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1.
为了探讨低角度俯冲背景下活动大陆边缘泥火山的分布及其主控因素,收集了大量印度洋北部马克兰增生楔地区的沉积地层、断裂构造及泥火山或泥底辟等资料。综合分析结果显示,研究区沉积地层主要由上、下两部分组成,其中,下部较细的半远洋泥质地层具有“东厚西薄”的特征,而上部较粗的马克兰砂地层具有高速沉积的特征。这种密度倒置且后期沉积速率很高的地层分布特征为该区泥底辟或泥火山的形成提供了物质基础。在马克兰增生楔,阿拉伯板块向欧亚板块汇聚的速率具有“东快西慢”的特点,而且东、西两侧走滑断层和泥火山发育。结合俯冲角度同样较低的地中海海岭板块汇聚速率与泥火山的分布特征认为,马克兰增生楔东、西两侧的泥火山主要受走滑断层的控制,而增生楔内部的泥火山主要受板块汇聚速率、逆冲断裂以及密度倒置等综合因素的控制,表现为“东多西少”的特征。 相似文献
2.
The mud volcanoes of Pakistan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Marine-geologic investigations on the Arabian Sea by Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR) in 1995 and 1998, and land expeditions in 1998 and 1999 to the coastal regions of the Makran Desert/Pakistan have extended the knowledge of the aerial distribution of mud volcanoes. These structures rise from under-compacted formations within the regional accretionary prism, which is built by the subduction of the oceanic crust of the Arabian Sea and its km-thick sedimentary load. The occurrence of mud volcanoes is limited to the abyssal plain near the accretionary front, to the coastal region of the Makran Desert and to a region in the interior of the Desert to the south to southeast of the so-called Hinglay Synform. The location of mud volcanoes in Pakistan is clearly tied to fault systems. Mud volcanoes are conspicuously absent on the lower slope of the accretionary prism, where thick gas hydrate layers have developed. The presence of large gas plumes emerging from the seafloor landward of the gas hydrate stability zone at water depths of less than 800 m points to a redirection of fluids from depth, which might explain the absence of mud volcanoes along the lower slope. 相似文献
3.
《Applied Geochemistry》2004,19(5):695-707
Taiwan is located at the collision boundary between the Philippine Sea Plate and the Asian Continental Plate and is one of the most active orogenic belts in the world. Fluids sampled from 9 sub-aerial mud volcanoes distributed along two major geological structures in southwestern Taiwan, the Chishan fault and the Gutingkeng anticline, were analyzed to evaluate possible sources of water and the degree of fluid-sediment interaction at depth in an accretionary prism. Overall, the Taiwanese mud volcano fluids are characterized by high Cl contents, up to 347 mM, suggesting a marine origin from actively de-watering sedimentary pore waters along major structures on land. The fluids obtained from the Gutingkeng anticline, as well as from the Coastal Plain area, show high Cl, Na, K, Ca, Mg and NH4, but low SO4 and B concentrations. In contrast, the Chishan fault fluids are much less saline (1/4 seawater value), but show much heavier O isotope compositions (δ18O=5.1–6.5 ‰). A simplified scenario of mixing between sedimentary pore fluids and waters affected by clay dehydration released at depth can explain several crucial observations including heavy O isotopes, radiogenic Sr contents (87Sr/86Sr=0.71136–0.71283), and relatively low salinities in the Chishan fluids. Gases isolated from the mud volcanoes are predominantly CH4 and CO2, where the CH4–C isotopic compositions show a thermogenic component of δ13C=−38 ‰. These results demonstrate that active mud volcano de-watering in Taiwan is a direct product of intense sediment accretion and plate collision in the region. 相似文献
4.
Zhifeng Wan Xianqing Wang Ye Lu Yuefeng Sun Bin Xia 《International Geology Review》2017,59(13):1723-1735
Mud volcanoes can provide important information about the underlying strata, hydrocarbon accumulation, and recent neotectonic movements in an area. The fluids erupting from mud volcanoes provide important information about their formation and evolution. The ion concentration and the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of the fluids that were erupted from the three mud volcano groups, Baiyanggou, Aiqigou, and Dushanzi, and nearby rivers in the southern margin of the Junggar basin, northwestern China, are studied. The concentrations of Na and Cl in mud volcano fluids are clearly elevated, displayed as the Na-Cl type. The δD and δ18O values of the fluids are similar between the Baiyanggou and Dushanzi mud volcanoes, which are mainly from ancient sedimentary pore water. However, the Aiqigou mud volcano is depleted in dissolved Cl and shows lower δ18O values with mixed sources, including deep pore and local meteoric water. Two types of mud volcanoes are proposed in this study. One type is low-energy mud volcanoes with a low volume of fluid of deep origin on the hillcrest, which display as mud pool/pie/hole. The other type is high-energy mud volcanoes having mixed fluid origin in the valley and formed in the shape of a mud cone (dome). 相似文献
5.
The locations and information about the sizes of 61 mud volcanoes on the Italian mainland and Sicily, plus an area of mud diapirism in the Italian Adriatic Sea, are presented. Data about the emission products are also provided. The majority of these mud volcanoes are found where thick sedimentary sequences occur within a zone of tectonic compression associated with local plate tectonic activity: the movement of the Adriatic microplate between the converging African and Eurasian plates. The principal gas emitted by these mud volcanoes is methane, which probably originates from deep within the sediments. Other mud volcanoes, associated with igneous volcanism, produce mainly carbon dioxide. The mud diapirs in the Adriatic Sea are thought to form as a result of the mobilization of shallow gassy sediments. It has been shown that radon emissions from mud volcanoes are indicators of forthcoming earthquake events. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Newly discovered mud volcanoes in the Coastal Belt of Makran,Pakistan—tectonic implications 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Akhtar M. Kassi Shuhab D. Khan Huseyin Bayraktar Aimal K. Kasi 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(11):4899-4909
The Makran accretionary wedge has a much larger number of mud volcanoes then those reported earlier. Using high-resolution satellite images, over 70 active mud volcanoes were identified. These mud volcanoes occur within a well-defined zone; we call it the Makran zone of active mud volcanoes (MZAMV), which is parallel to the regional trend of the accretionary wedge. Mud volcanoes within the zone occur as clusters, which form linear belts parallel to the regional thrusts associated with anticlines. The MZAMV zone also includes the offshore mud volcanoes occurring in the shallow shelf area, including the recurrently emerging mud islands. Several occurrences of thick deposits of old mud volcanoes (Pleistocene or even older) are also present within this zone, which also display recognizable features that are characteristic of the fossil mud volcanoes. We propose that the MZAMV developed and evolved in response to the continued compression within the Makran accretionary wedge, which in turn, is a response of the subduction process. Mud diapirism has been an ongoing phenomena since Pleistocene or even earlier. The events of enhanced mud extrusion in mud volcanoes and/or emergence of island(s) have relevance with seismic phenomena and, therefore, may be closely monitored. 相似文献
7.
东海与泥底辟构造有关的天然气水合物初探 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
根据所获得的高分辨率地震资料分析,发现冲绳海槽南部西侧槽坡附近以及海槽内部发育有一系列泥火山（底辟）构造,在地形上表现为泥火山地貌,在穿过泥火山的地震剖面上,表现出典型的泥底辟构造。对穿过泥底辟构造的DMS01-5地震剖面进一步的处理和解释发现,泥底辟构造顶部存在明显的似海底反射（BSR）,其与海底反射波组极性相反,在BSR之上存在振幅空白带,在速度谱上出现速度异常,指示存在与泥火山有关的天然气水合物。从世界广泛发现的与泥底辟构造有关的天然气水合物来看,天然气水合物既可以在泥底辟构造的丘状外围成藏,也可以在其外围的海底沉积物中产出。在泥底辟构造的丘状外围附近,天然气水合物的形成机制类似于传统的矿物低温热液的形成;在泥底辟构造外围海底沉积物中,其形成过程类似于传统的矿物交代形成机制。冲绳海槽泥底辟构造的发育与很高的沉积速率和槽坡的活动断层有关。在冰期期间,长江携带大量的陆源物质直接输送到大陆坡地区,沉积速率达300 m/Ma,产生异常高压,同时张性断层极为发育,为流体的迁移提供了良好的通道,在异常压力以及上覆地层压力作用下大量流体向上运移,从而发育大量的泥底辟构造。富含甲烷的流体易在其外围及外围海底沉积物中形成天然气水合物藏。 相似文献
8.
Mud volcanoes have provided much meaningful information about the deep Earth and the recent crustal and neotectonic movements in an area for over 200 years. However, the triggering mechanisms have puzzled geologists for a long time. This study investigated the factors controlling mud volcano activity and the triggering mechanisms of mud volcano eruptions on the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, NW China. The Baiyanggou, Aiqigou and Dushanzi mud volcanoes are all located along the Dushanzi Anticline, which belongs to the third anticline belt on the southern margin of the basin. The extensive, thick mudstone at depth provides a wealth of material for the formation of mud volcanoes. Simultaneously, the overpressure serves as the driving force for the eruption of the mud volcanoes. The torsional–compressional stress field created by the collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates not only enhanced the abnormal formational pressure in the region but also lead to the development of extensional faults in the core of the Dushanzi Anticline, which served as the conduits for the mud volcanoes. The continuous collision between the Indian and Eurasian plates and the regional torsional–compressional stress field may largely control the cyclical activity of the mud volcanoes and serve as their primary trigger mechanism. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
9.
《China Geology》2020,3(4):611-622
The Makran accretionary prism is located at the junction of the Eurasian Plate, Arabian Plate and Indian Plate and is rich in natural gas hydrate (NGH) resources. It consists of a narrow continental shelf, a broad continental slope, and a deformation front. The continental slope can be further divided into the upper slope, middle slope, and lower slope. There are three types of diapir structure in the accretionary prism, namely mud diapir, mud volcano, and gas chimney. (1) The mud diapirs can be grouped into two types, namely the ones with low arching amplitude and weak-medium activity energy and the ones with high arching amplitude and medium-strong activity energy. The mud diapirs increase from offshore areas towards onshore areas in general, while the ones favorable for the formation of NGH are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism. (2) The mud volcanoes are mainly concentrated along the anticline ridges in the southern part of the lower slope and the deformation front. (3) The gas chimneys can be grouped into three types, which are located in piggyback basins, active anticline ridges, and inactive anticline ridges, respectively. They are mainly distributed on the middle slope in the central and western parts of the accretionary prism and most of them are accompanied with thrust faults. The gas chimneys located at different tectonic locations started to be active at different time and pierced different horizons. The mud diapirs, mud volcanoes, and gas chimneys and thrust faults serve as the main pathways of gas migration, and thus are the important factors that control the formation, accumulation, and distribution of NGH in the Makran accretionary prism. Mud diapir/gas chimney type hydrate develop in the middle slope, mud volcano type hydrate develop in the southern lower slope and the deformation front, and stepped accretionary prism type hydrate develop on the central and northern lower slope. The middle slope, lower slope and deformation front in the central and western parts of the Makran accretionary prism jointly constitute the NGH prospect area. 相似文献
10.
准噶尔盆地及其周缘地区晚古生代火山机构分布与发育环境分析 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
本文收集了北疆地区已报道的145处晚古生代火山机构信息.其中,准噶尔盆地周缘32处,主要集中分布于博罗科努山、博格达山以及克拉美丽山,包括破火山口、火山穹窿、火山通道(火山颈)等多种火山机构类型;准噶尔盆地盆内火山机构85处,主要分布在西北缘克百断裂带和盆地腹部的四处凹陷(三南凹陷、东道海子凹陷、滴水泉凹陷和五彩湾凹陷)及七处凸起(白家海凸起、石西凸起、夏盐凸起、三个泉凸起、滴北凸起、滴南凸起和北三台凸起).盆内火山机构分布主要受海西期断裂系控制,大致沿着NE、近EW两个方向的断裂展布,并在断裂交汇部位最为发育.由于后期改造,晚古生代火山机构普遍遭受剥蚀,且发生强烈变形和风化、淋滤改造,野外识别主要依靠残留地貌特征、火山岩相变化趋势及引爆角砾岩等特征岩性;地震识别则主要依靠地震切片、属性分析及构造趋势面分析等手段.准噶尔盆地晚古生代火山岩年龄集中于340～320Ma,300～295 Ma,分别对应东、西准噶尔岛弧俯冲时期.自早石炭世至晚石炭世,准噶尔盆地及邻区火山活动具有自水下向水上、深水向浅水、陆缘向陆内转换的变化趋势. 相似文献
11.
In order to identify the mud diapirs and mud volcanoes off SW Taiwan, we have examined ∼1500 km long MCS profiles and related marine geophysical data. Our results show ten quasi-linear mud diapirs, oriented NNE–SSW to N–S directions. Thirteen mud volcanoes are identified from the multibeam bathymetric data. These mud volcanoes generally occur on tops of the diapiric structures. Moreover, the active mud flow tracks out of mud volcanoes MV1, MV3 and MV6 are observed through the high backscatter intensity stripes on the sidescan sonar images. The heights of the cone-shaped mud volcanoes range from 65 m to 345 m, and the diameters at base from 680 m to 4100 m. These mud volcanoes have abrupt slopes between 5.3° and 13.6°, implying the mudflow is active and highly viscous. In contrast, the flat crests of mud volcanoes are due to relative lower-viscosity flows. The larger cone-shaped mud volcanoes located at deeper water depths could be related to a longer eruption history. The formation of mud diapirs and volcanoes in the study area are ascribed to the overpressure in sedimentary layers, compressional tectonic forces and gas-bearing fluids. Especially, the gas-bearing fluid plays an important role in enhancing the intrusion after the diapirism as a large amount of gas expulsions is observed. The morphology of the upper Kaoping Slope is mainly controlled by mud diapiric intrusions. 相似文献
12.
JUNKO KOMATSUBARA OSAMU FUJIWARA KEITA TAKADA YUKI SAWAI THAN TIN AUNG TAKANOBU KAMATAKI 《Sedimentology》2008,55(6):1703-1716
Four sand units deposited by tsunamis and one sand unit deposited by storm surge(s) were identified in a muddy marsh succession in a narrow coastal lowland along the Pacific coast of central Japan. Tsunamis in ad 1498, 1605, 1707 and 1854 that were related to large subduction‐zone earthquakes along the Nankai Trough, and storm surges in 1680 and/or 1699 were responsible for the deposition of these sand units. These sand units are distinguished by lithofacies, sedimentary structures, grain‐size and mineral composition, and radiocarbon ages; their ages are supported by events in local historical records. The tsunami deposits in the study area are massive or parallel‐laminated sands, with associated intraclasts, gravels, draping mud layers and, rarely, a return‐flow subunit. The storm surge deposits are devoid of these characteristics, and are composed of groups of thin, current ripple‐laminated sand layers. The differences in sedimentary structures between the tsunami and storm surge deposits are attributed to the different characteristics of tsunami and storm waves. 相似文献
13.
The work discusses relationships between mud volcanoes, tectonic faults, folds, and oil-and-gas deposits. The location of roots and centers of mud volcanic activity is analyzed. It proposes a new model of mud volcano formation, according to which these structures result from the development of elision systems of sedimentary basins. 相似文献
14.
Ryoichi Nakada Yoshio TakahashiUrumu Tsunogai Guodong ZhengHiroshi Shimizu Keiko H. Hattori 《Applied Geochemistry》2011,26(7):1065-1076
A comprehensive study was performed to characterize, for the first time, the mud, water, and gases released from onshore mud volcanoes located in the southern margin of the Junggar Basin, northwestern China. Chemical compositions of mud, along with the geology of the basin, suggest that a source of the mud is Mesozoic or Cenozoic shale. Oxygen and H isotope compositions of the released water suggest a local meteoric origin. Combined with the positive Eu anomalies of the water, a large 18O shift of the water suggests extensive interaction with rocks. Gases discharged from the mud volcanoes are predominantly thermogenic hydrocarbons, and the high δ13C values (>+20‰ VPDB) for CO2 gases and dissolved carbonate in muddy water suggest secondary methanogenesis with CO2 reduction after oil biodegradation.The enrichments of Eu and 18O in water and the low thermal gradient of the area suggest that the water-rock interactions possibly occur deeper than 3670 ± 200 m. On the other hand, considering the relationship to the petroleum reservoir around the mud volcanoes, the depth of the gases can be derived from about 3600 m, a depth that is greater than that generally estimated for reservoirs whose gas is characterized by 13C-enriched CO2. Oil biodegradation with CO2 reduction likely occurs at a shallower depth along the seepage system of the mud volcano. The results contribute to the worldwide data set of gas genesis in mud volcanoes. Moreover, they further support the concept that most terrestrial mud volcanoes release thermogenic gas produced in very deep sediments and may be early indicators of oil biodegradation, an important problem in the petroleum industry. 相似文献
15.
M.B. Cita J.M. Woodside M.K. Ivanov R.B. Kidd A.F. Limonov Scientific Staff of Cruise TTR - Leg 《地学学报》1995,7(4):453-458
Direct observation of active emission of fluids and mud from a submarine mud volcano were made for the first time in an extensive field of mud diapirs and mud volcanoes on the Mediterranean Ridge using a video camera towed 2 m above the seafloor in 1800 m of water. This recent research using both long range and deep-towed sidescan sonar systems indicates also that diapirism and eruption of mud along the crest of the ridge is more common than previously thought. The southwards increase in age of rock fragments carried within the erupted mud supports the hypothesis that the fluid mud becomes overpressured within a southward-dipping backthrust from the Inner Deformation Front of this accretionary prism. 相似文献
16.
泥火山的全球分布和研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文系统介绍了泥火山的全球分布特征、分类、成矿、成因特征和机制、生物地球化学和地质灾害。泥火山是盆地地层深部含水的泥质物在高压作用下喷出地表形成的锥状沉积体,主要发育在沉积速率较快和有横向挤压构造作用的盆地中。全球陆地有超过40个泥火山发育区,海底有超过20个泥火山发育区,每个发育区有几座到200多座泥火山不等,陆地和浅海区共有2000多个泥火山。各地泥火山有不同的喷发周期,喷发物也各有不同的形态、成分、来源和年龄。尽管泥火山的成因机制尚颇有争议,但较快的沉积速率和活动大陆边缘横向构造挤压作用无疑是两个最为关键的因素。由于泥火山对大地构造属性、油气勘探、生物地球化学、地质灾害和全球气候变化等问题的研究有着重要的意义,已逐渐成为地球科学一个新的研究热点。 相似文献
17.
胶莱盆地莱阳期原型盆地的沉积格局及有利油气勘探区选择 总被引：18，自引：3，他引：15
胶莱盆地油气勘探目的层系莱阳组的沉积体现了湖盆由开始发育→萎缩消亡的全过程 ,不同构造位置其沉积相的组合特征存在差异。对古水流方向、大野头凸起等正向构造单元的形成时期的分析表明 :在莱阳组沉积时期 ,莱阳凹陷为一受五龙村断裂控制的相对独立的沉积单元 ,湖盆水体较深 ;高密—诸城凹陷为一受五荣断层和沂沭断裂带控制的东北高西北低的快速充填的盆地 ,以洪积相、河流相为主 ,仅在局部低洼地带发育湖相沉积 ;原型盆地的沉积格局和油藏的保存条件决定了本区油气勘探方向的选择 ,莱阳凹陷中西部莱阳组覆盖区为本区有利油气勘探区。 相似文献
18.
鄂尔多斯盆地南部地区上三叠统延长组长7段发育有典型的重力流沉积。对野外露头剖面进行大量调查研究,发现研究区重力流沉积发育丰富的沉积构造,底层面构造、软沉积变形构造是主要的两种类型。这种深水沉积构造组合能够很好地揭示研究区广泛发育的一定坡度背景下深水重力流沉积体系。滑移-滑塌沉积、砂质碎屑流沉积、浊流沉积是研究区发育最为广泛的深水重力流沉积类型,滑移-滑塌及软沉积变形构造为触发机制沉积响应,底层面构造为砂质碎屑流沉积及浊流沉积响应。综合分析研究区地层发育的大量凝灰岩夹层、深水泥岩中发育的植物碎屑、深水砂岩中发育的大量浅黄色泥砾等沉积特征,认为地震、火山喷发及季节性洪水为研究区深水重力流沉积最有利的触发因素。 相似文献
19.
以岩心的详细观察与测井录井资料综合分析为基础,通过岩石学特征和原生沉积构造等沉积相标志分析,确定鄂尔多斯盆地华池地区长6油层组厚层块状砂体属于半深湖内的深水重力流沉积体系。划分出内扇、中扇和外扇3个亚相,该区主要以中扇亚相最为发育;在深水重力流中识别出液化沉积物流、砂质碎屑流、近源浊流和远源浊流等沉积类型,建立了湖盆深水重力流沉积模式。砂质碎屑流沉积最为广泛,砂体厚度大,连片发育,具有最好的储集层物性,含油性好,是华池地区长6油层组最有利的储集层。 相似文献
20.
奥陶系宝塔组灰岩的环境相、生态相与成岩相 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
晚奥陶世宝塔组灰岩在上、中、下扬子碳酸盐沉积区分布极为广泛，因其层面上注记着不规则状、类似鸡冠花的形态特征，因而素以加引号的“龟裂纹灰岩”称之，以此代表宝塔组灰岩特有的沉积构造，以致于两者为同一词。宝塔组灰岩是地质历史中仅有的、唯一的在层面上具有特殊网纹的形态组构，其他时代的灰岩均无此特点，因而它是地质历史中的“时髦相”。形成这一组构可能有三个因素：一是盆地的沉积－构造背景，华南晚奥陶世为前陆盆地，前隆的结果使建筑在克拉通上的碳酸盐大平台构造掀斜，成为浅海中的深水盆地，为低能、慢速沉积的灰泥岩、泥灰岩提供了宽大而平坦的构造－沉积环境空间；二是深水环境中的生态和生物遗迹，由游泳型角石和与之能抗衡的大型软体生物在软底上和沉积物内留下活动的印迹；三是灰泥和泥质物成岩压实作用，叠加在印痕上，因此，宝塔组灰岩“龟裂纹”组构的形成是构造－沉积环境相、生态相和成岩相的产物。 相似文献