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1.
临安和上甸子大气本底站大气中NMHCs组成与浓度的变化特征 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为研究中国大气中非甲烷烃(NMHCs)区域性本底浓度与变化特征,采用吸附富集—热脱附—气相色谱法,测定了临安(30°25′N,119°44′E,海拔132.0 m)和上甸子(40°19′N,117°07′E,海拔286.5 m)大气本底站大气中NMHCs的组成与浓度。从2003年10月至2004年7月,先后按季度分4次观测与取样,共获145个有效样品。检测出C2-C10的NMHCs组分52个,其中包括26个烷烃、17个烯烃和9个芳香烃化合物。在临安和上甸子大气中非甲烷烃总烃(TNMHCs)的平均质量浓度分别为(238.5±126.0)×10-9C,(278.7±185.5)×10-9C。两站烷、烯、芳香烃在TNMHCs中所占的比例相近,分别约为21%—33%,7%—19%,54%—70%。受源、汇和气象条件的共同影响,NMHCs浓度存在明显地日变化和季节性变化,但变化趋势两地略有不同。TNMHCs平均浓度的峰值都出现在10月,谷值分别出现在1,7月。气象要素以风向和风速的影响最为明显。TNMHCs高浓度大多与上风向存在较强污染源有关。另外发现,临安TNMHCs浓度比10 a前有明显增加。 相似文献
2.
北京雾、霾天细粒子质量浓度垂直梯度变化的观测 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
近年来北京城市区域雾霾天气显著增加,不仅严重影响工农业生产和交通运输,还严重影响人体健康.2007年夏秋季节,北京325 m气象塔8、80和240m平台梯度观测结果表明,雾、霾、晴三种典型天气状况大气细粒子质量浓度垂直分布各有特点,雾天(11月5～6日)低层浓度明显偏高,6日从低到高3层PM2.5(空气动力学直径小于等于2.5μ的大气气溶胶)浓度日均值分别为352.6±79.3、224.7±69.0、214.8±32.8 μg·m~(-3);霾天(8月19～20日)细粒子上下混合均匀,19日从低到高3层PM2.5浓度分别为89.8±29.3、88.9±29.8、90.0±31.7 μg·m~(-3);晴天(8月22～23日)细粒子昼夜变化明显,夜间在80 m高度出现明显分层,23日80 m以下平均值为32.6±13.1μg·m~(-3),240 m平均值为27.4±13.5μg·m~(-3).雾天细粒子主要来源于局地,霾天细粒子污染表现为时空分布十分均匀的城市群区域污染特征且污染物积累;连续晴天细粒子明显被清除. 相似文献
3.
广州冬季大气消光系数的贡献因子研究 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
2008年1月1～31日和2月6～24日在广州城区每天采集一个PM2.5样品,对样品进行有机碳、元素碳及水溶性离子分析,利用美国IMPROVE能见度方程计算得到广州冬季大气消光系数.结果发现:冬季PM2.5 日均值质量浓度为89.0±53.4/μg·m~(-3),OC(Organics Carban)质量浓度为16.9±11.9μg·m~(-3),EC(Element Carbon)质量浓度为5.9±3.4 μg·m～(-3),水溶性离子总浓度为43.9±23.5μg·m~(-3).冬季大气消光系数均值为342±185 Mm~(-1).广州冬季大气消光系数主要贡献者为(NH_4)_2SO_4、NH_4NO_3、POM(Par-ticular organic matter)、EC和NO_2,对消光系数的贡献率分别为36.3%、14.5%、26.6%、17.4%和5.2%. 相似文献
4.
中国不同区域大气气溶胶化学成分浓度、组成与来源特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
为获得中国不同区域大气气溶胶化学组成的总体"图景",进一步探讨污染治理方向,需要分区域评估其化学成分浓度水平、组成与来源特征。通过对近地层中国内陆大气气溶胶中6种主要化学成分(硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵、有机碳、黑碳和矿物气溶胶)至少有1 a观测研究的评估分析,获得不同区域气溶胶化学成分质量浓度水平与组成的评估结果,认识到在气溶胶污染最严重的4大区域(即北京以南的华北与关中平原区域、以长三角为主体的华东区域、以珠三角为主体的华南区域以及四川盆地)的PM_(10)中矿物气溶胶(所占比例在20%38%)、硫酸盐(14%-24%)、有机碳(11%-18%)是3个主要组分;其中华北与关中平原气溶胶污染在中国最重,硫酸盐浓度在35—47μg/m~3(远高于北京(13—18μg/m~3))、有机碳28—45μg/m~3(约是北京(19—22μg/n~3)的1.8倍)、硝酸盐19—22μg/m~3(约是北京(9.9—12μg/m~3)的2倍)、铵14—16μg/m~3(仍然比北京(6.2-8.4μg/m~3)高1倍),黑碳在北京和北京以南城市的浓度差别不大(9.1—12μg/m~3)。这其中燃煤对硝酸盐和有机碳气溶胶的贡献超过50%,农业活动是铵的最重要来源。华东、华南和东北城市区域气溶胶化学成分浓度水平与北京相近,但四川盆地城市站各组分浓度均高于北京,污染较重。西北兰州城市站,除了黑碳浓度低很多、硝酸盐浓度稍高外,其他气溶胶化学成分浓度水平与北京相当。西北偏远区域沙漠站点,各种气溶胶化学成分的浓度都要远低于北京。青藏高原和云贵高原城市站气溶胶化学成分浓度与北京相比也明显偏低。不同区域气溶胶化学组成分析显示,燃煤、机动车、城市逸散性粉尘和农业活动是4个最需要关注的污染源,加强除发电行业外的燃煤脱硫,进一步消减燃煤氮氧化物、一次有机碳和挥发性有机物排放,并有效减少农业活动排放到大气中的氨,更有效限制硫酸盐和硝酸盐的形成是已有大气污染治理对策基础上,未来应特别关注的控制方向。 相似文献
5.
采用Tenax TA和碳分子筛吸附富集— 热脱附— 毛细管柱气相色谱法, 测定了北京地区大气中C2～C10可挥发性烃类化合物(简称VHCs)的浓度变化。从2001年9月到2003年8月, 先后采集到有效样品113个。检出55个VHCs组分, 其中烷烃26个, 烯烃19个,芳香烃10个。TVHCs的平均浓度为364.3 ±99.3 μg/ m3;11月份浓度最高, 为546.9 ±353.5 μg/m3, 8月份浓度最低, 为251.8 ±152.4 μg/m3;采暖季比非采暖季高30%, 城区比郊区高10%;有明显的日变化。初步分析发现, 机动车尾气排放和天气气象条件是造成北京地区大气VHCs污染的两个最主要因素。 相似文献
6.
《气象与环境学报》2017,(1)
利用2014年本溪市大气颗粒物质量浓度监测资料和风速、气温、相对湿度、气压等常规地面气象要素观测资料,分析了本溪地区大气颗粒物质量浓度的月、季变化特征及其与气象要素的相关性。结果表明:2014年7月和10月本溪市大气颗粒物质量浓度较高,5月和9月大气颗粒物质量浓度较低,6月和11月大气颗粒物质量浓度比值较高。夏季PM10质量浓度较低,平均浓度为115.1μg·m~(-3);冬季PM_(2.5)和PM_(1.0)质量浓度较高,平均浓度分别为99.5μg·m~(-3)和86.1μg·m~(-3)。春季和冬季平均风速与大气颗粒物质量浓度的相关性最好,夏季和冬季相对湿度与大气颗粒物质量浓度的相关性最好。当ρ(PM_(2.5))≥200.0μg·m~(-3)时,ρ(PM_(2.5))与平均气温呈显著的正相关关系,相关系数为0.5288,ρ(PM_(2.5))与相对湿度的相关系数也高达0.6981,高温、高湿和小风等气象条件是本溪地区大气颗粒物高质量浓度事件发生的有利气象条件。 相似文献
7.
O_3和PM_(2.5)是影响长三角地区空气质量的主要污染物。利用2016年33个城市大气环境监测站6项污染物的小时浓度及4个省会城市的气象数据进行统计分析,研究了该地区O_3和PM_(2.5)浓度的时空分布特征及其影响因素。结果表明:长三角地区O_3年平均浓度为50～73μg·m~(-3),平均为61μg·m~(-3);除芜湖和宣城外,其余31城市均存在不同程度的超标状况,超标率为0.34%～18.86%,平均为5.68%。O_3在5月和9月达到浓度高值;四季O_3日变化均呈单峰型,峰值出现在15∶00,夏季O_3峰值浓度最高值为157μg·m~(-3)。O_3浓度沿海城市整体高于内陆城市;夏季宿迁—淮安—滁州片区O_3污染较重。O_3与NO_2、CO显著负相关,且与NO_2相关性较强;O_3与气温、日照时数显著正相关,与相对湿度、降水呈负相关。PM_(2.5)年平均浓度在25～62μg·m~(-3)范围内,平均为49μg·m~(-3);各城市均出现PM_(2.5)超标,滁州PM_(2.5)超标率最大,为23.91%。PM_(2.5)在3月和12、1月达到浓度峰值;其日变化呈双峰型,09∶00—10∶00和22∶00—23∶00达到峰值。冬季徐州PM_(2.5)浓度最高,为102μg·m~(-3)。PM_(2.5)与NO_2、CO、SO_2、PM_(10)显著正相关,与气温、风速、降水负相关。 相似文献
8.
《高原气象》2017,(2)
利用有机碳/元素碳分析仪(DRI 2001A型)和黑碳积分光谱仪(ISSW)测定了2015年兰州市夏季大气中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)以及黑碳(BC)的含量,并对夏季日夜有机碳、元素碳和黑碳质量浓度变化特征进行了深入的分析。研究结果表明:黑碳和元素碳质量浓度测量结果受滤膜采样效率和测量仪器影响,差异较大,黑碳气溶胶夜间的含量高于白天且变化幅度大,呈现明显的波动上升趋势。有机碳平均质量浓度白天为(3.90±1.23)μg·m~(-3),高于夜间,其值为(3.35±1.24)μg·m~(-3);元素碳平均质量浓度白天为(1.07±0.46)μg·m~(-3),低于夜间,其值为(1.59±0.68)μg·m~(-3)。兰州市夏季尤其是白天二次有机碳(SOC)含量较高,二次源为白天有机碳主要来源,一次源为夜间有机碳主要来源。将元素碳分为低温燃烧时生成的焦碳char(char=EC1-OPC)和高温燃烧时生成的烟炱soot(soot=EC2+EC3),通过分析char和soot日夜变化趋势,发现夏季日夜主要污染源均是机动车尾气,但夜间生物质燃烧和煤炭燃烧污染较白天有所增加,且明显呈现上升趋势。 相似文献
9.
利用2015年黄石市5个监测站点可吸入颗粒物(PM10)和细颗粒物(PM2.5)的在线监测数据和风向、风速、气温、气压等常规地面气象要素观测资料,分析了黄石市大气PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度水平分布特征及其与气象参数的关系。结果表明:2015年黄石市5个监测站点大气PM10和PM2.5年均浓度范围分别为95.8—108.6μg·m^-3和64.3—68.9μg·m^-3,均超过国家二级标准;季均质量浓度呈现显著的冬季高夏季低的变化规律,冬季PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度分别为(143.9±62.2)μg·m^-3和(95.5±44.5)μg·m^-3,夏季PM10和PM2.5的质量浓度分别为(75.2±24.0)μg·m^-3和(50.7±17.3)μg·m^-3。5个监测站中,下陆区、西塞山区和铁山区的PM10和PM2.5颗粒物污染较为严重;各站点大气PM10和PM2.5质量浓度显著相关。大气颗粒物浓度与气象因素的分析显示,黄石市大气颗粒物浓度与气温呈显著的负相关关系,与气压呈正相关关系,与风速和相对湿度的相关性不显著,受风向影响变化较大。 相似文献
10.
王定定 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2019,13(2):97-101
利用阿勒泰平原地区阿克达拉大气本底站2010年1月1日—2016年12月31日的臭氧质量浓度数据与PM_(10)等相关气象资料相结合,对臭氧质量浓度的日、周、月、季节、年变化特征以及影响臭氧浓度变化的主要因素进行了分析。结果分析表明:臭氧每小时平均质量浓度日变化规律呈显著单峰型,夜晚的变化较小,白天变化较大,01:00前后达到最小值,16:00左右达到峰值;臭氧每日平均质量浓度变化不具有较为明显的"周末效应"现象,峰值出现在星期六,日平均质量浓度为63.2μg·m~(-3),最低值出现在星期一,日平均质量浓度为60.0μg·m~(-3),日平均质量浓度最高值和最低值仅相差3.2μg·m~(-3);臭氧月平均质量浓度最高出现在2014年5月,为85.1μg·m~(-3),最低月平均质量浓度出现在2015年11月,为32.2μg·m~(-3);春、夏季臭氧质量浓度较高,秋季和冬季明显低于春季和夏季;2010—2016年臭氧浓度趋势线整体呈下降趋势,其中2012—2014年臭氧浓度连续月变化有明显的单峰型年度变化规律;臭氧浓度与PM_(10)质量浓度变化具有明显的逆向变化趋势,同时存在时间变化上的延迟性,并且臭氧的浓度变化早于PM_(10)质量浓度的变化。 相似文献
11.
TANG Jie WANG Mulin CHENG Hongbing DING Guoan YU Xiangming ZHOU Huaigang LIU Guoping 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2007,21(3):334-341
In order to study the variation characteristics of concentration of the atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) in background area of China, the atmospheric concentrations of NMHCs were measured at Lin'an (LA) regional GAW (Global Atmosphere Watch) Station (30°250'N , 119° 440'E; 132.0 m ASL)and Shangdianzi (SDZ) regional GAW Station (40°190'N , 117°07'E; 286.5 m ASL) with the sorbent sorption/thermal desorption/gas chromatographic method. Totally 145 samples were collected during the period of October 2003 and July 2004. Among the 52 NMHC species of C2-C10 detected there were 26 alkanes,17 alkenes, and 9 aromatics. The average concentrations of total NMHCs (TNMHCs) at LA and SDZ were(238.5±126.0) 10-9C and (278.7±185.5) 10-9C, respectively. The results showed the ambient concentrations of TNMHCs at LA regional GAW Station increased notably over the last decade. The compositions of NMHCs at SDZ and LA were relatively similar. The proportions of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics for SDZ and LA were in ranges of (27.3±4.0)%, (10.3±3.5)%, and (62.5±4.8)%,respectively, with features of vehicle exhaust emissions. The concentrations of NMHCs at the two sites showed obvious diurnal and seasonal variations. The TNMHC concentrations in October-November were high at the two sites, and relatively low in April and July. The diurnal variation patterns at the sites were different. The high TNMHC concentrations at SDZ normally appeared in evening and night, but appeared in morning at LA. The TNMHCs concentrations at the two sites were significantly influenced by the meteorological condition. The high TNMHC concentration associated with the local wind from the urban areas or trafic in upper reaches. 相似文献
12.
Air samples were collected covering a full diurnal cycle during each month of the year 2002 at a mountaintop of Mt. Abu (24.6^∘ N, 72.7^∘ E, 1680 amsl). These samples were analyzed for C2−C4 NMHCs using a gas chromatograph (GC) equipped with flame ionization detector (FID). The seasonally averaged diurnal distributions of these NMHCs do not show significant variations in the summer season. While sharp peaks in the diurnal variation of some species during evening hours are additional features apart from higher levels in all NMHCs in the winter season. The seasonal variations in relatively long lived species (e.g. ethane, propane and acetylene) are observed to be more pronounced compared to those in reactive species (e.g. ethene, propene and butanes). The seasonal changes in transport patterns seem to be more dominant factor at this site for the observed variations in NMHCs than changes in OH radical concentration. The annual mean mixing ratios of ethane, ethene, propane, propene, i-butane, acetylene, and n-butane are 1.22 ± 0.58, 0.34 ± 0.24, 0.46
± 0.20, 0.17 ± 0.14, 0.21 ± 0.18, 0.41 ± 0.43, and 0.31 ± 0.35 ppbv, respectively. Only few pairs of NMHCs are observed to show good correlations, mainly due to transport of air masses with different degree of photochemical processing. A comparison of this measurement with data reported for other remote sites of the globe indicates lower levels of light NMHCs in the tropical sites. The annual mean mixing ratios of various C2−C4 NMHCs at Mt. Abu are lower by factors ranging between 3 to 9 compared to a nearest urban site of Ahmedabad. The annual mean propylene (propene) equivalent concentrations of about 1.12 and 8.62 ppbC were calculated for Mt. Abu and Ahmedabad, respectively. 相似文献
13.
Jian SUN Zhenxing SHEN Yue ZHANG Wenting DAI Kun HE Hongmei XU Zhou ZHANG Long CUI Xuxiang LI Yu HUANG Junji CAO 《大气科学进展》2021,38(1):116-131
Summer and winter campaigns for the chemical compositions and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons(NMHCs)and oxygenated volatile organic compounds(OVOCs)were conducted in Xi’an.Data from 57 photochemical assessment monitoring stations for NMHCs and 20 OVOC species were analyzed.Significant seasonal differences were noted for total VOC(TVOC,NMHCs and OVOCs)concentrations and compositions.The campaign-average TVOC concentrations in winter(85.3±60.6 ppbv)were almost twice those in summer(47.2±31.6 ppbv).Alkanes and OVOCs were the most abundant category in winter and summer,respectively.NMHCs,but not OVOCs,had significantly higher levels on weekends than on weekdays.Total ozone formation potential was higher in summer than in winter(by 50%)because of the high concentrations of alkenes(particularly isoprene),high temperature,and high solar radiation levels in summer.The Hybrid Environmental Receptor Model(HERM)was used to conduct source apportionment for atmospheric TVOCs in winter and summer,with excellent accuracy.HERM demonstrated its suitability in a situation where only partial source profile data were available.The HERM results indicated significantly different seasonal source contributions to TVOCs in Xi’an.In particular,coal and biomass burning had contributions greater than half in winter(53.4%),whereas traffic sources were prevalent in summer(53.1%).This study’s results highlight the need for targeted and adjustable VOC control measures that account for seasonal differences in Xi’an;such measures should target not only the severe problem with VOC pollution but also the problem of consequent secondary pollution(e.g.,from ozone and secondary organic aerosols). 相似文献
14.
S. Lal L. K. Sahu S. Venkataramani T. A. Rajesh K. S. Modh 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2008,61(1):73-84
The surface level measurements of O3, CO, CH4 and light NMHCs were made at eight different rural sites in the central part of India during February, 2004. The online analyzer
was used for in-situ measurement of O3 while air samples were collected for the analyses of CO, CH4 and NMHCs using the gas chromatography techniques. The average mixing ratios of O3, which were in the range of 60–90 ppbv, are significantly higher compared to the typical values reported for urban sites
of India. The increase rates of O3 in the forenoon hours were estimated to be in the range of about 8.8–10 ppbv h−1. The slopes of ∆O3/∆CO, which is an indicator of the efficiency of photochemical production, were in the range of 0.24–0.33 ppbv ppbv−1. However, levels of primary pollutants e.g., NMHCs, CO, etc. at these sites were much lower than urban sites, but higher
compared to previously observed values surrounding marine region of India. The estimated ratios of NMHCs and CO indicate fossil
fuel combustion process as the dominant source of primary pollutants in this corridor. 相似文献
15.
Two years of individual nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) measurements at a rural site close to the south coast of Norway show that there was a distinct annual cycle with a late winter maximum and late summer minimum in the slowly reacting NMHCs acetylene, ethane, propane and i- and n-butane. The average January—March concentrations were a factor 2–4 higher than the July-September concentrations. Also ethene, propene and the pentanes show a similar annual cycle, but the individual scatter in the measurements in particular of propene, is large. The highest concentrations of NMHC were found in winter for easterly transport on a regional scale (out to 1500 km from the site), and for southeasterly transport in the summer. 相似文献
16.
Summary In the study, urban-suburban/rural vapour pressure and relative humidity differences at fixed hours in the Belgrade area
were analysed and compared. The data from one urban, two suburban and one rural stations (0700, 1400 and 2100 hours LTC),
for the period 1976–1980 were used. It has been found, on the basis of the vapour pressure differences that the atmosphere
in urban areas is more humid than that in the suburban and rural areas at 0700 and 2100 hours, in the period from September
to February, while from February to September the urban atmosphere is drier. At 1400 hours, urban atmosphere is drier throughout
the year. However, relative humidity differences indicate that urban air is less humid than the air in suburban and rural
areas throughout the year. Relationships between urban-suburban/rural vapour pressure differences and heat island intensity
revealed that the local effects could be significant.
Received December 23, 1999 Revised September 27, 2000 相似文献
17.
Z.-H. Shon G. Lee S.-K. Song M. Lee J. Han D. Lee 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,58(3):203-218
This study examines the general characteristics of reactive nitrogen oxides (NOy) at urban and rural sites in terms of measurement- and modeling-based analyses. In this field study, NOx at urban and rural sites were 92 and 89% of NOy on average, respectively. HONO levels (e.g., 1.8 ppbv) at the urban site were significantly higher than those at the rural
site by a factor of 4.5. HONO concentrations at the urban site during the night were clearly higher than those during the
day, which were likely to result from heterogeneous reactions on the surfaces of airborne aerosols and/or grounds. In contrast,
there were no significant differences of PAN concentrations in either the temporal or spatial distributions. The significantly
low ratios of NOz/NOy at both sampling sites indicated a more limited chemical aging process in air mass. O3 levels were weakly related to NOx oxidation at both sites, especially at the rural site. 相似文献
18.
Black carbon particles in the urban atmosphere in Beijing 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
A study of the concentration of black carbon particles and its variation in the urban atmosphere has been carried out since 1996 in the Beijing area. The measurements were done in the late autumn and early winter each year, the period before and after domestic heating activities begin. The results show the presence of black carbon particles at the high level that vary over a large range in the urban atmosphere in Beijing. The mean value of daily average concentration for the whole observation period of 1996-2004 is 20.0 μgm^-3. An evident decrease of black carbon particle concentration in the Beijing area is observed after 2000, and the daily average concentration of black carbon particles is estimated to be 16.0 μgm^-3 with a variation range of 2.10-50.50 μgm^-3 for the period of 2000-2004. The observation method and main variation behavior characteristics of black carbon particles in the urban atmosphere in the Beijing area are given and discussed. 相似文献
19.
Effect of urbanization on the urban meteorology and air pollution in Hangzhou 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 Urbanization has a substantial effect on urban meteorology. It can alter the atmospheric diffusion capability in urban areas and therefore affect pollutant concentrations. To study the effects of Hangzhou’s urban development in most recent decade on its urban meteorological characteristics and pollutant diffusion, 90 weather cases were simulated, covering 9 weather types, with the Nanjing University City Air Quality Prediction System and high-resolution surface-type data and urban construction data for 2000 and 2010. The results show that the most recent decade of urban development in Hangzhou substantially affected its urban meteorology. Specifically, the average urban wind speed decreased by 1.1 m s ?1; the average intensity of the heat island increased by 0.5°C; and the average urban relative humidity decreased by 9.7%. Based on one case for each of the nine weather types, the impact of urbanization on air pollution diffusion was investigated, revealing that the changes in the meteorological environment decreased the urban atmosphere’s diffusion capability, and therefore increased urban pollutant concentrations. For instance, the urban nitrogen oxides concentration increased by 2.1 μg m ?3 on average; the fine particulate matter (diameter of 2.5 μm or less; PM2.5) pollution concentration increased by 2.3 μg m ?3 on average; in highly urbanized areas, the PM2.5 concentration increased by 30 μg m ?3 and average visibility decreased by 0.2 km, with a maximum decrease of 1 km; the average number of daily hours of haze increased by 0.46 h; and the haze height lifted by 100–300 m. The “self-cleaning time” of pollutants increased by an average of 1.5 h. 相似文献