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1.
Landslide risk assessment is often a difficult task due to the lack of temporal data on landslides and triggering events (frequency), run-out distance, landslide magnitude and vulnerability. The probability of occurrence of landslides is often very difficult to predict, as well as the expected magnitude of events, due to the limited data availability on past landslide activity. In this paper, a qualitative procedure for assessing the exposure of elements at risk is presented for an area of the Apulia region (Italy) where no temporal information on landslide occurrence is available. Given these limitations in data availability, it was not possible to produce a reliable landslide hazard map and, consequently, a risk map. The qualitative analysis was carried out using the spatial multi-criteria evaluation method in a global information system. A landslide susceptibility composite index map and four asset index maps (physical, social, economic and environmental) were generated separately through a hierarchical procedure of standardising and weighting. The four asset index maps were combined in order to obtain a qualitative weighted assets map, which, combined with the landslide susceptibility composite index map, has provided the final qualitative landslide exposure map. The resulting map represents the spatial distribution of the exposure level in the study area; this information could be used in a preliminary stage of regional planning. In order to demonstrate how such an exposure map could be used in a basic risk assessment, a quantification of the economic losses at municipal level was carried out, and the temporal probability of landslides was estimated, on the basis of the expert knowledge. Although the proposed methodology for the exposure assessment did not consider the landslide run-out and vulnerability quantification, the results obtained allow to rank the municipalities in terms of increasing exposure and risk level and, consequently, to identify the priorities for designing appropriate landslide risk mitigation plans. 相似文献
2.
Prioritization of disaster risk was carried out for a community in Toronto, Canada. Geographic information systems (GIS) were used for spatial analysis, including spatial overlays and clipping for extracting spatial and attribute information related to people’s vulnerability, critical infrastructure and landuse. In order to determine disaster risk, the overall community vulnerability was evaluated by combining social, economic, physical and environmental vulnerabilities. This paper uses the propane explosion incident as the case in point to demonstrate the methodology and procedure used to evaluate risk using GIS techniques. City of Toronto spatial data have been integrated with the study area to gather landuse information, identify risk zones based on the propane storage facility location and evaluate risks. Statistics Canada 2006 census data have been used for area demographics and people’s social and economic status. Vulnerability indicators were determined based on the GIS-derived spatial and attribute data for the hazard and evacuation zones followed by a quantitative spatial risk estimation and ranking. The methodology of this study, based on the risk evaluation and prioritization conducted, can be applied to future decision making in effective landuse planning and the development of risk management strategies. 相似文献
3.
This study presents the methodology and procedure for risk assessment of flood disasters in central Liaoning Province, which was supported by geographical information systems (GIS) and technology of natural disaster risk assessment. On the basis of the standard formulation of natural disaster risk and flood disaster risk index, of which weights were developed using combined weights of entropy, the relative membership degree functions of variable fuzzy set (VFS) theory were calculated using improved set pair analysis, while level values were calculated using VFSs, including hazard levels, exposure levels, vulnerability levels and restorability levels, and the flood risk level for each assessment unit was obtained using the natural disaster index method. Consequently, integrated flood risk map was carried out by GIS spatial analysis technique. The results show that the southwestern and central parts of the study area possess higher risk, while the northwestern and southeastern parts possess lower risk. The results got by the assessment model fits the area of historical flood data; this study offer new insights and possibility to carry out an efficient way for flood disaster prevention and mitigation. The study also provides scientific reference in flood risk management for local and national governmental agencies. 相似文献
4.
北京市怀柔区土壤重金属的分布特征、来源分析及风险评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在北京市怀柔区东南部农业区采集了977个表土样品,对其中Cr、V、Ni、As、Pb、Zn、Hg和Cd 8种重金属元素含量进行测试分析。通过地球化学成图清晰地呈现了这些元素的空间分布特征。利用数据统计分析,阐明了表土中这些重金属元素的含量分布特征,探讨了不同重金属的来源,并评估预测了其生态风险。研究结果表明Cr、V、Ni、As主要来源于成土母质;而Pb、Zn、Hg受交通和大气沉降等人类活动的影响较大;Cd则主要受到周边工厂以及农业施肥的影响。利用Hakanson法预测8种重金属的生态风险,除Cd外其他7种元素潜在生态风险均较低。本研究对怀柔区农业土壤的污染风险评价及土地利用规划具有一定的借鉴作用。 相似文献
5.
An earthquake is a natural phenomenon which is very frequent in Himalayan region in India. In southern peninsula India, the spatial occurrence of earthquake is irregular, whereas the northeastern, the north and the northwestern Himalayan parts of India are subjected to regular occurrences of earthquakes as they mark the boundary of the Eurasian and the Indian Plate. Hence, it is important to study and develop spatial model and information tool to understand the seismic phenomenon. The geoinformatic technique plays a significant role in the analysis of geodatabase to study the natural disaster and hazard assessment. The main aim of the present study is to develop geospatial model based on earthquake hazard assessment tool (EaHaAsTo) through integrated geological and geoinformatic techniques to better understand the earthquake occurrences zones. The spatial and non-spatial data were collected and integrated in a GIS to prepare geospatial databases. The thematic and quantitative databases were generated, and analysis was carried out to understand the seismic characteristics of the study area. The geospatial model was developed by integrating thematic databases and geospatial analyzed using weighted linear combination method. Finally, the GIS based on customized EaHaAsTo was developed to visualize the output of the model in qualitative and quantitative forms. 相似文献
6.
Mitrovica, northern Kosovo, is the site of some of the highest Pb concentrations reported in human populations; exemplified by Pb concentrations in scalp hair of up to 130 μg g−1 and widely-publicized of Pb-related ill-health and mortality amongst internally displaced populations. High human Pb burdens are accompanied by elevated concentrations of potentially harmful elements (PHEs) in soils and house dust within the city, which has a long history of mining and metallurgy. In this study enrichment-levels for PHEs in soils are quantified and compared to environmental quality guidelines and a statistically-derived estimation of background concentration. In addition, Pb isotopes (207Pb/206Pb, 208Pb/206Pb) are used to characterise the isotopic signatures of potential point sources of Pb and a mixing model employed to quantify the contribution of sources to Pb present in soils, house dust, and the scalp hair of children and young people. Pb isotopic evidence suggests that Pb in surface soils and house-dust is predominantly sourced from historical deposition of Pb-containing aerosols from metal smelting, with lower contributions from wind-blown dispersal of metalliferous waste. Pb present in scalp hair is interpreted as the result of non-occupational exposure and the ingestion and/or inhalation of Pb-enriched surface soil and house dust. This study represents one of the very few instances where this type of geochemical tracing technique has been successfully applied to definitively identify the source of Pb present within biological samples. The results of this study are of particular relevance to environmental management and highlight the human health risk posed by the legacy of now inactive mining and metallurgy in addition to the challenge posed in mitigating the risk posed by diffuse soil pollution. 相似文献
7.
Integrated risk zoning of drought and waterlogging disasters based on fuzzy comprehensive evaluation in Anhui Province,China 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
Zhongyi Sun Jiquan Zhang Qi Zhang Yue Hu Denghua Yan Chunyi Wang 《Natural Hazards》2014,71(3):1639-1657
This study presents a methodology for risk analysis, assessment, combination, and regionalization of integrated drought and waterlogging disasters in Anhui Province, which is supported by geographical information systems (GIS) and technique of natural disaster risk assessment from the viewpoints of climatology, geography, disaster science, environmental science, and so on. Along with the global warming, the occurrences of water-related disasters become more frequent and serious. It is necessary to determine the mode of spatial distribution of water-related disaster risk. Based on the principle of natural disaster risk, natural conditions, and socioeconomic situation, drought and waterlogging disaster risk index, which combined hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and restorability, was developed by using combined weights, entropy, and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. Drought and waterlogging disaster risk zoning map was made out by using GIS spatial analysis technique and gridding GIS technique. It was used for comparing the relative risk of economic and life losses in different grids of Anhui Province. It can also be used to compare the situation of different levels of drought and waterlogging disaster combination risk in a similar place. The result shows that the northwestern and central parts of Anhui Province possess higher risk, while the southwestern and northeastern parts possess lower risk. The information obtained from statistical offices and remote sensing data in relation to results compiled were statistically evaluated. The results obtained from this study are specifically intended to support local and national governmental agencies on water-related disaster management. 相似文献
8.
Xiaojing Liu Jiquan Zhang Donglai Ma Yulong Bao Zhijun Tong Xingpeng Liu 《Natural Hazards》2013,65(3):1393-1409
The traditional studies on drought disaster risk were based on the ground point data, which were unable to realize the continuity of space and the timeliness. It is shown that the monitoring and evaluation precision on drought were reduced significantly. However, remote sensing data in adequate spatial and temporal resolution can overcome these limitations. It can better monitor the crop in large area dynamically. This study presents a methodology for dynamic risk analysis and assessment of drought disaster to maize production in the northwest of Liaoning Province based on remote sensing data and GIS from the viewpoints of climatology, geography and disaster science. The model of dynamic risk assessment of drought disaster was established based on risk formation theory of natural disaster, and the expression of risk by integrating data came from sky, ground and space. The risk indexes were divided into four classes by data mining method, and the grade maps of drought disaster risk were drawn by GIS. It is shown that the spatial and temporal risk distributions of maize at each growth stage changed over time. The model has been verified against reduction in maize yield caused by drought. It demonstrated the reasonability, feasibility and reliability of the model and the methodology. The dynamic risk assessment of regional drought disaster for maize can be used as a tool, which can timely monitor the status (the possibility and extent of drought) and trends of regional drought disaster. The results obtained in this study can provide the latest information of regional drought disaster and the decision-making basis of disaster prevention and mitigation for government management and farmers. 相似文献
9.
沈阳市土壤铅的空间分布及风险评价研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
经测定,沈阳市土壤铅含量范围为22～2910.600mg/kg,平均值是270.297mg/kg。铅污染比较严重且空间变化大,局地污染非常严重。利用地统计方法研究了沈阳市土壤铅的空间结构和分布特征。结果显示,沈阳市土壤铅具有较好的空间结构性,利用半方差函数的结果进行克里格插值得到土壤铅含量的分布图。沈阳市有6个土壤铅污染中心,其中以铁西区和太原街的污染比较突出。工业排放、汽车尾气和污灌是沈阳市铅污染的三大污染源。风险评价结果表明,铁西区属于极高风险区,儿童铅中毒的潜在风险非常大。 相似文献
10.
Jiachun Shi Haizhen Wang Jianming Xu Jianjun Wu Xingmei Liu Haiping Zhu Chunlan Yu 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(1):1-10
Six hundred and sixty-five soil samples were taken from Changxing County in Zhejiang Province, China, to characterize the
spatial variability of Hg Cd, Pb, Cu, As and Cr. The geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were
applied, and the ordinary kriging and lognormal kriging were used to map the spatial patterns of the six heavy metals. Hg,
Pb, Cu and As were fitted to the spherical model with a range of 85.75, 82.32, 86.10, and 23.17 km, respectively. Cr was fitted
to the exponential model with a range of 6.27 km, and Cd was fitted to the linear model with a range of 37.66 km. Both Pb
and Cu had strong spatial dependence due to the effects of natural factors including parent material, topography and soil
type. Hg, Cd, Cr and As had, however, moderate spatial dependence, indicating an involvement of human factors. Meanwhile,
based on the comparison between the original data and the guide values of the six metals, the disjunctive kriging technique
was used to quantify their pollution risks. The results showed that only Cd and Hg exhibited pollution risks in the study
area. The pollution source evaluated was closely corresponded with the real discharge of industrial production and the application
of organomercury pesticides. The results of this study provide insight into risk assessment of environmental pollution and
decision making for agricultural production and industrial adjustment of building materials. 相似文献
11.
12.
Roberto Wagner Lourenço Paulo M. Barbosa Landim André Henrique Rosa José Arnaldo F. Roveda Antonio César Germano Martins Leonardo Fernandes Fraceto 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(3):495-504
Spatial analysis and fuzzy classification techniques were used to estimate the spatial distributions of heavy metals in soil.
The work was applied to soils in a coastal region that is characterized by intense urban occupation and large numbers of different
industries. Concentrations of heavy metals were determined using geostatistical techniques and classes of risk were defined
using fuzzy classification. The resulting prediction mappings identify the locations of high concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ni,
and Cu in topsoils of the study area. The maps show that areas of high pollution of Ni and Cu are located at the northeast,
where there is a predominance of industrial and agricultural activities; Pb and Zn also occur in high concentrations in the
northeast, but the maps also show significant concentrations of Pb and Zn in other areas, mainly in the central and southeastern
parts, where there are urban leisure activities and trade centers. Maps were also prepared showing levels of pollution risk.
These maps show that (1) Cu presents a large pollution risk in the north–northwest, midwest, and southeast sectors, (2) Pb
represents a moderate risk in most areas, (3) Zn generally exhibits low risk, and (4) Ni represents either low risk or no
risk in the studied area. This study shows that combining geostatistics with fuzzy theory can provide results that offer insight
into risk assessment for environmental pollution. 相似文献
13.
Spatial analysis and hazard assessment of mercury in soil around the coal-fired power plant: a case study from the city of Baoji, China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Based on systematic sampling of soil around the coal-fired power plant (CFPP), the content of Hg was determined, using atomic
fluorescence spectrometry. The result shows that the content of Hg in soil is different horizontally and vertically, ranges
from 0.137 to 2.105 mg/kg (the average value is 0.606 mg/kg) and is more than the average content of Hg in Shaanxi, Chinese
and world soil. In this study, spatial distribution and hazard assessment of mercury in soils around a CFPP were investigated
using statistics, geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) techniques. Ordinary kriging was carried out to map
the spatial patterns of mercury and disjunctive kriging was used to quantify the probability of the Hg concentration higher
than the threshold. The maps show that the spatial variability of the Hg concentration in soils was apparent. These results
of this study could provide valuable information for risk assessment of environmental Hg pollution and decision support.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
14.
小秦岭金矿带农田土壤重金属的时空变异趋势及其意义 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
研究农田土壤重金属累积的时空变异特征及定量化预测变异趋势,是探讨土壤重金属地球化学累积效应及预警方法的关键。收集整理小秦岭金矿区以往调研资料和陆续的动态监测数据,对比分析了近28年来研究区农田土壤重金属特征污染物Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu的时空变异特征和扩散速率,并利用年均增长量和总变化率2个参数,定量计算了研究区土壤Hg、Pb、Cd、Cu的累积速率,探讨其环境意义。分析表明,1985年至今研究区农田土壤重金属Hg、Pb、Cd含量平均值持续增长,Cu有所波动,但总体也呈增长趋势。在区域分布上,Hg、Pb、Cd基本以双桥河流域为浓集中心,随着时间的推移,污染范围均逐渐扩大,且向下游有加重的趋势,Cu和Pb的污染范围虽然也在扩大,但极重污染区正在减小甚至消失。 相似文献
15.
16.
通过野外调查，在收集统计大量基础地质、经济地质、环境地质、旅游地质、农(林)业地质等数据信息的基础上，在GIS技术指导下，采用定量定性相结合的半定量分析评价方法，对森林浅覆盖区生态地质现状及各类资源的开发利用潜力进行了综合评价。在研究和探讨森林浅覆盖区生态地质综合评价方法的基础上，提出了森林浅覆盖区生态地质评价模型，确定了综合参数，划分了生态地质类型。 相似文献
17.
土壤重金属地球化学特征及环境评价——以张北县二台镇为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
张家口北部坝上草原地区属于典型的半干旱草原牧区,近年来受到人为活动影响,土地荒漠化加剧,草原生态系统受损严重。本研究依据张北县二台镇土地利用现状边界布设了136个土壤采样点,测定了土壤21个指标。运用主成分分析法与GIS空间插值(IDW)方法来分析土壤中重金属元素的空间迁移富集与分异机理,并采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法对表层土壤9种重金属元素(Cd、Hg、Mn、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni和As)污染程度、生态风险进行评价。结果显示:研究区9种重金属元素土壤环境质量单指标等级评价以一等、低风险土壤为主。根据因子分析和主成分分析,Hg、Pb受人类活动及成土母质控制,其余7种元素均受成土母质的控制。地累积指数结果显示, 9种重金属元素除Hg以外地累积指数均小于0,总体为无污染等级,Hg为中污染等级。潜在生态危害指数结果显示Hg和Cd为潜在危害元素,其中Hg整体达到很强生态危害程度,Cd达到中等生态危害程度,其他元素为轻微生态危害程度。重金属综合生态危害指数(RI)表明在研究区七间窑村—哈拉勿素村以西地区为中等生态危害风险区,其余地区为轻微生态危害风险区。 相似文献
18.
AhmedA.Melegy T.Paces 《中国地球化学学报》2004,23(2):155-162
Heavy metals in different environmental compartments can be hazardous to ecosystems. Budgets of Cd, Pb and Zn in small ecosystems of the Shubra E1-Kheima area in Egypt are presented. The budgets are not in steady state because they change with time. So the concentrations of the metals are a function of time. The critical loads of heavy metals to soils can be calculated from an inventory of inputs and outputs of the trace components in the catchment area.Critical time is an important parameter for critical load evaluation because it can indicate which of the heavy metals may be the most acute threat to the soils. Egyptian soil in the Shubra ElKheima area seems to be in danger of heavy metal pollution by Zn, Cd and Pb. The calculated critical loads and their exceedances are approximate indicators of the hazards in the soil system.The critical time is a warning signal to initiate an environmental evaluation of possible pollution hazards. 相似文献
19.