, and this provides advantageous foundations for resolving special problems in oil-gas exploration. 相似文献
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Correct estimation of the scour around vertical piles in the field exposed to oscillatory waves is very important for many offshore structures and coastal engineering projects. Conventional predictive formulas for the geometric properties of scour hole, however, are not able to provide sufficiently accurate results. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are simplified mathematical representation of the human brain. Three-layer normal feed-forward ANN is a powerful tool for input-output mapping and has been widely used in civil engineering problems. In this article the ANNs approach is used to predict the geometric properties of the scour around vertical pile. Two different ANNs including multilayer perceptron (with four different learning rules) and radial basis functions neural networks are used for this purpose. The results show that a three-layer normal feed-forward multilayer perceptron with quick propagation (QP) learning rule can predict the scour hole properties successfully. 相似文献
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Wenxue LI Jixiang LIU Zhanwei WAN 《国际泥沙研究》2007,22(2):103-113
Small runoff, large sediment load, and incompatible relationship of flow and sediment load are very important characteristics of the Yellow River. They are also the crux of the most prominent problems of the Yellow River. To solve these problems, the regimes of flow and sediment load have to be improved by increasing water, reducing sediment load, and by using reservoirs to regulate flow and sediment load. The results of experiments for regulating the flow and sediment load in the last three years by the Xiaolangdi Reservoir have indicated that this measure is a realistic and effective way to mitigate the prominent problems in flood control of the Lower Yellow River at present and in the near future. However, the regulation system is still imperfect. It is advisable to speed up the pace of research and construction of the system for regulating flow and sediment load. 相似文献
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Wilhelm BECHTELER Davood FARSHI Institute of Hydroscience Federal Armed Forces University Munich Neubiberg Germany 《国际泥沙研究》2001,16(2)
1 INTRODUCTIONFor many hydraulic engineering problems, the analysis of flow and bed level variations in openchannels is a fundamental prerequisite. forcal methOds fOr alluvial rivers are well develoPednowadays as far as onediInensional descriPtions are concemed. A cOmPrhensive analysis of Ihe wellknown models is Presented by Habersack(l998). HOwever, for a number of Problems such as channelwidening, flow pattem close to sPuds and etc. a more deailed knowledge of the bed level behavio… 相似文献
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JiangWenbo HeZhanxiang LiuHong 《应用地球物理》2003,6(1):22-26
Addressed in this article is a new approach to investigating the near-surface structures through the use of the electromagnetic sounding. The advantages of the electro-magnetic sounding method and the problems of the nearssurface investigation and their solutions are described. Actual examples from the southwestern Takelamagan, western Qaidam and northern Xinjiang are taken to demonstrate the results and the capability of this approach in solving the nearsurface problems. It is also pointed out that the new approach could become both the basis for designing seismic acquisition parameters and determining the seismic shot locations,as well as supplying near-surface velocity models for seismic data processing so as to improve the quality of seismic sections. 相似文献
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Since S-wave velocity of the subsurface is an important parameter in near surface applications,many studies have been conducted for its estimation.Among the various methods that use surface waves or body waves,Rayleigh wave inversion is the most popular.In practice,the densities and P-wave velocities of different layers are usually assumed to be known to avoid ill-posed problems,as they have less influence on the dispersion curves.However,improper assignment of these two groups of parameters leads to inaccurate estimation of the S-wave velocity profile.In order to address this problem,the all-parameters Rayleigh wave inversion strategy is proposed in which the S-wave velocities,layer thicknesses,densities and P-wave velocities of different layers are included as the unknown parameters for inversion.Meanwhile,the transitional Markov Chain Monte Carlo(TMCMC)algorithm is applied for the implementation of all-parameters Rayleigh wave inversion.One simulated example and two real-test applications are demonstrated to verify the capability of the proposed method in the estimation of the S-wave velocity profile,the densities and the P-wave velocities.Furthermore,it is verified that the proposed method achieved more accurate S-wave velocity profile estimation than the traditional approach. 相似文献
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The presence of roads, farm house foundations, wells and Liangzhu period cultural relics in the bottom of Lake Taihu attest to the fact that this shallow depression was probably dry between 4 and 5 thousand years ago. This interpretation is corroborated by the sudden disappearance of algal pigments at sediment depths carbon-14 dated at 4-5 thousand years before present.In winter, the stronger winds are predominantly from the northeast. These winds result in a powerful counterclockwise current that transports lake sediments and has altered the very shape of the lake over the last 300 years. Winds produce a complex mixing pattern in Lake Taihu with storm induced sediment deposition occurring near the lake''s center.During approximately 240 days of the year, the wind blows across Lake Taihu with sufficient force to mix it to its bottom. As a result, this polymictic lake rarely becomes anoxic and dissolved oxygen at the mud water interface is maintained at or above 4 mg·l-1. The consequences of this high dissolved oxygen are quite impressive as high organic loading to the lake would otherwise render its bottom waters anaerobic killing many of its natural inhabitants.Because suspended solids reduce (attenuate) light penetration, the major primary production takes place in the top metre of the lake (mean Secchi Transparency-0.25 m). Suspended clays are slow to settle and wind mixing keeps fine-grained suspended solids in suspension in all but the most quiet backwaters of the lake.In the recent past about 23 000 metric tonnes of phytoplankton were produced in Lake Taihu. This large production represents only about 5% of the total influx of organic material entering the lake. In summer and fall, cyanobacteria such as Microcystis spp. and Anabaena spp. dominate most of the lake. Recently, however, mixotrophic flagellates displaced cyanobacteria as the dominant algae in parts of Lake Taihu with high bacteria and high suspended solids (e.g. Wuli and Meiliang Bay). In the future, facultative heterotrophs may come to dominate an ever larger portion of the lake waterc column. 相似文献
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The siltation of reservoir causes many problems of management and environmental disturbances that are important to minimize. Solving these problems requires in particular a good knowledge of mud bank instabilities. In partnership with the Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique (LNH), a subsidiary of Electricite de France (E.D.F.), authors realize a study of soft soils sliding entailed by reservoir emptying. Using a geotechnical flat sliding mechanism, the theoretical formulation of the safety factor can be established when the sediment mass is submerged and emergent. The measurement campaign carried out makes it possible to obtain bathymetric and topographic surveys and a geotechnical characterization of the soil for the whole reservoir of Grangent dam, located on the Loire (France). The proposed model appears to agree satisfactorily with the instability of the zones emerged because of the emptying and with the stability of the profile after emptying. The use of this model within the framework of forecasts 相似文献
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Zhu Lingren Zhou Shiyong Yang Maling Hong Shizhong Gong Yuqing Wang Haitao 《中国地震研究》2000,14(4):338-347
At present,there are many methods of calculating seismic time-fractal.However,there isn’t aquantitative result about the precision of every method.So,in this Paper,we use the digitalimitation of theoretic model to solve precision estimate problems of calculating the precision ofone dimension distribution of theoretic models with Cantor multi-fractal set,we obtained someresults as follows:(1)There exists many problems such as rules,numbers of samples,basicpoint selection,the diffence resulted from different methods and so on.(2)The fixed-massmethod(MAS)and the minimal spanning tree method(MST)can give good structure charac-teristics with different q value,while the counting-boxes method can’t.And the error of thefixed-radius method(RAD)in the range of-q is too big.(3)There are scale problems of rulesfor multi-fractal,it is objective reflection for non-rule area.(4)MST has the boundary prob-lem,while MAS and RAD don’t.(5)With increasing sample number,the precision of allfractal-dimension values becomes 相似文献
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蓝藻的防控与治理是湖泊水环境、水生态管理的重要内容,实时获取蓝藻的空间分布信息对于降低蓝藻灾害风险具有重要意义.针对地面调查费时费力、卫星遥感监测粒度较粗且时效性不强等问题,本文提出了一种基于视频监控网络的湖泊蓝藻实时监测技术.基于环巢湖视频监控网络的33个功能摄像机,研究如何从视频图像中实时、准确提取蓝藻的分布信息.为克服不同摄像头的观测角度不一致、光照强度和背景条件不一致等诸多挑战,在视频图像蓝藻表征分析的基础上,通过多尺度深度网络进行图像粗粒度分类,区分蓝藻与浑浊、阴影水体;基于随机森林进行蓝藻精细化识别,克服蓝藻的强异质性.最后以渔政站沿岸水域的日均蓝藻覆盖率和月均蓝藻覆盖率为统计单位,开展了巢湖沿岸蓝藻的动态监测.研究成果可为科学制定蓝藻治理方案提供技术支撑. 相似文献
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随着工业和经济的发展,水体富营养化以及由此导致的蓝藻水华现象频发,严重影响水生态安全及健康。蓝藻水华形成过程包括休眠、复苏、生物量增加以及上浮聚集形成肉眼可见的水华4个阶段。蓝藻自身的生长机制是引发水华的重要原因,其中浮力调节机制是其重要的生存策略之一,在春季复苏、夏季大量增长及最终上浮至水体表面形成水华阶段均具有重要作用。了解蓝藻浮力调节机制及其在水华过程中的作用对于了解蓝藻生长特性及水华形成机理具有重要意义。气囊及细胞镇重物是常见的浮力调节机制。除此以外,新的研究发现光照条件下单细胞蓝藻产生的大量氧气泡可促使蓝藻上浮至水面形成水华。同时,野外蓝藻常以群体状态存在,群体内部形成的细胞间隙及光照条件下产生的大量氧气是促使蓝藻上浮至水体表面的另一重要原因。野外蓝藻群体在其内部形成微环境,其理化性质可随外界环境的改变发生快速变化,群体内外微环境相互作用,共同影响群体内部细胞间隙中溶氧浓度及浮力。了解蓝藻浮力调节机制及群体内部微环境理化性质对深入了解蓝藻的生长特性及从微观层面分析水华形成机理具有重要意义。本文综述了水华暴发过程中蓝藻的主要浮力调节机制,以期为从微观层面探明蓝藻水华暴发机理提供... 相似文献
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Glibert PM Azanza R Burford M Furuya K Abal E Al-Azri A Al-Yamani F Andersen P Anderson DM Beardall J Berg GM Brand L Bronk D Brookes J Burkholder JM Cembella A Cochlan WP Collier JL Collos Y Diaz R Doblin M Drennen T Dyhrman S Fukuyo Y Furnas M Galloway J Granéli E Ha DV Hallegraeff G Harrison J Harrison PJ Heil CA Heimann K Howarth R Jauzein C Kana AA Kana TM Kim H Kudela R Legrand C Mallin M Mulholland M Murray S O'Neil J Pitcher G Qi Y Rabalais N Raine R Seitzinger S Salomon PS Solomon C 《Marine pollution bulletin》2008,56(6):1049-1056
The proposed plan for enrichment of the Sulu Sea, Philippines, a region of rich marine biodiversity, with thousands of tonnes of urea in order to stimulate algal blooms and sequester carbon is flawed for multiple reasons. Urea is preferentially used as a nitrogen source by some cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates, many of which are neutrally or positively buoyant. Biological pumps to the deep sea are classically leaky, and the inefficient burial of new biomass makes the estimation of a net loss of carbon from the atmosphere questionable at best. The potential for growth of toxic dinoflagellates is also high, as many grow well on urea and some even increase their toxicity when grown on urea. Many toxic dinoflagellates form cysts which can settle to the sediment and germinate in subsequent years, forming new blooms even without further fertilization. If large-scale blooms do occur, it is likely that they will contribute to hypoxia in the bottom waters upon decomposition. Lastly, urea production requires fossil fuel usage, further limiting the potential for net carbon sequestration. The environmental and economic impacts are potentially great and need to be rigorously assessed. 相似文献
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随着全球气候变化和水体富营养化,在过去几十年中蓝藻水华改变了全球的淡水生态系统.蓝藻因独有的藻蓝蛋白而大多呈现蓝绿色,因此其水华也常称为蓝绿藻水华.然而随着蓝藻水华关注度的不断提升,尤其是监测和研究的不断深入,经常在水体中发现蓝藻水华出现黄化的现象.例如,太湖出现的黄色蓝藻水华,冬春季以长孢藻属(Dolichospermum)水华为主,夏秋季以微囊藻属(Microcystis)水华为主.即使外观看起来是蓝绿色的蓝藻水华,但仔细观察形成蓝藻水华的群体颗粒,也有部分呈现黄色,反之亦然.实际上,鉴于色素组成的差异性,也许水体中就没有两个颜色完全一致的蓝藻群体颗粒.目前对于黄色的蓝藻水华及其形成机理,国内外鲜有报道和研究.光照和氮限制被认为是最有可能的原因.在关注蓝藻水华黄化的同时,更应该关注和研究这些颜色变化给蓝藻水华及水环境所带来的风险和挑战,尤其是对水生态管理工作的启发和意义. 相似文献
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蓝藻水华频繁暴发是太湖面临的主要环境问题之一,蓝藻聚集上浮是表层水华形成的前提。为探究蓝藻垂向迁移与水华日变化之间的关系,阐明蓝藻垂向迁移的关键影响因素,基于2015-2020年地球静止海洋彩色成像仪(GOCI)数据,分析了太湖不同湖区蓝藻水华日变化过程,发现太湖蓝藻水华垂向迁移的日变化主要呈现上升、下降、先上升后下降三种类型,且不同湖区存在差异。统计分析和偏最小二乘法结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)结果表明,水环境因子对蓝藻垂向迁移过程影响较小,累积光辐射是驱动蓝藻垂向迁移的主要气象因子。气温升高有利于蓝藻持续维持上浮能力,前一天风速较大且当天风速较小会加速蓝藻上浮。相较于沿岸湖区,湖心区受累积光辐射、风速的影响更大,蓝藻水华日变化过程更剧烈。本研究水环境因子数据为逐月数据,为深入探究水环境因子对蓝藻垂向迁移的影响后续还需进行高频监测研究。本文结果有助于探明浅水湖泊蓝藻水华形成机制,为富营养化湖泊蓝藻水华预测预警及治理提供理论支撑。 相似文献
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水体富营养化引起的蓝藻水华问题,是我国湖泊面临的主要环境问题,亟需加强现状监测和变化研究;我国自主研发的环境(HJ)卫星空间分辨率高,重访周期短,可用于长时间序列蓝藻水华的动态监测.本文利用HJ卫星CCD数据,通过自动控制散点回归的方法进行相对辐射校正,再将归一化植被指数和像元生长算法相结合,提出了一种可业务化运行的蓝藻水华高精度提取算法.该算法的优点为:(1)水华提取时具有统一的阈值,解决了以往一景影像一个阈值,无法大规模批处理的难题;(2)通过对像元进行线性分解,精度可达到亚像元级别.利用该算法对太湖2009—2014年蓝藻水华进行监测,发现2013—2014年太湖蓝藻水华较以往暴发面积偏小.研究表明,该算法对蓝藻水华识别能力强,自动化程度和水华提取精度高,可作为业务化算法运行. 相似文献
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目前,在风场对蓝藻的影响研究方面,国内针对太湖、滇池、巢湖等浅水湖泊的研究较多,针对鄱阳湖的研究则多集中于蓝藻群落特征及其与营养盐之间的关系。近年来,作为长江流域重要的通江湖泊,处于轻度富营养化状态的鄱阳湖水体蓝藻水华在局部库湾和部分水域出现,风场如何影响鄱阳湖表层蓝藻密度是一个值得探讨的问题。2019-2021年,在鄱阳湖布设13~49个采样点,于平水期、丰水期和枯水期现场采集各个点位表层水样、藻类、风场和流场数据,分析风场对鄱阳湖丰水期表层蓝藻密度的影响。结果表明,2019-2021年鄱阳湖丰水期风速与表层蓝藻密度呈显著正相关性,风场对水体的充分混合及驱动水体形成的风生流是促进蓝藻生长的原因之一。在流速较高(>0.05 m/s)的区域,无论风速高于还是低于临界风速(3~4 m/s),鄱阳湖表层蓝藻密度的空间分布受流场的影响更大;在流速较低(<0.05 m/s)的区域,风速在临界风速以下时,鄱阳湖表层蓝藻密度的空间分布受风场影响更大。2019-2021年鄱阳湖丰水期蓝藻密度超过水华暴发的阈值,但在高风速高流速的共同作用下未能发生大范围的蓝藻水华,仅能在风速适宜(<3~4 m/s)、流速较低(<0.05 m/s)的内湾、尾闾区等区域发生小面积的蓝藻水华。鄱阳湖丰水期水体处于长江顶托的低流速且微风条件下时,发生大面积蓝藻水华的概率可能会明显上升。 相似文献
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寡-中营养型水体中,虽然营养盐水平偏低,但仍会偶发性出现较为严重的蓝藻水华现象,其具体机制仍有待深入探索研究.本研究以偶发水华水体方便水库为例,通过历史数据分析和调查研究,探讨了其水华蓝藻的优势类群,并分析了蓝藻水华形成的主要驱动因素.研究发现:方便水库优势的水华蓝藻为浮丝藻和长孢藻,这两种丝状蓝藻是发生偶发性蓝藻水华的潜在风险物种,其中浮丝藻的发生风险最高,风险时段为7-9月.方便水库多年来营养盐浓度呈现下降的趋势,其中总氮浓度的下降趋势快于总磷浓度,整体有利于蓝藻水华的防控,但是营养盐的波动,尤其是随着降雨导致的地表径流入库对水体总磷的脉冲式补充,降低了水体氮磷比,增加了水库偶发蓝藻水华的风险;在营养盐满足的条件下,水温、高锰酸盐指数和氧化还原电位是发生浮丝藻水华的主要驱动因素,氧化还原电位、水温和透明度是发生长孢藻水华的主要驱动因素.本研究结果有助于提升对偶发性蓝藻水华机制的认识和应急处置工作的精准性. 相似文献