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1.
Ki-Young Heo Jeong-Wook Lee Kyung-Ja Ha Ki-Cheon Jun Kwang-Soon Park Jae-Il Kwon 《Natural Hazards》2009,51(1):151-162
High-quality informations on sea level pressure and sea surface wind stress are required to accurately predict storm surges
over the Korean Peninsula. The storm surge on 31 March 2007 at Yeonggwang, on the western coast, was an abrupt response to
mesocyclone development. In the present study, we attempted to obtain reliable surface winds and sea level pressures. Using
an optimal physical parameterization for wind conditions, MM5, WRF and COAMPS were used to simulate the atmospheric states
that accompanied the storm surge. The use of MM5, WRF and COAMPS simulations indicated the development of high winds in the
strong pressure gradient due to an anticyclone and a mesocyclone in the southern part of the western coast. The response to
this situation to the storm surge was sensitive. A low-level warm advection was examined as a possible causal mechanism for
the development of a mesocyclone in the generating storm surge. The low-level warm temperature advection was simulated using
the three models, but MM5 and WRF tended to underestimate the warm tongue and overestimate the wind speed. The WRF simulation
was closer to the observed data than the other simulations in terms of wind speed and the intensity of the mesocyclone. It
can be concluded that the magnitude of the storm surge at Yeonggwang was dependent, not only on the development of a mesocyclone
but on ocean effects as well. 相似文献
2.
P. Milanović 《Environmental Geology》1996,27(2):105-107
Ombla Spring is located on the Adriatic coast near the town of Dubrovnik. The spring discharges at sea level. To eliminate the influence of the tide, a small dam was constructed 50 m downstream of the spring outlet. The spring water overflows the dam crest at an elevation of 2.40 m. Since 1897 the springwater has been used for the water supply for Dubrovnik. 相似文献
3.
Andrija Bognar Ph.D. 《GeoJournal》1996,38(4):407-416
As both Middle-European and Mediterranean country, the Republic of Croatia is composed of several regional units. Every single natural and geographical unit is not specific only in terms of its general natural features, but also by its role in linking Croatia with the rest of the world. Additional peculiarity of these geographic units is their complementary value, which gives good prerequisites for successful economic development of the country.In Pannonian section of Croatia prevail natural features close to those in other Central-European countries. Namely, this section of Croatia participates in Danube catchment area, linking Croatia with the rest of Central Europe. Dinaric Alps are typical mountainous area; in north-western part of the range (i.e. in the region of Gorski Kotar) they are very narrow, making thus possible a comparatively easy communication between Pannonian part of Croatia and the Adriatic coast. Coastal region of Croatia — stretching along the most of (north)eastern coast of the Adriatic — is predominantly characterised by Mediterranean natural features. Due to its size and share in total area of the country, territorial waters of the Adriatic sea can be accepted as the fourth natural and geographic unit of Croatia. 相似文献
4.
In this study, structural features of a subtropical prefrontal rainband associated with the Mei-Yu front on 25 June 1987 over northwestern Taiwan are investigated. Dual-Doppler data collected during the Taiwan Area Mesoscale Experiment (TAMEX) were employed to derive fields of reflectivity, system-relative wind and vertical velocity in a horizontal domain of 36 by 40 km using a 1 km grid spacing. There were ten analysis levels in the vertical ranging from 0.4 to 8.8 km. Vertical velocities were calculated from the anelastic continuity equation by integrating downward with variational adjustment.Results show that the low-level jet (LLJ) in the boundary layer provides large vertical shear ahead of the front. The southwest monsoon flow at low-levels carries high-
e environmental air northeastward meeting with the northwesterly flow from northern China to form distinct wind-shift line. This windshift line corresponds well to the position of the Mei-Yu front. Along the wind-shift line, the low-level convergence enhances lifting resulting in a narrow band of convection on the warm side of the front. There are many cells embedded within the rainband. Each cell is accompanied by the moderate convective updraft and weak downdraft. The precipitation is deep but not intense ahead of the front, while the precipitation behind the front is weak and shallow. Because the system traveled very slowly, up to 200 mm of rainfall in 24 hours occurred on the west coast of central Taiwan causing a flash flood over that region. 相似文献
5.
The Adriatic coast of southern Apulia (Italy) is marked by the presence of large boulder accumulations. Boulders are up to 8 t in weight and arranged either in small groups or rows composed of a few imbricated elements. The lower surface of some of the boulders is covered by biogenic encrustation which suggests that they were possibly carved from the mid or sublittoral zone and that they capsized during their transport. Other boulders, detached from the supratidal zone, have their surface affected by tilted rock pools. New horizontal solution pans are continually forming.A detailed survey of a large boulder accumulation was carried out at Torre Santa Sabina. Direct observations were also made concerning the carving out and transportation of one single boulder during the severe storms in that area on January 4th, 2002 and on January 12th, 2003. Collated data from both the survey and the direct observations including some radiocarbon age determinations and hydrodynamic calculations suggest that the studied accumulation was due to the superimposed effects of one or two tsunami as well as of storm waves. Tsunami would be responsible for the detachment and transportation of the largest boulders, while storm waves may have been responsible for the carving out and transportation of the newer, smaller blocks and for moving once again the largest boulders. It was in this way that a typical boulder accumulation was produced.The collated data suggest that two tsunami may have recently struck the Adriatic coast of southern Apulia. The first possibly took place on the Dalmatian coast as a result of the earthquake on April 6, 1667 which destroyed Ragusa (modern day Dubrovnik). The second tsunami would have accompanied the strong earthquake which took place in southern Apulia on February 20, 1743. 相似文献
6.
S. Prasanna Kumar M. Madhupratap M. Dileep Kumar M. Gauns P. M. Muraleedharan V. V. S. S. Sarma S. N. De Souza 《Journal of Earth System Science》2000,109(4):433-441
Usingin situ data collected during 1992–1997, under the Indian programme of Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS), we show that the biological
productivity of the Arabian Sea is tightly coupled to the physical forcing mediated through nutrient availability. The Arabian
Sea becomes productive in summer not only along the coastal regions of Somalia, Arabia and southern parts of the west coast
of India due to coastal upwelling but also in the open waters of the central region. The open waters in the north are fertilized
by a combination of divergence driven by cyclonic wind stress curl to the north of the Findlater Jet and lateral advection
of nutrient-rich upwelled waters from Arabia. Productivity in the southern part of the central Arabian Sea, on the other hand,
is driven by advection from the Somalia upwelling. Surface cooling and convection resulting from reduced solar radiation and
increased evaporation make the northern region productive in winter. During both spring and fall inter-monsoons, this sea
remains warm and stratified with low production as surface waters are oligotrophic. Inter-annual variability in physical forcing
during winter resulted in one-and-a-half times higher production in 1997 than in 1995. 相似文献
7.
P. N. Mahajan 《Journal of Earth System Science》1987,96(1):41-47
An upwelled region as seen through satellite imagery off the Somali coast is compared with sea surface temperature during summer Monex-79. The relationship between satellite-derived low-level cloud drift winds and the sea-surface temperature is studied. Cloudiness associated with a prime eddy off the Somali coast is also studied. It is observed that the upwelled region has a unique crescent shape and reflects the sea-surface temperature that is driven by low-level strong winds. The prime eddy, as observed through a satellite imagery, shows that low cloud convection tends to be greater over the warm waters of the prime eddy, and the upwelled cold water tends to encircle the eddy leading to the identification of its outer boundary. 相似文献
8.
了解沙漠降水稳定同位素特征,有助于研究干旱区水循环过程.根据2015-2016年取自巴丹吉林沙漠4个站点的降水样品,分析了δ2H、δ18O的时空分布特征及影响因素;借助后向气团轨迹模型分析了降水水汽来源;采用氘盈余模型计算了水汽再循环比.结果显示,降水δ2H、δ18O均表现出季节效应,夏高冬低;沙漠腹地较外围山区δ2H、δ18O偏正,d-excess偏负,反映出腹地降水的蒸发程度更高.年内降水主要来自西风水汽,夏季部分受东南季风影响.沙漠湖泊区再循环比为10.3%~10.9%,略大于山区的8.5%;再循环水汽在总蒸发量中占比11.1%,反映出沙漠强烈的蒸发对本地降水的贡献较为有限. 相似文献
9.
Heat wave of 2015 over India, a natural disaster with 2500 human deaths, was studied to understand the characteristics, associated atmospheric circulation patterns and to evaluate its predictability. Although temperatures are highest in May over India, occurrence of heat wave conditions over southeast coastal parts of India in May 2015 had been unanticipated. Analyses revealed that isolated region of Andhra Pradesh (AP) had experienced severe heat wave conditions during May 23–27, 2015, with temperatures above 42 °C and the sudden escalation by 7–10 °C within a short span of 2–3 days. Short-range weather predictions with Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model at 3-km resolution, up to 72-h lead time, have been found accurate with statistical metrics of small mean absolute error and root-mean-square error and high index of agreement confirming the predictability of the heat wave evolution. Analyses have indicated that regional atmospheric pressure disparities within the Eurasia region, i.e., increased pressure gradient between the Middle East and India, had been responsible for increased northwest wind flow over to northwest India and to southeast India which have advected higher temperatures. Estimates of warm air advection have shown heat accumulation over AP region, due to sea breeze effect. The study led to the conclusion that changing pressure gradients between Middle East and India, enhancement of northwest wind flow with warm air advection and sea breeze effect along southeast coast blocking the free flow have contributed to the observed heat wave episode over coastal Andhra Pradesh. 相似文献
10.
Kenji Tanaka 《Natural Hazards》2012,63(2):805-822
On July 15, 2009, a meteotsunami occurred over Tsushima Strait and flood damage was recorded on the west coast of Tsushima Island. This study investigated the meteorological systems related to that meteotsunami event using surface observation data, grid-point value data, and a mesoscale meteorological model. The mid-latitude trough in the mid-troposphere approached the moist air of the Baiu precipitation system, and a cold downdraft occurred over a wide area of western Japan. In the western Tsushima Strait, the warm, moist air of the lower atmosphere kept the front of the cold downdraft stationary. Around this area, an atmospheric gravity wave was generated continuously with the wave-conditional instability of the second kind mechanism and propagated toward Tsushima Island. The atmospheric gravity wave generated a pressure disturbance at sea level, which produced the meteotsunami. The frequency of the pressure disturbance using the numerical model had a peak in the 5- to 20-min period range, which corresponded with the peak frequency range of the observed tidal records. 相似文献
11.
R. Roth Dr. 《GeoJournal》1984,8(2):205-209
The NE of Brazil is one of the earth's problematic semiarid areas. However, in the coastal area along the coast from Natal to Salvador precipitation is high enough to allow for a fully developed tropical vegetation. It is shown that this enhancement of annual precipitation is due to the dynamic convergence within the planetary boundary layer and that this effect can quantitatively be evaluated by simple model considerations. To do this the mass flux perpendicular to the coastline is calculated within the lower troposphere for an undisturbed PBL (Planetary Boundary Layer) over land and over sea, by using the resistance law of the PBL and by integrating the equation of monion between the bottom and some height above the PBL. By using the equation of continuity the mean vertical motion due to the coastal convergence can be calculated. The relation of the calculated total amount of lifting near the coast on the rate of precipitation is calculated. Compared with the increase of precipitation due to orography it gives the same increase in precipitation per meter of lifting in the coastal area quantitatively and since this is strongly related to the roughness due to the vegetation along the coast it can be shown that deforestation — for instance to grow sugar-cane — in this area the annual amount of precipitation will decrease considerably. Once the coastal area will have been transformed to a desertlike structure, the coastal maximum of precipitation will diminish at all. 相似文献
12.
Turkey often suffers from flood-related damages and causalities as a result of intense and prolonged storms that are usually convective or cyclonic in origin. The impact is more distinctive in Aegean and Mediterranean coasts of the country where quantity and distribution of rainfall is influenced by Mediterranean cyclones, especially in late autumn and early winter. The floods sometimes became very hazardous when combined with urbanization effects, especially in the densely populated coastal communities and major cities. Severe weather was marked in the early parts of September 2009 that produced record-setting rainfall amounts across the Marmara region of Turkey and led a series of flash floods which affected ?stanbul and Tekirda? provinces especially. The overall flooding was the result of successive and persistent intense rainfall episodes over a 3-day period which produced more than 250-mm rainfall over portions of the region. The floods resulted in death of 32 people and caused extensive environmental and infrastructural damage in the region. This study provides in-depth analysis of hydrometeorological conditions that led to the occurrence of flash floods in Marmara region during 7–10 September 2009 period and also discusses non-meteorological factors that exacerbated the flooding conditions. Main meteorological settings that led to intense storms were presence of cold air in the upper atmosphere, a slow-moving quasi-stationary trough, and continuous resupply of moisture to the surface low from the warm Aegean Sea. Radar images showed the development of clusters of convective cells that remained quasi-stationary over portions of the region. The 24-h rainfall amounts varied between 100 and 253 mm in most parts of the region during the flooding period with diverse spatial patterns. The southern locations received the highest amount of the rainfall as compared to stations located in northern slopes of the region. Typical effects of orography that enhance rainfall in the coastal areas, however, were not observed during the Marmara flood. Some features of the synoptic pattern observed prior and during the flooding period, supported the back door cold front concept. This is characterized with easterly to northeasterly surface flows forced by an anticyclone, advection of cold continental air over the warm Black Sea which provided anomalous moisture to trigger cyclogenesis over the Marmara region, and falling of core of the intense rainfall over the Marmara Sea. The study concluded that although the meteorological settings were favorable for the convective rainfalls, urbanization factors, such as land use changes and occupation of flood plains, played major role in aggravating the worst flood observed in the region in recent decades. 相似文献
13.
The effect of change in surface roughness on the precipitation regime in the coastal area of NE-Brazil 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
R. Roth 《GeoJournal》1984,8(3):205-209
The NE of Brazil is one of the earth's problematic semiarid areas. However, in the coastal area along the coast from Natal to Salvador precipitation is high enough to allow for a fully developed tropical vegetation. It is shown that this enhancement of annual precipitation is due to the dynamic convergence within the planetary boundary layer and that this effect can quantitatively be evaluated by simple model considerations. To do this the mass flux perpendicular to the coastline is calculated within the lower troposphere for an undisturbed PBL over land and over sea, by using the resistance law of the PBL and by integrating the equation of monion between the bottom and some height above the PBL. By using the equation of continuity the mean vertical motion due to the coastal convergence can be calculated. The relation of the calculated total amount of lifting near the coast on the rate of precipitation is calculated. Compared with the increase of precipitation due to orography it gives the same increase in precipitation per meter of lifting in the coastal area quantitatively and since this is strongly related to the roughness due to the vegetation along the coast it can be shown that deforestation — for instance to grow sugar-cane — in this area the annual amount of precipitation will decrease considerably. Once the coastal area will have been transformed to a desertlike structure, the coastal maximum of precipitation will diminish at all.
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14.
Matthew Simpson Sethu Raman R. Suresh U. C. Mohanty 《Journal of Earth System Science》2008,117(6):897-909
Doppler radar derived wind speed and direction profiles showed a well developed sea breeze circulation over the Chennai, India
region on 28 June, 2003. Rainfall totals in excess of 100 mm resulted from convection along the sea breeze front. Inland propagation
of the sea breeze front was observed in radar reflectivity imagery. High-resolution MM5 simulations were used to investigate
the influence of Chennai urban land use on sea breeze initiated convection and precipitation. A comparison of observed and
simulated 10m wind speed and direction over Chennai showed that the model was able to simulate the timing and strength of
the sea breeze. Urban effects are shown to increase the near surface air temperature over Chennai by 3.0K during the early
morning hours. The larger surface temperature gradient along the coast due to urban effects increased onshore flow by 4.0m
s−1. Model sensitivity study revealed that precipitation totals were enhanced by 25mm over a large region 150 km west of Chennai
due to urban effects. Deficiency in model physics related to night-time forecasts are addressed. 相似文献
15.
雅鲁藏布江流域1978-2009年气候时空变化及未来趋势研究 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
利用1 km 分辨率DEM数据及ArcHydro Tools 提取了雅鲁藏布江流域边界, 明确给出了该流域具体的地理边界及空间范围. 依据雅鲁藏布江流域范围内及周边39个气象站点1978-2009年近32 a逐年气象数据, 综合运用GIS空间插值技术及气象统计分析方法, 对雅鲁藏布江流域气候(着眼于降水和气温指标)时空变化特征及未来变化趋势进行了研究. 结果表明: 1978-2009年间流域范围内多年平均降水大致趋势为由西至东逐步增加, 年平均降水量以7.935 mm·(10a)-1的速度缓慢增加. 流域多年平均气温大致由河源至下游逐渐升高, 河谷腹地至流域边界处逐渐降低, 并出现了以拉萨、乃东为中心的局部高温带; 近32 a流域年平均气温增加2.2 ℃, 增加幅度达到0.489 ℃·(10a)-1, 高于全球及全国同期增温速率. 近10 a间, 流域平均降水以 -139 mm·(10a)-1的速度显著减少, 气温则以1.14 ℃·(10a)-1的速度增加, 整个流域气候呈现暖干趋势. 利用R/S分析法预测得知, 流域年降水量可能出现短时间的减少波动, 但未来较长一段时间内, 流域降水及气温仍将保持增加趋势, 流域气候呈现暖湿化趋势. 相似文献
16.
The northern Adriatic coast, which forms part of the Dinaric karst system, is bordered by high mountains. Here, the occurrence
of rock-slides and rock-falls in road sections with high cuttings excavated in recent times and more than one century ago
has been documented. Some of these old slopes were stable for a long time before rock-slides started to occur. We propose
that these mass movements are favoured by karstification processes acting along joints in the exposed rock mass. The stress
changes induced by overburden removal (excavation) cause dilation in the mass joint systems reducing the rock mass strength
and facilitating the circulation of aggressive water. Changes in water pressure and temperature, wetting and drying cycles,
and corrosion processes along discontinuity planes entail a reduction through time of the shear strength of potential failure
surfaces. 相似文献
17.
Olivier Merle 《Geodinamica Acta》2013,26(3):129-138
AbstractThe exhumation of rocks in a plate convergence setting is commonly related to erosion and/or tectonic denudation accompanied by isostatic adjustment. Isostatic compensation is the physical response to denudation. It leads to unroofing of deep levels of the crust. A new model for producing topographic relief is proposed which explains well the rapid exhumation of high-temperature rocks in the Central Alps via erosion and tectonic denudation (i.e. gravitational collapse and normal faulting). It is shown that the forward motion of the cold and rigid Adriatic indenter into the European crust is twofold. Firstly, horizontal compression led to the vertical extrusion of the deepest ductile European basement into shallower levels. This tectonic process induced heat transfer through the southern steep belt as well as heat advection together with the extruded material, resulting in the metamorphic aureole observed in the Central Alps. Secondly, the lower part of the Adriatic crust protruded into the warm European crust as a result of continuous forward motion. Geophysical data suggest that the isostatic response to indentation (i.e. deepening of the alpine root) has been inhibited by the mechanical strength of the cold and rigid Adriatic crust. Then, the indentation process induced a deviation from isostatic equilibrium by creating a tremendous topographic relief. This relief disappeared rapidly, possibly as fast as it forms, by enhanced erosion and tectonic denudation leading to rapid exhumation of the metamorphic dome. 相似文献
18.
Flash floods associated with heavy precipitation has become a hazardous phenomenon along the Mediterranean coasts of Turkey in recent years. During 3 and 4 November 1995 heavy and intense rainstorm activity over the Aegean coast led to flash flooding in the city of zmir. Damage exceeded $50 million and 61 people died as a result of the flood. The Karyaka district suffered the most severe damage. This study presents an analysis of the meteorological settings that led to the development of these intense storms and describes the role of the terrain features involved in the zmir flood.The important mesoscale features which initiated the severe weather outbreak included pronounced low-level advection, positive vorticity and strong upper level divergence. A surface low centered over the Aegean Sea enhanced the advection of warm and moist unstable air masses coming from the southwest over the Mediterranean Sea along a southwesterly low level jet (LLJ). A squall line oriented NE-SW over the Aegean Sea also contributed to the storm development, and intensity of the storms was further enhanced by the orographic effect. The presence of a frontal system, the stability indices associated with the event, and other meteorological features are all reminiscent of the synoptic type flash floods identified by Maddox. While the pressure and moisture patterns were favorable for severe storm activity, nonmeteorological factors including the topography, geomporphology, and and land-use contributed to the flooding to a great extent. Settling in the flood-prone zone, insufficient floodwater structures, and the lack of channel improvements in the creeks enhanced flood damage to the city. Many of the deaths occurred in the settlements located in the flood-prone zone of the Ilca and Dallk creeks. 相似文献
19.
河西内陆河流域出山径流对气候转型的响应 总被引：39，自引：14，他引：25
对甘肃河西内陆河流域出山径流变化过程与趋势的研究表明,从20世纪80年代中后期开始,受西风环流降水的影响,祁连山区中、西部的黑河、疏勒河流域的气候环境发出了由增温变干转为变湿的讯号,具体表现为随着山区气温升高,降水量增加,出山径流相应增大.采用区域气候模式预测和水文统计模式的计算,亦同样证实出山径流有显著的增加趋势.但受季风影响的祁连山东部的石羊河流域则尚未出现这种转变,从20世纪50年代起,出山径流量持续下降,表明其气候环境仍向增温变干的方向发展. 相似文献