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1.
《地理学报(英文版)》2016,(9)
Human activity intensity is a synthesis index for describing the effects and influences of human activities on land surface. This paper presents the concept of human activity intensity of land surface and construction land equivalent, builds an algorithm model for human activity intensity, and establishes a method for converting different land use/cover types into construction land equivalent as well. An application in China based on the land use data from 1984 to 2008 is also included. The results show that China's human activity intensity rose slowly before 2000, while rapidly after 2000. It experienced an increase from 7.63% in 1984 to 8.54% in 2008. It could be generally divided into five levels: Very High, High, Medium, Low, and Very Low, according to the human activity intensity at county level in 2008, which is rated by above 27%, 16%–27%, 10%–16%, 6%–10%, and below 6%. China's human activity intensity was spatially split into eastern and western parts by the line of Helan Mountains-Longmen Mountains-Jinghong. The eastern part was characterized by the levels of Very High, High, and Medium, and the levels of Low and Very Low were zonally distributed in the mountainous and hilly areas. In contrast, the western part was featured by the Low and Very Low levels, and the levels of Medium and High were scattered in Gansu Hexi Corridor, the east of Qinghai, and the northern and southern slopes of Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang. 相似文献
2.
在高浓度盐湖卤水中,采用自然扩散法进行了混凝土的III维氯离子扩散实验,研究了普通混凝土(Ordinary Portland cement concrete,OPC)、高强混凝土(High strength concrete,HSC)、高性能混凝土(High performance concrete,HPC)、钢纤维增强高性能混凝土(Steel fiber reinforced high performance concrete,SFRHPC)和高强高模聚乙烯纤维增强高性能混凝土(High elasticity module Polyethylene fiber reinforced high performance concrete,HEMPFRHPC)的氯离子扩散行为,探讨了干湿循环对混凝土氯离子扩散行为的影响。结果表明,干湿循环作用加快了OPC、HSC和HPC的氯离子扩散速度,而且毛细管作用对OPC、HSC、HPC和SFRHPC的氯离子扩散行为有一定程度的影响,从而导致混凝土表面氯离子浓度的富集现象更加明显。进一步研究发现,干湿循环降低了OPC的表观氯离子扩散系数,但是对HSC、MPC和HEMPFRHPC的表观氯离子扩散系数则没有明显的影响。 相似文献
3.
Based on the 155 years global monthly mean sea surface pressure data （Jan. 1850-Dec. 2004） from Hadley Centre, the time spatial change and sudden characteristics of the Winter Mongolia High are studied. First, the winter SLP distribution in Asia and the North Pacific are analyzed by the EOF method. Second, main cycle sequences of the Winter Mongolia High are reconstructed by the Singular Spectrum Analysis method, with special emphasis on the interdecadal periodic changes. Finally, the abrupt climate change is examined by the Mann-Kendall method. Results show that the Winter Mongolia High has quasi-biennial oscillation and a 3-4-year cycle of interannual change, also has a decadal variation for the 13-14-year cycle and interdecadal cycles for 20-21 years and 35-36 years. The 20-21-year cycle of WMHI is of the opposite phase to Aleutian Low, while the 35-36-year cycle is of the same phase. Otherwise, a significant abrupt climate change point in 1927 has been detected. 相似文献
4.
姚鲁烽 《地理学报(英文版)》2007,17(1)
A ceremony for establishing SFU-NOAA Joint Center for Ocean Remote Sensing and Living Marine Resources Management was held in Shanghai Fisheries University on December 6, 2006. The Center, supported by High Level Featured Project of Shanghai Municipal Edu… 相似文献
5.
Jrg LFFLER 《地理学报(英文版)》2007,17(1):3-19
1 Introduction High mountain landscapes above the tree-line are often regarded as close to nature, although human impact has obviously changed the environment, partly exceeding its carrying capac- ity (L?ffler, 2000). Due to their fragility regarding expe… 相似文献
6.
《地理学报(英文版)》2007,17(1):128-128
A ceremony for establishing SFU-NOAA Joint Center for Ocean Remote Sensing and Living Marine Resources Management was held in Shanghai Fisheries University on December 6, 2006. The Center, supported by High Level Featured Project of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, will provide a platform for exchanges of scientific information between scientists of different countries and multidisciplines and for global collaborations in research areas related to fish stock assessment and management.[第一段] 相似文献
7.
小气候、雪盖及土壤湿度对高山生态系统功能的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jorg LOFFLER 《地理学报(英文版)》2007,17(1):3-19
1 Introduction High mountain landscapes above the tree-line are often regarded as close to nature, although human impact has obviously changed the environment, partly exceeding its carrying capac- ity (L?ffler, 2000). Due to their fragility regarding expected environmental changes and an increasing land use pressure in many regions, high mountain landscapes recently became a major focus within the discussion on a sustainable development in a worldwide (Messerli and Ives, 1997), and regional p… 相似文献
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9.
Peter Nojarov 《地理学报(英文版)》2017,27(1):43-61
Sea Level Pressure(SLP) data for the period 1950–2012 at 61 stations located in or around the Balkan Peninsula was used. The main concept is that intra-annual course of SLP represents the best different air masses that are situated over the Balkan Peninsula during the year. The method for differentiation of climatic zones is cluster analysis. A hierarchical clustering technique–average linkage between groups with Pearson correlation for measurement of intervals was employed in the research. The climate of the Balkan Peninsula is transitional between oceanic and continental and also between subtropical and temperate climates. Several major changes in atmospheric circulation over the Balkan Peninsula have happened over the period 1950–2012. There is a serious increase of the influence of the Azores High in the period January–Marchwhich leads to an increase of SLP and enhances oceanic influence. There is an increase of the influence of the north-west extension of the monsoonal low in the period June–September. This leads to more continental climatebut also to more tropical air masses over the Balkan Peninsula. Accordinglythe extent of subtropical climate widens in northern direction. There is an increase of the influence of the Siberian High in the period October–December. This influence covers central and eastern part of the peninsula in October and Novemberand it reaches western parts in December. Thusthe climate becomes more continental. 相似文献
10.
Characteristics of high arsenic groundwater in Hetao Basin,
Inner Mongolia, northern China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
It is well known that the Hetao Basin is one of the most seriously arsenic-affected groundwater areas in China. In order to understand the characteristics of high arsenic(As) groundwater in the Basin, a brief overview of arsenic in groundwater follows. High arsenic in the Basin commonly occurs in shallow groundwater and the total arsenic concentrations range from 0.58 to 572 μg/L(average 99.73 μg/L), exceeding the maximum mandated value of 10 μg/L for drinking water in China; As(Ш) is the predominant species. The regional distribution pattern of arsenic in the groundwater increases from south/southeast to north/northwest. Hangjinhouqi and Wuyuan counties are considered as the most seriously affected areas, with high incidences of endemic arsenicosic diseases in the Hetao Basin. High groundwater arsenic correlates with the increase of well depth. Previous studies proposed that groundwater arsenic in the Basin is mainly originated from desorption of some natural solid materials in the sediments, under reducing condition. Generally, reducing condition is believed to be the primary factor for arsenic releasing from the sediment to groundwater in the region. Under inorganic or bacterial processes, Fe2O3 changes to Fe S and arsenic adsorbed to Fe(OH)3 dissolves into groundwater, and As(V) is reduced to As(Ш). Besides, reducing environments, groundwater hydraulic gradients, organic matter, p H, evapotranspiration, and soil texture are presumed to be the predominant factors that control arsenic mobilization. 相似文献
11.
宁南地区地表特征参数及辐射平衡区域分布 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文利用2001年6月30日LANDSAT-7 ETM+卫星遥感资料和宁夏南部及周边区域22个气象站气象观测资料,求得地表特征参数中NDVI、地表反射率、地表温度和地表辐射平衡各量中地表短波吸收辐射、地表长波辐射区域、大气逆辐射、净辐射的区域分布和分布直方图,将地表分成5类,分类别讨论了其各量分布特征。主要研究结果表明:地表特征参数及地表辐射平衡各量的分布均呈现明显的地带性,各区域分布图上山体、水体的轮廓很显著,主要原因是山上及河流附近生长着茂密的植被,说明植被的分布在相当程度上影响了辐射平衡各量和地表特征参数的分布。 相似文献
12.
Shuqiang Xue Jiping Liu Jinzhong Mi Chun Dong Yingyan Cheng 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(11):2155-2170
The calculation of surface area is meaningful for a variety of space-filling phenomena, e.g., the packing of plants or animals within an area of land. With Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data we can calculate the surface area by using a continuous surface model, such as by the Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN). However, just as the triangle-based surface area discussed in this paper, the surface area is generally biased because it is a nonlinear mapping about the DEM data which contain measurement errors. To reduce the bias in the surface area, we propose a second-order bias correction by applying nonlinear error propagation to the triangle-based surface area. This process reveals that the random errors in the DEM data result in a bias in the triangle-based surface area while the systematic errors in the DEM data can be reduced by using the height differences. The bias is theoretically given by a probability integral which can be approximated by numerical approaches including the numerical integral and the Monte Carlo method; but these approaches need a theoretical distribution assumption about the DEM measurement errors, and have a very high computational cost. In most cases, we only have variance information on the measurement errors; thus, a bias estimation based on nonlinear error propagation is proposed. Based on the second-order bias estimation proposed, the variance of the surface area can be improved immediately by removing the bias from the original variance estimation. The main results are verified by the Monte Carlo method and by the numerical integral. They show that an unbiased surface area can be obtained by removing the proposed bias estimation from the triangle-based surface area originally calculated from the DEM data. 相似文献
13.
沙漠人工植被和流动沙丘的小气候特征观测研究 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
本文利用１９９２年８月在中国科学院沙坡头治沙试验研究站沙漠人工植被防护体系和流动沙丘下垫面近地面层的微气象观测资料，分析了其小气候特征，效应的物理机制及实际和理论意义。 相似文献
14.
地表温度是影响地表能量收支平衡和气候变化的重要因子,也是评价陆面模式性能的主要指标。新疆下垫面包括沙漠、绿洲、冰川、积雪等多种类型,其地表温度变化对生态环境和天气气候变化有重要影响。为了找到影响第三代陆面模式NCAR CLM4.5模拟新疆地表温度效果的主要因子,促进该模式发展,在对ERA-5再分析资料评估基础上,以其作为实况资料,首先对CLM4.5长时段模拟新疆地表温度的效果开展评估,然后利用地表能量平衡方程得到的地表温度变化影响因子分离方法,揭示出引起新疆地表温度模拟偏差的主要因子。结果表明：ERA-5地表温度的空间分布特征、量级和时间变化与观测结果一致,可用来研究该区域地表温度变化。CLM4.5对新疆地表温度模拟冷偏差值较大,但相关性显著,且误差与气候背景和下垫面条件有关。CLM4.5模拟的潜热值偏大是地表温度模拟值偏低的主要原因,CLM4.5模拟的潜热值在新疆大部分区域比ERA-5的多90%以上。CLM4.5对新疆0—10 cm土壤湿度模拟值偏大,蒸散过强,导致潜热通量偏大,因此改进土壤湿度计算方案是提高该陆面模式对新疆地表温度模拟水平的有效途径。 相似文献
15.
利用TM影像分析天山北坡三工河流域地表反照率的时空变化 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
下垫面状况是影响地表反照率分布的主要因素之一。利用遥感方法获取地表反照率时空特征是研究地表下垫面状况的有效手段。天山北坡具有典型的山地－绿洲－荒漠景观和山盆地貌格局,这一独特且复杂多样的地表下垫面特征形成了特有的垂直分布的地表反照率。通过对三工河流域TM影像进行地形校正,基于6S(Second Simulation of Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum)模型分析地表反照率的时空分布。结果表明:基于中空间分辨率遥感数据的地表反照率反演适合于地表起伏明显的天山北坡地表反照率的分析。由于受到地表覆被类型及地表干湿程度的影响,三工河流域地表反照率呈明显的垂直地带性分布。中山森林带和低山干草原带受地形起伏和阴阳坡作用,其地表反照率表现出有规律的上下波动。绿洲区随着地表覆被类型、作物结构和作物物候的变化,地表反照率波动较大。 相似文献
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17.
银武高速公路同心至固原段边坡面蚀试验分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究高速公路边坡面蚀,选择银武高速公路同心至固原段固原立交2.5 km范围作为研究区段,根据不同公路边坡类型和防治措施设置6个观测小区,采用插钎法测定坡面的面蚀量,同时由虹吸式自记雨量计记录降雨量。分别测定和计算了降雨量、降雨历时、平均降雨强度、前期降雨量4个因子。分析结果表明,降雨对坡面面蚀的制约关系十分明显。影响面蚀量的主要降雨因子是降雨量和平均降雨强度,面蚀量与降雨量和平均降雨强度呈现极显著和显著的正相关关系,面蚀量与降雨因子中的前期降雨量呈现一定的负相关关系。采用强迫引入法,建立了面蚀量与降雨因子主成分的回归方程。 相似文献
18.
利用陆面过程模式BATS,引入地表发射率及两种大气发射率参数化方案,同时引入不同的地表粗糙度参数化方案,对比各种参数化方案对沙漠下垫面地面温度及能量收支的模拟状况。结果表明：采用Van Bavel等发展的地表发射率及Chung等发展的大气发射率方案可以明显改进地面温度及向上长波辐射的模拟,Chung等方案在夜间与正午的模拟效果更好,减小了1 ℃左右的地面温度模拟偏差,减小了10 W·m-2左右的向上长波辐射模拟偏差。晴天地面温度及向上长波辐射的模拟结果优于阴天。利用Zhang等发展的裸土粗糙度参数化方案也会提高模式对地表感热通量模拟的准确性。 相似文献
19.
N. J. Anderson 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1990,4(1):43-59
The variability of diatom distribution in an acidified, upland wind-stressed lake (Loch Fleet, Galloway, S. W. Scotland) was assessed by analysis of 28 surface sediment samples and 11 cores. Correspondence analysis (CA) and cluster analysis were used to illustrate the variability of the surface sediment and core samples. There was reasonable uniformity of taxa in most of the surface sediment samples, although 7 samples, as indicated by both CA and cluster analyses were atypical. Most cores recorded clearly the acidification of the lake, although percentages of individual taxa varied up to 20% between cores. Two cores had old, preacidification diatom assemblages (of indeterminate age) close to the sediment surface. These old sediments were probably the source of the re-worked diatoms found in the atypical surface sediment assemblages. Diatom trends, as CA ordinations and pH profiles, were less variable than the surface sediment assemblages. It is argued that non-uniform sediment accumulation rates and diatom deposition cause variability in surface sediment diatom samples. This variability may be reduced in core profiles by homogenization during further resuspension/deposition cycles and burial. Cores, and the associated time component they offer, may be useful in assessing the variability of surface sediment assemblages. 相似文献
20.
基于陆面模式和遥感技术的地表温度比较 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
基于我国中部的样带基础上,采用陆面模式 (Common Land Surface Model CLM) 和遥感结合技术,对研究的样带区域的地表温度利用CLM模式进行模拟和利用遥感分裂窗技术进行反演;以观测地表温度为真值,分别比较模拟地表温度和反演地表温度空间分布特征和误差大小,分析模拟方法和反演方法对计算地表温度的可适性和应用范围,为进行大面的地表温度计算提供选择和参考依据。通过研究发现,模式模拟地表温度同实测地表温度分布的大的格局吻合非常的好, 但是因地貌类型及地表覆盖的影响,模拟地表温度对水域的模拟温度误差较大,大于3%以上,对耕地模拟误差偏小,在 (-3)% 以内,对裸地、草地和林地模拟温度吻合非常的好。反演地表温度同观测地表温度相差较大,分裂窗反演方法适合地表覆盖为草地和林地状态的地表温度的计算,裸露和农耕区域反演的地表温度误差特别的大。 相似文献