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1.
北极地区不同冰龄的海冰厚度变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
In this study, changes in Arctic sea ice thickness for each ice age category were examined based on satellite observations and modelled results. Interannual changes obtained from Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite(ICESat)-based results show a thickness reduction over perennial sea ice(ice that survives at least one melt season with an age of no less than 2 year) up to approximately 0.5–1.0 m and 0.6–0.8 m(depending on ice age) during the investigated winter and autumn ICESat periods, respectively. Pan-Arctic Ice Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System(PIOMAS)-based results provide a view of a continued thickness reduction over the past four decades. Compared to 1980 s, there is a clear thickness drop of roughly 0.50 m in 2010 s for perennial ice. This overall decrease in sea ice thickness can be in part attributed to the amplified warming climate in north latitudes. Besides, we figure out that strongly anomalous southerly summer surface winds may play an important role in prompting the thickness decline in perennial ice zone through transporting heat deposited in open water(primarily via albedo feedback) in Eurasian sector deep into a broader sea ice regime in central Arctic Ocean. This heat source is responsible for enhanced ice bottom melting, leading to further reduction in ice thickness. 相似文献
2.
利用美国冰中心和雪冰中心提供的海冰资料和我国南极考察现场的海冰观测资料,对南极海冰的长期变化进行了研究.研究表明20世纪70年代后期是多冰期;80年代是少冰期;90年代南极海冰属于上升趋势,后期偏多,区域性变化差别大,东南极海冰偏多,西南极海冰即南极半岛两侧尤其是威德尔海区和别林斯高晋海的冰明显偏少.东南极和西南极海冰的变化趋势总是反相的.90年代后期普里兹湾的海冰明显偏多,南极大陆陆架冰外缘线总体没有明显的收缩,有崩解也有再生的自然变化现象.西南极威德尔海的龙尼冰架和罗斯海冰架东部崩解和收缩趋势明显,东南极的冰架也有崩解和收缩,但没有西南极明显.陆架冰崩解向海洋输送的冰山对全球海平面升高有一定的影响.目前南极冰盖断裂崩解形成的冰山,向海洋输入的水量可使全球海平面上升约14mm.南极海冰没有随着全球气候温暖化而明显减少,而是按照东南极和西南极反相的变化规律进行周期性的变化、调整和制约. 相似文献
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《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1999,46(6-7):1275-1300
The Odden ice tongue developed prominently during the winter of 1992–1993, but did not appear at all during the two subsequent winters of the ESOP period. During 1992–1993 the in situ sea-ice characteristics within Odden were studied on four occasions. In addition to direct observation and aerial photography, the measurement programme included retrieval and on-board analysis of frazil- and pancake-ice samples; wave measurements within Odden; and near-surface CTD measurements to examine the effect of melt on the upper ocean (reported in Brandon and Wadhams, 1999. The near surface hydrography beneath the Odden ice tongue, Deep-Sea Research, in press). This paper reports on the characteristics of the frazil- and pancake-ice observed and sampled during this season, expanding on early results (reported in Wadhams et al., 1996 Journal of Geographical Research 101(C8), 18 213–18 235). By combining the results of in situ sampling with the analysis of passive microwave and SAR data of the sea-ice extent through the winter, it was possible to estimate the salt flux into the ocean originating from brine release from sea ice during the growth phases of Odden. 相似文献
5.
《Marine Chemistry》2006,98(2-4):210-222
This study presents concentrations of dimethylsulphide (DMS) and its precursor compound dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) in a variety of sea ice and seawater habitats in the Antarctic Sea Ice Zone (ASIZ) during spring and summer. Sixty-two sea ice cores of pack and fast ice were collected from twenty-seven sites across an area of the eastern ASIZ (64°E to 110°E; and the Antarctic coastline north to 62°S). Concentrations of DMS in 81 sections of sea ice ranged from < 0.3 to 75 nM, with an average of 12 nM. DMSP in 60 whole sea ice cores ranged from 25 to 796 nM and showed a negative relationship with ice thickness (y = 125x− 0.8). Extremely high DMSP concentrations were found in 2 cores of rafted sea ice (2910 and 1110 nM). The relationship of DMSP with ice thickness (excluding rafted ice) suggests that the release of large amounts of DMSP during sea ice melting may occur in discrete areas defined by ice thickness distribution, and may produce ‘hot spots’ of elevated seawater DMS concentration of the order of 100 nM. During early summer across a 500 km transect through melting pack ice, elevated DMS concentrations (range 21–37 nM, mean 31 nM, n = 15) were found in surface seawater. This band of elevated DMS concentration appeared to have been associated with the release of sea ice DMS and DMSP rather than in situ production by an ice edge algal bloom, as chlorophyll a concentrations were relatively low (0.09–0.42 μg l− 1). During fast ice melting in the area of Davis station, Prydz Bay, sea ice DMSP was released mostly as extracellular DMSP, since intracellular DMSP was negligible in both hyposaline brine (5 ppt) and in a melt water lens (4–5 ppt), while extracellular DMSP concentrations were as high as 149 and 54 nM, respectively in these habitats. DMS in a melt water lens was relatively high at 11 nM. During the ice-free summer in the coastal Davis area, DMS concentrations in surface seawater were highest immediately following breakout of the fast ice cover in late December (range 5–14 nM), and then remained at relatively low concentrations through to late February (< 0.3–6 nM). These measurements support the view that the melting of Antarctic sea ice produces elevated seawater DMS due to release of sea ice DMS and DMSP. 相似文献
6.
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7.
引入拖曳系数参数化的海冰自由漂流模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Many interesting characteristics of sea ice drift depend on the atmospheric drag coefficient(C_a) and oceanic drag coefficient(C_w).Parameterizations of drag coefficients rather than constant values provide us a way to look insight into the dependence of these characteristics on sea ice conditions.In the present study,the parameterized ice drag coefficients are included into a free-drift sea ice dynamic model,and the wind factor α and the deflection angle θ between sea ice drift and wind velocity as well as the ratio of C_a to C_w are studied to investigate their dependence on the impact factors such as local drag coefficients,floe and ridge geometry.The results reveal that in an idealized steady ocean,C_a/C_w increases obviously with the increasing ice concentration for small ice floes in the marginal ice zone,while it remains at a steady level(0.2-0.25) for large floes in the central ice zone.The wind factor α increases rapidly at first and approaches a steady level of 0.018 when A is greater than 20%.And the deflection angle θ drops rapidly from an initial value of approximate 80° and decreases slowly as A is greater than20%without a steady level like α.The values of these parameters agree well with the previously reported observations in Arctic.The ridging intensity is an important parameter to determine the dominant contribution of the ratio of skin friction drag coefficient(C_s' /C_s) and the ratio of ridge form drag coefficient(C_r'/C_r) to the value of C_a/C_w,α,and θ,because of the dominance of ridge form drag for large ridging intensity and skin friction for small ridging intensity among the total drag forces.Parameterization of sea ice drag coefficients has the potential to be embedded into ice dynamic models to better account for the variability of sea ice in the transient Arctic Ocean. 相似文献
8.
《Ocean Modelling》2010,35(3-4):137-149
Passive microwave satellite observations of ice extent and concentration form the foundation of sea ice model evaluations, due to their wide spatial coverage and decades-long availability. Observations related to other model quantities are somewhat more limited but increasing as interest in high-latitude processes intensifies. Sea ice thickness, long judged a critical quantity in the physical system, is now being scrutinized more closely in sea ice model simulations as more expansive measurements become available. While albedo is often the first parameter chosen by modelers to adjust simulated ice thickness, this paper explores a set of less prominent parameters to which thickness is also quite sensitive. These include parameters associated with sea ice conductivity, mechanical redistribution, oceanic heat flux, and ice–ocean dynamic stress, in addition to shortwave radiation. Multiple combinations of parameter values can produce the same mean ice thickness using the Los Alamos Sea Ice Model, CICE. One of these “tuned” simulations is compared with a variety of observational data sets in both hemispheres. While deformed ice area compares well with the limited observations available for ridged ice, thickness measurements differ such that the model cannot agree with all of them simultaneously. Albedo and ice–ocean dynamic parameters that affect the turning of the ice relative to the ocean currents have the largest effect on ice thickness, of the parameters tested here. That is, sea ice thickness is highly sensitive to changes in external forcing by the atmosphere or ocean, and therefore serves as a sensitive diagnostic for high-latitude change. 相似文献
9.
《Ocean Modelling》2009,28(3-4):114-129
A newly developed global Finite Element Sea Ice–Ocean Model (FESOM) is presented. The ocean component is based on the Finite Element model of the North Atlantic (FENA) but has been substantially updated and extended. In addition to a faster realization of the numerical code, state-of-the-art parameterizations of subgrid-scale processes have been implemented. A Redi/GM scheme is employed to parameterize the effects of mesoscale eddies on lateral tracer distribution. Vertical mixing and convection are parameterized as a function of the Richardson number and the Monin–Obukhov length. A finite element dynamic-thermodynamic sea ice–model has been developed and coupled to the ocean component. Sea ice thermodynamics have been derived from the standard AWI sea ice model featuring a prognostic snow layer but neglecting internal heat storage. The dynamic part offers the viscous-plastic and elastic-viscous-plastic rheologies. All model components are discretized on a triangular/tetrahedral grid with a continuous, conforming representation of model variables. The coupled model is run in a global configuration and forced with NCEP daily atmospheric reanalysis data for 1948–2007. Results are analysed with a slight focus on the Southern Hemisphere. Many aspects of sea ice distribution and hydrography are found to be in good agreement with observations. As in most coarse-scale models, Gulf Stream transport is underestimated, but transports of the Kuroshio and the Antarctic Circumpolar Current appear realistic. The seasonal cycles of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice extents and Antarctic sea ice thickness are well captured; long- and short-term variability of ice coverage is found to be reproduced realistically in both hemispheres. The coupled model is now ready to be used in a wide range of applications. 相似文献
10.
Numerical sea ice prediction in China 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
ＮｕｍｅｒｉｃａｌｓｅａｉｃｅｐｒｅｄｉｃｔｉｏｎｉｎＣｈｉｎａＷｕＨｕｉｄｉｎｇ,ＢａｉＳｈａｎ,ＺｈａｎｇＺｈａｎｈａｉ１（ＲｅｃｅｉｖｅｄＳｅｐｔｅｍｂｅｒ１２,１９９６;ａｃｃｅｐｔｅｄＪｕｎｅ５,１９９７）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ──Ａｄｙｎａｍｉ... 相似文献
11.
The method proposed for determining the total inorganic carbon (TC) concentrations in sea ice (Arctic region, North Pole-35
expedition) based on the measurement of the total alkalinity (TA) and the pH in the melt waters without the CO2 exchange with the atmosphere is considered. It is shown that the TC/Sal and TA/TC values through the entire ice section remain
similar to these parameters in the subice water. The surface snow and the uppermost ice layers are characterized by elevated
TA/TC values, which indicate the reaction Ca2+ + 2HCO3− = ↓CaCO3 + ↑CO2 + H2O. The release of CO2 to the atmosphere due to the decomposition of calcium hydrocarbonate is as high as ∼20 mmol/m2. The meltwater of the examined ice is undersaturated with CO2, which may result in a sink of atmospheric CO2 (∼30 mmol/m2). 相似文献
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Short-lived halocarbons were measured in Arctic sea–ice brine, seawater and air above the Greenland and Norwegian seas (~81°N, 2–5°E) in mid-summer, from a melting ice floe at the edge of the ice pack. In the ice floe, concentrations of C2H5I, 2-C3H7I and CH2Br2 showed significant enhancement in the sea ice brine, of average factors of 1.7, 1.4 and 2.5 times respectively, compared to the water underneath and after normalising to brine volume. Concentrations of mono-iodocarbons in air are the highest ever reported, and our calculations suggest increased fluxes of halocarbons to the atmosphere may result from their sea–ice enhancement. Some halocarbons were also measured in ice of the sub-Arctic in Hudson Bay (~55°N, 77°W) in early spring, ice that was thicker, colder and less porous than the Arctic ice in summer, and in which the halocarbons were concentrated to values over 10 times larger than in the Arctic ice when normalised to brine volume. Concentrations in the Arctic ice were similar to those in Antarctic sea ice that was similarly warm and porous. As climate warms and Arctic sea ice becomes more like that of the Antarctic, our results lead us to expect the production of iodocarbons and so of reactive iodine gases to increase. 相似文献
14.
The characteristic low-frequency oscillation of the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) of ENSO related regions, Nino 1 + 2, Nino 3, Nino 4 and Nino West, and the Southern Oscillation index (SOI) is analyzed with the method of maximum entropy spectrum. Antarctic sea ice is divided into 4 regions, i. e. East Antarctic is Region Ⅰ (0°-120° E), the region dominated by Ross Sea ice is Region Ⅱ (120° E-120° W), the region dominated by Ross Sea ice is Region Ⅲ (120° W-0°), and the whole Antarctic sea ice area is Region Ⅳ. Also, the month-to-month correlation series of the sea ice with ENSO from contemporary to 5-years lag is calculated. The optimum correlation period is selected from the series. The characteristics and the rules obtained are as follows.1. There are a common 4-years main period of the SSTA of Ninos 1 + 2,3 and 4, a rather strong 4-years secondary period and a quasi-8-years main period of that of Nino West. There are also 1. 5 and 2 to 3-years secondary periods of that of all 4 Nin 相似文献
15.
海冰边缘线是南极海冰监测的重要内容之一。本文基于ENVI RA-2(ENVISAT Radar Altimeter 2)高度计数据开展了南极海冰边缘线提取方法研究。首先根据海冰和海水后向散射系数的不同,利用其各自方差对两者进行区分,获得了冰水分界线;其次通过ENVISAT-ASAR(ENVISAT-Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar)数据和冰况图对提取的海冰边缘线的正确性进行了验证;最后简要分析了误差存在的原因。研究结果表明,高度计数据在提取大范围海冰边缘线方面具有优势。 相似文献
16.
北极海冰输出研究综述 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
北极海冰对全球气候变化起重要的指示作用。除了海水冻结和融化过程以外,通过弗拉姆海峡(Fram Strait)的海冰输出也是影响北极海冰质量变化的重要动力机制。观测数据中的多源卫星遥感数据(尤其是辐射计观测数据)在获取大尺度连续观测方面具有独特的优势,在研究北极海冰输出面积通量变化方面有着广泛应用。本文总结了北极弗拉姆海峡、其他通道(S-FJL、FJL-SZ、加拿大群岛、Nares海峡通道)海冰输出面积或体积通量,着重介绍了弗拉姆海峡不同年龄海冰输出情况,并总结和分析了影响北极海冰输运的大尺度大气活动模态。最后,本文阐明北极海冰输出方面现有研究的不足之处以及未来的突破方向。 相似文献
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气候态下的北极海冰运动特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用国际北极浮冰运动观测资料(IABP)(1979-2006年),分析了年平均、季节平均和月平均的北极海冰运动特征.分析结果表明,在不同时间尺度上,都体现出北极海冰运动的两个基本特征,即反气旋式的波弗特涡和穿极漂流,但是强度有所差异.6-9月,北极上空存在一个低压系统,导致海冰出现气旋式运动,穿极漂流较弱.波弗特涡中心在1-9月由加拿大海盆逐渐退缩至海岸附近,之后又向东西伯利亚海方向移动.北极海冰运动特征与海平面气压有密切关系,但北极表层洋流的作用也是不可忽略的,尤其是弗雷姆海峡附近海域. 相似文献
19.
长序列北极海冰覆盖数据集对比分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
国家卫星气象中心使用2011年至今的风云三号卫星数据开发了一套基于Nasa Team2（NT2）算法的北极海冰密集度数据集，并可实时业务更新。将该数据集与其他国家不同机构业务运行并实时更新多种同类型数据集进行横向对比分析，其中包括:（1）美国冰雪中心基于Nasa Team（NT）算法以及SSM/I、SSMIS数据制作的1978年至今25 km分辨率全球极区海冰覆盖数据集；（2）美国冰雪中心基于Boot Strap（BS）算法以及SSM/I、SSMIS数据制作的1978年至今25 km分辨率全球极区海冰覆盖数据集；（3）美国NOAA基于多种卫星资料、地面观测数据以及海冰模型制作的2004年至今4 km分辨率北半球海冰覆盖数据集（IMS）。对比表明，上述数据集在北极地区不同的时空范围内存在一定的偏差。以分辨率较高的IMS数据集为基准，对其他3种长序列数据集进行初步评价，总体最大偏差超过100×104 km2，其中，NT2数据集过估较明显。经过与IMS数据集多年各月监测最大值的对比订正，NT2数据集过估情况得到改善。在此基础上的分析结果表明，NT、BS、NT2等3种数据集与IMS数据集相比，过估区域主要分布在海岸线附近，夏季过估比冬季更加明显，少估区域与算法、月份相关性明显，夏季少估面积也较冬季更大。NT、BS、NT2等3种数据集之中，NT2数据集与IMS数据集偏差最小，NT数据集次之，BS数据集与IMS数据集偏差最大。结果表明使用风云三号卫星数据的北极海冰覆盖数据集精度与国外3种同类型数据集相当。 相似文献
20.
《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1999,46(6-7):1457-1472
During two cruises to the Greenland Sea, we studied the abundance and biomass of the sea ice biota in summer and late autumn. The mean calculated biomass of the sympagic community was 0.2 g C m−2 ice. Algae contributed on average 43% to total biomass, followed by bacteria (31%), heterotrophic flagellates (20%), and meiofauna (4%). Diatoms were the main primary producers (60% of total algal biomass), but flagellated cells contributed significantly to the algal biomass. Among the meiofauna, ciliates, nematodes, acoel turbellarians and crustaceans were dominant. Calculated potential ingestion rates of meiofauna (0.6 g C m−2 (120 d)−1) are on the same order of magnitude as annual primary production estimates for Arctic multi-year sea ice. We therefore assume that grazing can control biomass accumulation of primary producers inside the sea ice. 相似文献