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动床阻力在冲积河道洪水演进与河床冲淤计算中具有十分重要的作用。黄河下游不同水沙条件下的床面形态变化较大,动床阻力变化规律十分复杂,因此需要研究动床阻力的计算方法。利用黄河下游花园口、高村、利津等7个水文站1958—1990年的686组实测数据,确定了影响动床阻力变化的关键水沙因子——水流弗劳德数（Fr）与相对水深（h/D50）,前者表示水流强度,后者表示床面相对粗糙度;建立了基于水流能态分区的动床阻力计算公式,并采用这些实测数据率定了公式中的相关参数;利用黄河下游各水文站1991—2016年的2 288组实测资料,进一步验证了公式的计算精度。计算结果表明:动床阻力的大小随弗劳德数或相对水深的增加而减小;基于水流能态分区动床阻力公式的计算精度明显高于未分区的公式及其他4个动床阻力公式,且决定系数（R2）总体接近0.80,说明水流强度与床面相对粗糙度对动床阻力影响十分显著。 相似文献
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在明渠中开展不同水流条件下低强度均匀沙平衡输沙试验,基于灰度相减方法分析整个床面推移质运动特征,以探寻紊流结构与推移质运动之间的作用机理。结果表明:①受水槽横向方向水流强度分布特征影响,推移质运动概率从水槽中线到两侧壁逐渐变小,且基本呈对称分布;②在紊流相干结构作用下,推移质床面在紊流低速条带区形成凸槽,高速条带区形成凹槽,推移质运动概率沿水槽横向方向存在高低相间的带状分区;③随摩阻雷诺数增大,相邻两推移质运动高概率区域的间距值变化范围为0.13~0.24倍水槽宽度,其值随摩阻雷诺数增大而增大;④不同水流条件下,推移质运动高概率区域间距值约为水深的2倍,这与流向涡模型吻合,表明流向涡是诱导床面出现凹凸相间形态的重要因素。 相似文献
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为解析波流边界层内泥沙运动,建立了基于水动力-泥沙-床面互馈过程的波流边界层1DV泥沙数学模型,可用于模拟不同床面形态下粉沙-沙的含沙量过程。床面形态模块提供床面形态类型和相应参数;给出了平底和沙波床面粗糙高度和泥沙扩散系数的确定方法;采用了适宜粉沙及沙的制约沉速、底部参考浓度和起动剪切应力等公式;引入含沙量层化效应和制约沉降反映水动力与泥沙之间的相互影响。水槽试验资料验证表明,建立的模型较好地模拟了不同床面不同波流组合条件下的含沙量剖面。在此基础上,讨论了不同床面含沙量剖面模拟方法的差异,指出床面形态是决定含沙量变化的重要因素之一,仅通过改变床面粗糙高度不足以反映漩涡沙波床面的含沙量剖面特征。该模型可为研究波流边界层内泥沙运动和物质输运提供工具。 相似文献
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植物的存在改变了河流水动力特性,造成独特的床面冲淤态势。利用实验室水槽模拟含淹没植物的河道,对床面形态和紊流统计特性参数进行测量,研究不同类型紊流作用下的床面冲淤特征以及床面起伏对流动的影响。结果表明:床面剪切紊流条件下,床面形态为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊与沙波复合分布,床面变形加剧了流速沿水深不均匀分布并促进水流动量交换;在自由剪切混合层紊流条件下,床面形态为植物根部马蹄形冲坑及其后方沙沟、沙脊交错分布,床面变形对流动的影响并不显著;“类二重紊流”条件下,床面形态同样表现为马蹄坑-沙沟/沙脊-沙波复合,床面变形促进植物层内部的水流动量交换、抑制紊动清扫,抑制植物层外部的动量交换、促进紊动喷射。 相似文献
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小浪底水库运用后，黄河下游河床冲刷粗化严重、水流阻力变化十分明显。为定量描述小浪底水库运用对水流阻力的影响，基于黄河下游水文站流速、河宽、床沙粒径、曼宁系数等实测数据分析，结合床面形态控制数理论及实测床面形态资料，建立了包含床面形态因子的动床阻力计算公式，计算精度得到了黄河下游水文站1 508组实测数据的验证。分析计算表明：黄河下游床沙粒径上段粗、下段细的特征更加突出，高村以上游荡型河段沙垄发育、动床阻力增加明显；高村以下河段，河床冲刷粗化程度明显减少，动床阻力变化相对较小，但河槽断面趋于窄深，洪水期岸壁阻力增大明显。小浪底水库运用促进了黄河下游床面形态的发育，增大了各河段的水流阻力。 相似文献
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泥-水界面物质交换过程对自然水体中污染物的迁移转化起重要作用,粗糙底床界面物质交换过程涉及到床面粗糙度和底床渗透率的影响。通过实验室环形水槽实验测量得到水力粗糙砂质底床条件下界面物质交换通量的定量数据和变化特征,采用参数化方法分析有效扩散系数与其主要影响参数之间的依赖关系。实验结果表明,在实验参数变化范围内,受上覆水平均流速、床面粗糙度和底床渗透率的共同作用,有效扩散系数从水力光滑区、过渡粗糙区至完全粗糙区呈现较为明显的分段变化特征,采用渗透率雷诺数可将有效扩散系数与其主要影响参数的依赖关系进行较为一致的描述。基于双参数(粗糙雷诺数和渗透率雷诺数)分析,确定了不同流动区域的相应阈值以合理表征床面粗糙度和底床渗透率对界面物质交换特性的综合影响。 相似文献
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泥-水界面物质交换过程对自然水体中污染物的迁移转化起重要作用,粗糙底床界面物质交换过程涉及到床面粗糙度和底床渗透率的影响。通过实验室环形水槽实验测量得到水力粗糙砂质底床条件下界面物质交换通量的定量数据和变化特征,采用参数化方法分析有效扩散系数与其主要影响参数之间的依赖关系。实验结果表明,在实验参数变化范围内,受上覆水平均流速、床面粗糙度和底床渗透率的共同作用,有效扩散系数从水力光滑区、过渡粗糙区至完全粗糙区呈现较为明显的分段变化特征,采用渗透率雷诺数可将有效扩散系数与其主要影响参数的依赖关系进行较为一致的描述。基于双参数(粗糙雷诺数和渗透率雷诺数)分析,确定了不同流动区域的相应阈值以合理表征床面粗糙度和底床渗透率对界面物质交换特性的综合影响。 相似文献
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利用室内概化模型试验,研究了"藕节"辫状河的发育和演变过程。从初始顺直小河开始,以黄河花园口水文站枯水期和洪水期流量为背景,概化试验入口水沙条件,成功塑造了具有典型藕节的辫状小河。模型小河的试验发现:① 原顺直河道交错边滩的发育对辫状河道"藕节"的形成起到关键作用;② 结合自然河流和试验小河,"藕节"河段形态特征系数I与河道稳定性参数θ呈较好的非线性关联性,说明辫状河道除了沙粒阻力和床面形态阻力,也可以采取断面形态一收一放的"河势形态阻力"方式消耗,制衡部分水流能量;③ 流量过程是控制河段形态特征的决定因素之一,大洪水不仅破坏了原交错边滩的特点,也使"藕节"形态遭到破坏;但在中小流量下,河段保持了较好的"藕节"驻点、"藕身"收放的特点。本研究对黄河下游收放相间的"藕节"河段防洪起到借鉴作用。 相似文献
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为揭示散粒粗糙床面的当量糙率尺度特征,采用4种散粒粗糙床面开展了8组粒子图像测速法(PIV)水槽明渠紊流试验,探讨了理论床面位置、当量糙率尺度和阻力系数的沿程分布规律,分析了当量糙率尺度与阻力系数的内在关系。结果表明:(1)散粒粗糙床面明渠水流特性沿程可分为颗粒区和粒间区,各区的理论床面位置参数ξ、相对当量糙率尺度ks0和阻力系数f具有显著差异,颗粒区0. 65≤ξ≤0. 85,ks0波动明显,f较大;粒间区ξ=1,ks0变化相对平缓,f较小。(2) ks0沿程平均值与颗粒直径d成正比,与排列间距Lx及水流雷诺数Re成反比,在d、Lx及Re相同时,梅花形排列的ks0大于矩形排列。(3) f随ks0呈递增变化,变化特性与相对光滑度h/d密切相关。研究成果可为散粒粗糙床面沿程阻力系数确定提供科学参考。 相似文献
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以往对沙波的研究多针对河流中下游、河口海岸段的细沙(粒径D<1 mm),而长江上游等卵砾石输移河段(D>2 mm)是否会出现沙波以及卵砾石沙波的临界条件,尚需开展进一步研究。通过长江上游九堆子、筲箕背等卵石滩的现场踏勘,观察到明显的天然沙波形态。采用中值粒径D50=1.8 mm和5.3 mm的天然沙和D50=4.8 mm的轻质沙进行水槽试验,成功模拟出砾石沙波。根据恒定均匀流条件下,产生沙波的比降、水位、流量等水流条件及试验沙的粒径、比重,提出卵砾石沙波的临界条件公式。结果表明,卵砾石沙波的临界条件可以用量纲起动功率w* 、R／D及比降S表达,并据此提出判别系数GDcr。当研究河段的卵砾石输移带上的水流条件满足判别系数GDcr,则可以判断能够产生沙波现象。 相似文献
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Bed forms were studied in Goodwin Creek and a laboratory flume channel. The bed sediment of the field site and flume had median diameters of 8·3 (modes of 0·4, 22·6 mm) and 1·82 mm (modes of 0·5, 5·6 mm), respectively. The laboratory and field channels had similar values of bimodal parameters, ratios of flow depth to median bed material diameter, and ratios of shear stress to critical shear stress and were judged to be comparable in the transport of bed load sediment and the resulting bed forms. Three groupings of bed forms from the laboratory flume experiments (ripple-like bed forms, bed load sheets, low-relief bed waves) were identified using the height and period of the bed forms. For the range of flow depths and discharges investigated in the flume, bed forms became higher and longer with increasing bed shear stress. Bed forms from Goodwin Creek were similar to those from the flume with comparable ratios between bed form length, height, and flow depth. The bed forms in the flume provide a positive link between rate and size fluctuations measured in the field and the bed forms. The smaller bed forms identified were sediment starved and are not considered to be dunes, while the largest bed forms in which all of the bed material sizes were mobilized in the field and laboratory were judged to be dunes. 相似文献
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为研究南黄海北部泥质区元素地球化学特征对于地层划分与物质来源的指示意义,对南黄海北部DLC70-3孔(孔深71.20 m)沉积物作了元素地球化学分析和物源判别。根据元素含量及比值的变化,可将DLC70-3孔岩心划分为5层,它们分别反映了末次间冰期(暖期)晚期以来黄海海面波动以及沉积物物源的变化。运用判别函数、MgO/Na2O与CIA的散点图等方法分析了DLC70-3孔沉积物的物质来源,结果显示该孔沉积物主要来源于黄河,长江物质对该孔中上部及下部沉积物有较明显影响。DLC70-3孔物源指数反映0~4.50 m和27.80~38.80 m沉积物以黄河源为主,4.50~27.80 m、38.80~55.00 m和55.00~71.20 m沉积物以长江源为主;可见黄河从晚更新世中期到现代对南黄海北部沉积起着重要作用,而长江物质在晚更新世早期开始对南黄海北部沉积就有明显影响。 相似文献
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为全面描述黄河口尾闾段的河床形态调整及过流能力变化,采用河段平均的计算方法,确定了尾闾段(利津—西河口)1990—2016年汛后断面及河段尺度的平滩特征参数,分析河段平滩河槽形态调整特点、河段平滩流量变化过程及其与累积河床冲淤量的关系。结果表明:近30年来黄河尾闾段的河床形态调整过程较为复杂,河相系数在1990—2003年呈振荡式升高,2003年以后持续减小,说明断面形态朝窄深方向发展;平滩流量变化与河段冲淤过程密切相关,淤积时平滩流量减小,反之则增大;建立这些河段平滩特征参数与利津站前4年汛期平均水流冲刷强度的幂函数关系,且相关系数均大于0.8,说明黄河口尾闾段河床形态调整及过流能力变化能较好地响应利津站水沙条件的改变。 相似文献
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结合物理栖息地模拟模型的水力学与栖息地模型,以黄河干流兰州-石嘴山河段为研究样区及该河段的关键鱼种黄河鲤鱼为对象物种,以流速及水深二水力学因子进行研究,推求该研究样区兰州、安宁渡、下河沿、青铜峡和石嘴山五断面对象物种的流量与权重可使用面积的关系。通过对上述各断面1975-1985年汛前共11年生态、水文及断面资料的分析计算,归纳出研究断面汛前适合的生态流量分别为195、220、220、220、175 m3/s,计算结果在Tennant法界定的生态流量范围之内。 相似文献
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黄河下游河段河床淤积严重,目前面临的主要问题是: 1)20世纪90年代以来,由于水沙矛盾加剧,河道萎缩,主槽过洪能力锐减,平滩流量在一些河段已由80年代的5000m3·s-1降至目前的3000m3·s-1;2)由于水沙变化,20世纪70年代开始在局部河段出现的“二级悬河”,现已逐渐在上游的河南段和下游的山东段发展到210km多.研究表明,黄河下游的淤积是自然地质过程,应亟待开展黄河下游河道远景学研究. 相似文献
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The UlanBuh Desert reach belongs to the upper reaches of the Yellow River located in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (China), which has developed a sandy bed. This reach that flows across aeolian dunes field of the UlanBuh Desert has caused large lateral infusion of aeolian sands into riverbed, an abrupt addition of the bedload and a sharp channel widening, forming a typical braided channel. In addition to traditional driving factors such as discharge, suspended sediments and slope, here we also focus on the lateral infusion of aeolian sands into the Yellow River, which may have a significant impact on channel form. To further recognize the desert braided channel change, here based on a long-time series of field dataset from 1966 to 2013, results show that lateral infusion of aeolian sand is the same as discharge as a significant factor to channel form, which is mainly controlled by aeolian activity and discharge conditions. Before the early-1990s, higher discharge and greater intensity of aeolian activity caused a frequent lateral movement and large lateral inputs of aeolian sands into river; this reach showed an unsteady and wider braided channel with a higher braiding intensity. From the early-1990s to 2013, a reduced discharge that caused a decreasing lateral movement, coupled with the decreasing aeolian activity, have resulted in the main flow of the Yellow River far away from sand dunes, which led to a reduction in lateral inputs of aeolian sands. Thus, the braided channel of the UlanBuh Desert reach presented a shrinkage state, gradually changing from a wider and unsteady braided channel to a narrower and relative steady channel form. 相似文献
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Interpreting flash flood palaeoflow parameters from antidunes and gravel lenses: An example from Montserrat,West Indies 
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下载免费PDF全文 The wavelength of stationary water‐surface waves and their associated antidune bedforms are related to the mean velocity and depth of formative flow. In past published sand‐bed flume experiments, it was found that lens structures were preserved during antidune growth and change, and the dimension of the lenses was empirically related to antidune wavelength, and thus could be used to estimate flow velocity and depth. This study is the first to compare observations of formative flow conditions and resulting sedimentary structures in a natural setting, testing the previously published relationship at a field‐scale. Trains of stationary and upstream migrating water‐surface waves were prevalent during the flash flood in October 2012 in the Belham Valley, Montserrat, West Indies. Wave positions and wavelengths were assessed at 900 sec intervals through the daylight hours of the event within a monitored reach. The wave data indicate flow depths up to 1·3 m and velocity up to 3·6 m sec?1. Sedimentary structures formed by antidune growth and change were preserved in the event deposit. These structures include lenses of clast‐supported gravel and massive sand, with varying internal architecture. The lenses and associated low‐angle strata are comparable to sand‐bed structures formed from stationary and upstream migrating waves in flume experiments, confirming the diagnostic value of these structures. Using mean lens length in the event deposit underestimated peak flow conditions during the flood and implied that the lenses were preserved during waning flow. 相似文献
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The Yellow River in China carries large amounts of sediments in suspension at concentrations up to several hundreds of kilograms per cubic metre; the sediment is composed mainly of silt. These high sediment concentrations influence the hydrodynamics (flow velocity and turbulence) which, in turn, determine the sediment concentration profile, whereas both the high sediment concentrations and pseudo-cohesive properties of silt determine the morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The effect of sediment on the hydrodynamics is analysed using the Richardson number and the Reynolds number to provide a framework to differentiate between various flow regimes in the Yellow River, which is calibrated and validated with Yellow River data. The flow may be sub-saturated (stable flow), super-saturated (unstable flow characterized by high deposition rates, caused by collapse of turbulence), or hyperconcentrated sub-saturated (stable flow because of hindered settling effects), depending on the Richardson number. Independent of this, the flow may be turbulent, transitional or laminar, depending on the Reynolds number. Analysis of these flow types improves understanding of the flow regimes and morphodynamics of the Yellow River. The morphodynamics of the Yellow River are also affected by pseudo-cohesive behaviour caused by shear dilatance, which results in increasing critical shear stress for erosion at decreasing grain-size. This pseudo-cohesive behaviour may be partly responsible not only for the high deposition rates which characterize the lower Yellow River, but also for mass erosion during river floods. 相似文献