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1.
The Tau Model for Data Redundancy and Information Combination in Earth Sciences: Theory and Application 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Sunderrajan Krishnan 《Mathematical Geosciences》2008,40(6):705-727
Many decision-making processes in the Earth sciences require the combination of multiple data originating from diverse sources.
These data are often indirect and uncertain, and their combination would call for a probabilistic approach. These data are
also partially redundant with each other or with all others taken jointly. This overlap in information arises due to a variety
of reasons—because the data arises from the same geology, because they originate from the same location or the same measurement
device, etc. The proposed tau model combines partially redundant data, each taking the form of a prior probability for the
event being assessed to occur given that single datum. The parameters of that tau model measure the additional contribution
brought by any single datum over that of all previously considered data; they are data sequence-dependent and also data value-dependent.
Data redundancy depends on the sequence in which the data is considered and also on the data values themselves. However, for
a given sequence, averaging the tau model parameters over all possible data values leads to exact analytical expressions and
corresponding approximations and inference avenues. Information on multiple-point connectivity of permeability arrives from
core data, well-test data and seismic data which are defined over varying supports with complex redundancy between these information
sources. In order to compute these tau weights for determining connectivity, one needs a model of data redundancy, here expressed
as a vectorial training image (Ti) constructed using a prior conceptual knowledge of geology and the physics of data measurement.
From such a vectorial Ti, the tau weights can be computed exactly. Neglecting data redundancy leads to an over-compounding
of individual data information and the possible risk of making extreme decisions. 相似文献
2.
G. Bourgault 《Mathematical Geosciences》1997,29(2):277-290
Because of autocorrelation and spatial clustering, all data within a given dataset have not the same statistical weight for estimation of global statistics such mean, variance, or quantiles of the population distribution. A measure of redundancy (or nonredundancy) of any given regionalized random variable Z(uα)within any given set (of size N) of random variables is proposed. It is defined as the ratio of the determinant of the N X Ncorrelation matrix to the determinant of the (N - 1) X (N - 1)correlation matrix excluding random variable Z(uα).This ratio measures the increase in redundancy when adding the random variable Z(uα)to the (N - 1 )remainder. It can be used as declustering weight for any outcome (datum) z(uα). When the redundancy matrix is a kriging covariance matrix, the proposed ratio is the crossvalidation simple kriging variance. The covariance of the uniform scores of the clustered data is proposed as a redundancy measure robust with respect to data clustering. 相似文献
3.
Spatial declustering weights 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. Bourgault 《Mathematical Geology》1997,29(2):277-290
Because of autocorrelation and spatial clustering, all data within a given dataset have not the same statistical weight for
estimation of global statistics such mean, variance, or quantiles of the population distribution. A measure of redundancy
(or nonredundancy) of any given regionalized random variable Z(uα)within any given set (of size N) of random variables is proposed. It is defined as the ratio of the determinant of the N X Ncorrelation matrix to the determinant of the (N - 1) X (N - 1)correlation matrix excluding random variable Z(uα).This ratio measures the increase in redundancy when adding the random variable Z(uα)to the (N - 1 )remainder. It can be used as declustering weight for any outcome (datum) z(uα). When the redundancy matrix is a kriging covariance matrix, the proposed ratio is the crossvalidation simple kriging variance.
The covariance of the uniform scores of the clustered data is proposed as a redundancy measure robust with respect to data
clustering. 相似文献
4.
Active faults that rupture the earth's surface leave an imprint on the topography that is recognized using a combination of geomorphic and geologic metrics including triangular facets, the shape of mountain fronts, the drainage network, and incised river valleys with inset terraces. We document the presence of a network of active, high-angle extensional faults, collectively embedded in the actively shortening mountain front of the Northern Apennines, that possess unique geomorphic expressions. We measure the strain rate for these structures and find that they have a constant throw-to-length ratio. We demonstrate the necessary and sufficient conditions for triangular facet development in the footwalls of these faults and argue that rock-type exerts the strongest control. The slip rates of these faults range from 0.1 to 0.3 mm/yr, which is similar to the average rate of river incision and mountain front unroofing determined by corollary studies. The faults are a near-surface manifestation of deeper crustal processes that are actively uplifting rocks and growing topography at a rate commensurate with surface processes that are eroding the mountain front to base level. 相似文献
5.
Clayton V. Deutsch 《Mathematical Geosciences》1994,26(5):623-638
The concept of a random function and, consequently, the application of kriging cells for the implicit assumption that the data locations are embedded within an infinite domain. An implication of this assumption is that, all else being equal, outlying data locations will receive greater weight because they are seen as less redundant, hence, more informative of the infinite domain. A two- step kriging procedure is proposed for correcting this siring effect. The first step is to establish the total kriging weight attributable to each string. The distribution of that total weight to the samples in the string is accomplished by a second stage of kriging. In the second stage, a spatial redundancy measure r(n) is used in place of the covariance measure in the data-data kriging matrix. This measure is constructed such that each datum has the same redundancy with the (n)data of the string to which it belongs. This paper documents the problem of kriging with strings of data, develops the redundancy measure r(n),and presents a number of examples. 相似文献
6.
Gravity, magnetic, and seismic surveys were conducted across the Wasatch fault zone east of Springville, Utah, near the mouth of Hobble Creek Canyon. The geophysical data were acquired, processed, and interpreted to determine possible locations of larger [total offset greater than 6 ft (1.8 m)], shallow normal faults within the fault zone. Interpretations of the individual data sets were integrated to help eliminate spurious readings and to strengthen the interpretations. Visual methods of integration, along with computer modeling, were chosen for this study. Furthermore, the geophysical data were correlated and integrated with available trench data and surface data. In addition to verifying locations of known faults, the geophysical surveys detected numerous possible additional faults not previously mapped. Of particular interest is a newly discovered graben structure near the southern end of the site, where building of new homes has recently been proposed.
New structural information about fault densities and styles was also determined from the surveys. The fault concentration for this site is 1.3 faults/100 ft (30.5 m), or one fault per 77 ft (23.5 m). Interpreted antithetic faults at the Hobble Creek site account for 65% of the total, while synthetic faults account for 35% with respect to the main fault strand.
Information derived from this study should be useful during planning and development of areas within the Wasatch fault zone. The characteristics of subsurface deformation can be used to gain a better understanding of the potential for surface rupture at a given site. This is also useful in planning appropriate site development and remedial measures to help mitigate hazards associated with large-magnitude earthquakes. 相似文献
7.
Kriging with strings of data 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Clayton V. Deutsch 《Mathematical Geology》1994,26(5):623-638
The concept of a random function and, consequently, the application of kriging cells for the implicit assumption that the data locations are embedded within an infinite domain. An implication of this assumption is that, all else being equal, outlying data locations will receive greater weight because they are seen as less redundant, hence, more informative of the infinite domain. A two- step kriging procedure is proposed for correcting this siring effect. The first step is to establish the total kriging weight attributable to each string. The distribution of that total weight to the samples in the string is accomplished by a second stage of kriging. In the second stage, a spatial redundancy measure r(n)
is used in place of the covariance measure in the data-data kriging matrix. This measure is constructed such that each datum has the same redundancy with the (n)data of the string to which it belongs. This paper documents the problem of kriging with strings of data, develops the redundancy measure r(n),and presents a number of examples. 相似文献
8.
城市活动断裂探测的方法和技术 总被引：64，自引：0，他引：64
发生在城市范围内的直下型大地震可能产生巨大的灾害 ,包括高的振动破坏和强的断裂地表错动。因此 ,城市范围内的直下型活动断裂和隐伏活动断裂探测及地震危险性和危害性评价是十分重要的。立足于城市环境复杂、污染重、干扰强的特点 ,文中介绍了城市活动断裂探测的主要方法 ,包括地质地貌、地球化学和地球物理方面的多种探测方法。在地质地貌方法中 ,最新断裂活动面的断错地质地貌制图及针对断裂新活动和古地震研究的钻探和槽探具有特别重要的意义 ,年轻地质体和地貌面年龄测定是一项关键技术 ;地球化学探查 ,尤其是多种气体测项在隐伏断裂初步定位中起到先锋作用 ;在各种地球物理探测中 ,浅层地震勘探起着关键作用 ,而在探查活动断裂深部背景和孕震可能性时 ,各种深地震探测方法是十分重要的。在城市活动断裂探测这一新的工作中 ,必须更多地强调和更好地做到地质地貌、地球化学和地球物理探测的结合 ,做到多种探测手段和勘探方法的综合运用 ,这样才能做好断裂定位、断裂活动性判定及分析断裂孕震条件工作。 相似文献
9.
Faults are geological entities with thickness several orders of magnitude smaller than the grid blocks typically used to discretize geological formations. On using the extended finite element method (X-FEM), a structured mesh suffices and the faults can arbitrarily cut the elements in the mesh. Modeling branched and intersecting faults is a challenge, in particular when the faults work as internal fluid flow conduits that allow fluid flow in the faults as well as to enter/leave the faults. By appropriately selecting the enrichment function and the nodes to be enriched, we are able to capture the special characteristics of the solution in the vicinity of the fault. We compare different enrichment schemes for strong discontinuities and develop new continuous enrichment functions with discontinuous derivatives to model branched and intersecting weak discontinuities. Symmetric fluid flows within the regions embedded by branched, coplanar intersecting, and noncoplanar intersecting faults are considered to verify the effectiveness of the proposed enrichment scheme. For a complex fault consisting of branched and intersecting faults, the accuracy and efficiency of the X-FEM is compared with the FEM. We also demonstrate different slipping scenarios for branched and intersecting faults with the same friction coefficient. In addition, fault slipping triggered by an injection pressure and three-dimensional fluid flows are modeled to show the versatility of the proposed enrichment scheme for branched and intersecting weak discontinuities. 相似文献
10.
以3种前人所提出的重磁边界识别方法与笔者提出的归一化偏差法作为技术手段(其中归一化偏差法对于数据噪声有着较好的抵抗力)能够较为准确全面地识别边界位置.在分析对比方法原理及应用特性的基础上,通过理论模型试验证明了方法的可靠性和实用性;并针对断裂和地质体边界深部倾向问题,开展了多方法联合及多尺度识别手段试验,获取了更多地质构造及边界的信息.通过将该技术应用于克拉玛依后山地区实际资料的处理解释之中,获得了研究区域内剖面与平面上的断裂和岩体的位置分布及它们的深部倾向信息,并对主要断裂与岩体三维空间特征进行了描述,为该地区三维地质填图和三维地质模型构建提供了重要依据. 相似文献
11.
AbstractPositive structural inversion involves the uplift of rocks on the hanging-walls of faults, by dip slip or oblique slip movements. Controlling factors include the strike and dip of the earlier normal faults, the type of normal faults — whether they were listric or rotated blocks, the time lapsed since extension and the amount of contraction relative to extension. Steeply dipping faults are difficult to invert by dip slip movements; they form buttresses to displacement on both cover detachments and on deeper level but gently inclined basement faults. The decrease in displacement on the hanging-walls of such steep buttresses leads to the generation of layer parallel shortening, gentle to tight folds — depending on the amount of contractional displacement, back-folds and back-thrust systems, and short-cut thrust geometries — where the contractional fault slices across the footwall of the earlier normal fault to enclose a “floating horse”. However, early steeply dipping normal faults readily form oblique to strike slip inversion structures and often tramline the subsequent shortening into particular directions.Examples are given from the strongly inverted structures of the western Alps and the weakly inverted structures of the Alpine foreland. Extensional faulting developed during the Triassic to Jurassic, during the initial opening of the central Atlantic, while the main phases of inversion date from the end Cretaceous when spreading began in the north Atlantic and there was a change of relative motion between Europe and Africa. During the mid-Tertiary well over 100 km of Alpine shortening took place; Alpine thrusts, often detached along, or close to, the basement-cover interface, stacking the late Jurassic to Cretaceous sediments of the post-extensional subsidence phase. These high level detachments were joined and breached by lower level faults in the basement which, in the external zones of the western Alps, generally reactivated and rotated the earlier east dipping half-graben bounding faults. The external massifs are essentially uplifted half-graben blocks. There was more reactivation and stacking of basement sheets in the eastern part of this external zone, where the faults had been rotated into more gentle dips above a shallower extensional detachment than on the steeper faults to the west.There is no direct relationship between the weaker inversion of the Alpine foreland and the major orogenic contraction of the western Alps; the inversion structures of southern Britain and the Channel were separated from the Alps by a zone of rifting from late Eocene to Miocene which affected the Rhone, Bresse and Rhine regions. Though they relate to the same plate movements which formed the Alps, the weaker inversion structures must have been generated by within plate stresses, or from those emanating from the Atlantic rather than the Tethyan margin. 相似文献
12.
主要针对福建沿海与海域的海平面变化、海湾淤积、活动断层、海岸侵蚀与海域内潜在的地质灾害及其危害性进行讨论 ,并对其危害提出防治建议。 相似文献
13.
14.
沉积盆地古隆起对油气成藏起到明显控制作用,对砂岩型铀矿成矿的制约也不可忽视。砂岩型铀矿通常就位于盆地边缘构造斜坡带和盆地内部隆起附近。隆起对砂岩型铀矿成矿的控制具体体现在:控制地下水补-径-排体系、控制层间氧化作用、控制沉积相带发育、伴生断裂促进物质输运以及为成矿供给铀等。中国北方沉积盆地中新生代以来经历复杂的构造活动,盆地域内非均衡发展而多形成隆起,因此我国铀矿找矿尤其需要重视隆起对铀成矿的控制。其中,盆地内部找矿应重点关注被大幅抬升的隆起,而盆地边缘构造斜坡带上找矿需重视微隆起以及基底上覆地层的褶皱。将隆起作为关键控矿要素,优选适用的攻深找盲方法,精细刻画盆地基底隆升形成的背斜、褶皱及伴生断裂,可有效提高铀矿找矿效率并拓展铀矿找矿空间。 相似文献
15.
涟邵煤田晏家铺向斜滑脱构造特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
晏家铺向斜石炭纪地层内,滑脱构造比较发育,既有挤压推覆构造集云断层和金盘仑断层,又有重力滑覆构造大成坪断层与飞来峰群,并具有多期多层次特点。勘探结果表明,这些推覆构造常造成煤层重复,扩大了煤炭资源量。向斜内测水煤系中,常见层间滑动断层,尤以主采煤层顶板附近的顶板断层最发育。它有时对煤层及顶、底板破坏较大,是井田勘探与开采的主要研究对象之一。 相似文献
16.
A dynamic model for fault nucleation and propagation in a mechanically layered section 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Michael J. Welch Russell K. Davies Rob J. Knipe Christian Tueckmantel 《Tectonophysics》2009,474(3-4):473-492
When a mechanically layered section of rock is subject to a horizontal strain, faults often nucleate preferentially in one or more layers before propagating through the rest of the section. The result is a high density of small, low-throw faults within these layers, and a much smaller number of large, through-cutting faults which nevertheless accommodate most of the strain due to their much larger displacement. A dynamic model of fault nucleation and propagation has been created by combining analytical and finite element techniques to calculate the energy balance of these propagating faults. This model shows that: 1) faults may nucleate in either mechanically weak layers, or in stiff layers with a high differential stress; 2) fault propagation may be halted either by strong layers (in which the sliding friction coefficient is high), or by layers which deform by flow and thus have low differential stress. This model can predict quantitatively the horizontal strain required for faults to nucleate, and to propagate across mechanical layer boundaries. The model is able to explain the complex pattern of fault nucleation and propagation observed in a mechanically layered outcrop in Sinai, Egypt. 相似文献
17.
物探方法在探测隐伏断层中的应用 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
在地震安全性评价和工程场地勘探中，探明活动断层是一项必做的工作；而探明活动断层的方法选择要因地制宜，经济科学。笔者运用电剖面法、地震反射法、地质雷达法以及断层气测量方法，对珲春地震小区内含煤盆地中的发震断裂构造进行了研究，断层气测量法是一种探测(除水域、稻田以外的地区)隐伏断层的简捷、快速、可靠、经济的方法。 相似文献
18.
Faults and fractures are a critical store and pathway for groundwater in Ireland’s limestone bedrock aquifers either directly as conductive structures or indirectly as the locus for the development of karst conduits. From the quantitative analysis of post-Devonian faults and fractures in a range of lithological sequences, this report describes the principal characteristics of Cenozoic strike-slip faults and joints, the youngest and the most intrinsically conductive fractures within Irish bedrock. Analysis of these structures in more than 120 outcrop, quarry, mine and cave locations in a range of bedrock types, provides a basis for: (1) definition of quantitative models for their depth dependency, lithological control, scaling systematics and links to preexisting structure, (2) conceptualisation of their impact on groundwater behaviour, and (3) estimation of groundwater flow parameters. The quantitative models provide constraints on fracture-controlled flow connectivity. Commonly observed decreases in sustainable flows and water strike interceptions with depth are attributed to increasing confinement and decreasing fracture connectivity and dissolution. Faults and joints have quite different end member geometries, with faults having strongly heterogeneous scale-independent properties and joints more often showing scale-dependent stratabound properties. The highest and most sustainable groundwater flows are usually associated with the complexity of structure of Cenozoic faults and of preexisting Carboniferous structures (on which conductive fracturing localises), enhanced by karstification and strongly jointed limestone bedrock particularly in the near-surface. Increased groundwater flow is promoted within bedded, rather than massive (i.e. unbedded), limestone sequences, characterised by bedding-parallel fractures and karst connecting otherwise subvertical fractures and subvertical wells.
相似文献19.
与大型走滑断裂相关的旋转 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
与大型走滑断裂有关的旋转一方面起因于断裂带的大规模走滑,另一方面也与大断裂带内部及外围次级断裂系的水平运动密切相关.尽管前人提出了一些有关断裂带走滑与旋转的动力学模式,但由于不同走滑断裂系变形环境及边界条件的差异,断裂走滑导致块体旋转的机制是非常复杂的,很难用统一的动力学模式来解释.对美国西海岸圣安德列斯断裂、美国盆岭区Lake Mead断裂系、中国西南哀牢山-红河走滑断裂系以及新西兰Alpine断裂带、土耳其北安那托利亚断裂等的研究结果均表明,在断裂带走滑过程中,相关构造及块体的旋转非常明显.运用古地磁学、磁组构、构造分析、高精度GPS监测及构造模拟等方法,可以对这些构造及块体的旋转方向和幅度进行研究.由于大规模旋转会导致构造格局及地质地貌特征的改变,因此在走滑断裂带的研究中必须加以重视. 相似文献