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1.
为评估CWRF模式的降尺度能力和其热带气旋模拟对物理参数化方案的敏感性,本文利用ERI再分析资料驱动CWRF在30km网格上对1982-2016年中国近海热带气旋开展了一次集合模拟.结果表明:CWRF与ERI均能模拟出热带气旋的季节变化和年际变化形势且均存在低估,但相较ERI,CWRF的降尺度技术和集合模拟可以再现更多的热带气旋,显著减少低估.年际变化结果提升最为明显,它对积云方案最为敏感,其次是边界层,陆面和辐射方案,对云和微物理方案较弱.该研究为应用CWRF理解和预报热带气旋提供了参考. 相似文献
2.
Uncertainties in simulating regional climate of Southern Africa: sensitivity to physical parameterizations using WRF 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
This study aims at quantifying seasonal biases of regional climate model outputs during southern African summer, against a dense in situ measurement network (daily rain-gauge and surface air temperature records, and 12?h UTC radiosondes), and uncertainties associated with some physical parameterizations. Using the non-hydrostatic Advanced Research Weather Forecast (WRF) laterally forced by ERA40 reanalysis, twenty-seven experiments configured with three schemes of cumulus (CU), planetary boundary layer (PBL) and microphysics (MP), are performed at 35?km horizontal resolution during the core of a summer rainy season (December 1993 to February 1994 season) representative of the South African rainfall climatology. WRF simulates accurately seasonal large-scale rainfall patterns, as well as seasonal gradients of South African rainfall and 2-m temperature, and seasonal vertical profiles of the air temperature and humidity. However seasonal biases fluctuate strongly from an experiment to another, denoting considerable uncertainties generated by the physical package. Rainfall amounts are the most sensitive parameter to the tested schemes. Their geography, intensity, and intraseasonal characteristics are predominantly sensitive to CU schemes, and much less to PBL and MP schemes. Some CU-PBL combinations produce additive effects, which can dramatically either reduce or increase biases. Satisfactory configurations are found for South African climate, which would not have been possible without testing numerous physical parameterizations. 相似文献
3.
In this study, we evaluate the ability of the Weather Research and Forecasting model to simulate surface energy fluxes in the southeast Pacific stratocumulus region. A total of 18 simulations is performed for the period of October to November 2008, with various combinations of boundary layer, microphysics, and cumulus schemes. Simulated surface energy fluxes are compared to those measured during VOCALS-REx. Using a process-based model evaluation, errors in surface fluxes are attributed to errors in cloud properties. Net surface flux errors are mostly traceable to errors in cloud liquid water path (LWPcld), which produce biases in downward shortwave radiation. Two mechanisms controlling LWPcld are diagnosed. One involves microphysics schemes, which control LWPcld through the production of raindrops. The second mechanism involves boundary layer and cumulus schemes, which control moisture available for cloud by regulating boundary layer height. In this study, we demonstrate that when parameterizations are appropriately chosen, the stratocumulus deck and the related surface energy fluxes are reasonably well represented. In the most realistic experiments, the net surface flux is underestimated by about 10 W m?2. This remaining low bias is due to a systematic overestimation of the total surface cooling due to sensible and latent heat fluxes in our simulations. There does not appear to be a single physical reason for this bias. Finally, our results also suggest that inaccurate representation of boundary layer height is an important factor limiting further gains in model realism. 相似文献
4.
利用2005—2011年10次春季黄海海雾个例开展WRF模式参数化方案敏感性研究。结果表明:边界层方案对WRF模式雾区模拟结果起决定作用,而微物理方案影响较小,它主要影响海雾浓度和高度。边界层与微物理方案的最佳组合为YSU与Lin方案,最差为Mellor-Yamada与WSM5方案;Mellor-Yamada和QNSE方案模拟的近海面湍流过强,导致边界层过高,不利于海雾的发展与维持;而MYNN与YSU方案刻画的湍流强度与边界层高度合适,有利于海雾发展与维持。MYNN方案虽与YSU方案相当,但在大多数海雾个例中,后者明显优于前者,而在有些个例中却刚好相反。因此对于某一具体海雾个例而言,所用边界层方案仍需在它们之中选择最优者。这些信息可为黄海海雾WRF模式边界层与微物理方案的选择与改进提供参考。 相似文献
5.
Christina M. Patricola Mingkui Li Zhao Xu Ping Chang R. Saravanan Jen-Shan Hsieh 《Climate Dynamics》2012,39(9-10):2443-2463
Coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) commonly fail to simulate the eastern equatorial Atlantic boreal summer cold tongue and produce a westerly equatorial trade wind bias. This tropical Atlantic bias problem is investigated with a high-resolution (27-km atmosphere represented by the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, 9-km ocean represented by the Regional Ocean Modeling System) coupled regional climate model. Uncoupled atmospheric simulations test climate sensitivity to cumulus, land-surface, planetary boundary layer, microphysics, and radiation parameterizations and reveal that the radiation scheme has a pronounced impact in the tropical Atlantic. The CAM radiation simulates a dry precipitation (up to ?90%) and cold land-surface temperature (up to ?8?K) bias over the Amazon related to an over-representation of low-level clouds and almost basin-wide westerly trade wind bias. The Rapid Radiative Transfer Model and Goddard radiation simulates doubled Amazon and Congo Basin precipitation rates and a weak eastern Atlantic trade wind bias. Season-long high-resolution coupled regional model experiments indicate that the initiation of the warm eastern equatorial Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) bias is more sensitive to the local rather than basin-wide trade wind bias and to a wet Congo Basin instead of dry Amazon—which differs from AOGCM simulations. Comparisons between coupled and uncoupled simulations suggest a regional Bjerknes feedback confined to the eastern equatorial Atlantic amplifies the initial SST, wind, and deepened thermocline bias, while barrier layer feedbacks are relatively unimportant. The SST bias in some CRCM simulations resembles the typical AOGCM bias indicating that increasing resolution is unlikely a simple solution to this problem. 相似文献
6.
Alejandro Di Luca Emmanouil Flaounas Philippe Drobinski Cindy Lebeaupin Brossier 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(9-10):2349-2375
The use of high resolution atmosphere–ocean coupled regional climate models to study possible future climate changes in the Mediterranean Sea requires an accurate simulation of the atmospheric component of the water budget (i.e., evaporation, precipitation and runoff). A specific configuration of the version 3.1 of the weather research and forecasting (WRF) regional climate model was shown to systematically overestimate the Mediterranean Sea water budget mainly due to an excess of evaporation (~1,450 mm yr?1) compared with observed estimations (~1,150 mm yr?1). In this article, a 70-member multi-physics ensemble is used to try to understand the relative importance of various sub-grid scale processes in the Mediterranean Sea water budget and to evaluate its representation by comparing simulated results with observed-based estimates. The physics ensemble was constructed by performing 70 1-year long simulations using version 3.3 of the WRF model by combining six cumulus, four surface/planetary boundary layer and three radiation schemes. Results show that evaporation variability across the multi-physics ensemble (～10 % of the mean evaporation) is dominated by the choice of the surface layer scheme that explains more than ～70 % of the total variance and that the overestimation of evaporation in WRF simulations is generally related with an overestimation of surface exchange coefficients due to too large values of the surface roughness parameter and/or the simulation of too unstable surface conditions. Although the influence of radiation schemes on evaporation variability is small (～13 % of the total variance), radiation schemes strongly influence exchange coefficients and vertical humidity gradients near the surface due to modifications of temperature lapse rates. The precipitation variability across the physics ensemble (～35 % of the mean precipitation) is dominated by the choice of both cumulus (～55 % of the total variance) and planetary boundary layer (～32 % of the total variance) schemes with a strong regional dependence. Most members of the ensemble underestimate total precipitation amounts with biases as large as 250 mm yr?1 over the whole Mediterranean Sea compared with ERA Interim reanalysis mainly due to an underestimation of the number of wet days. The larger number of dry days in simulations is associated with a deficit in the activation of cumulus schemes. Both radiation and planetary boundary layer schemes influence precipitation through modifications on the available water vapor in the boundary layer generally tied with changes in evaporation. 相似文献
7.
层积云覆盖的边界层数值模拟研究(Ⅰ):数值模式的建立 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
层积云是一种在湍流作用下形成的边界层云,在这种边界层中,层积云顶即边界层顶,云层和非云层耦合在一起,为了加深对这种层积云覆盖的边界层的理解,许多作者已经做了大量的野外观测和数值试验研究,然而在数值模拟研究中存在湍流和云物理模式相互脱节的现象,针对这种缺陷,本文在湍流控制方程组中引入云滴控制方程,发展了一个新的用于研究海区层积云覆盖的边界层的数值模式,所建模式具有如下特点：（1）实现了云物理模式与湍流模式的相互耦合;（2）实现了云滴分档凝结模式和三阶湍流闭合边界层模式相互耦合,利用所建模式对大涡模拟对比试验所采用的个例进行了数值模拟,数值模拟结果表明,该边界层模式能较合理地模拟海区层积云覆盖的边界层微湍流结构和云微物理过程。 相似文献
8.
CWRF-based ensemble simulation of tropical cyclone activity near China and its sensitivity to the model physical parameterization schemes: 基于CWRF的中国近海热带气旋集合模拟及其对物理参数化方案的敏感性研究 
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下载免费PDF全文 《大气和海洋科学快报》2021,14(1):100004
To evaluate the downscaling ability with respect to tropical cyclones (TCs) near China and its sensitivity to the model physics representation, the authors performed a multi-physics ensemble simulation with the regional Climate–Weather Research and Forecasting (CWRF) model at a 30 km resolution driven by ERA-Interim reanalysis data. The ensemble consisted of 28 integrations during 1979–2016 with varying CWRF physics configurations. Both CWRF and ERA-Interim can generally capture the seasonal cycle and interannual variation of the TC number near China, but evidently underestimate them. The CWRF downscaling and its multi-physics ensemble can notably reduce the underestimation and significantly improve the simulation of the TC occurrences. The skill enhancement is especially large in terms of the interannual variation, which is most sensitive to the cumulus scheme, followed by the boundary layer, surface and radiation schemes, but weakly sensitive to the cloud and microphysics schemes. Generally, the Noah surface scheme, CAML(CAM radiation scheme as implemented by Liang together with the diagnostic cloud cover scheme of Xu and Randall(1996)) radiation scheme, prognostic cloud scheme, and Thompson microphysics scheme stand out for their better performance in simulating the interannual variation of TC number. However, the Emanuel cumulus and MYNN boundary layer schemes produce severe interannual biases. Our study provides a valuable reference for CWRF application to improve the understanding and prediction of TC activity.摘要为评估CWRF模式的降尺度能力和其热带气旋模拟对物理参数化方案的敏感性, 本文利用ERI再分析资料驱动CWRF在30km网格上对1982-2016年中国近海热带气旋开展了一次集合模拟.结果表明:CWRF与ERI均能模拟出热带气旋的季节变化和年际变化形势且均存在低估, 但相较ERI, CWRF的降尺度技术和集合模拟可以再现更多的热带气旋, 显著减少低估.年际变化结果提升最为明显, 它对积云方案最为敏感, 其次是边界层, 陆面和辐射方案, 对云和微物理方案较弱.该研究为应用CWRF理解和预报热带气旋提供了参考. 相似文献
9.
M. A. Tadross W. J. Gutowski Jr B. C. Hewitson C. Jack M. New 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,86(1-4):63-80
Summary Two cumulus convection and two planetary boundary layer schemes are used to investigate the climate of southern Africa using
the MM5 regional climate model. Both a wet (1988/89) and a dry (1991/92) summer (December–February, DJF) rainfall season are
simulated and the results compared with three different observational sources: Climate Research Unit seasonal data (precipitation,
2 m surface temperature, number of rain days), satellite-derived diurnal precipitation and the Surface Radiation Budget diurnal
short-wave fluxes and optical depth.
Using the ETA model boundary layer in MM5 simulates too much incident short-wave radiation at the surface at 12 UTC, whereas
the medium range forecast model boundary layer yields a diurnal cycle of short-wave radiation closer to the observed. The
Betts-Miller convection scheme in MM5 simulates peak rainfall later in the day and less rain days than observed, whereas when
using the Kain-Fritsch convection scheme a peak rainfall earlier in the day and more rain days than observed are simulated.
The intensity of the hydrological cycle is therefore dependent on the choice of convection scheme, which in turn is further
modified by the boundary layer scheme. Precipitation during the wet 1988/89 season is reasonably captured by most simulations,
though using the Betts-Miller scheme more accurately simulates rainfall during the dry 1991/92 season. Mean DJF biases in
the surface temperature and diurnal temperature range are consistent with biases in the number of rain days and the diurnal
cycles of surface moisture and energy. 相似文献
10.
On the basis of the conceptual model,the development of wintertime stratocumulus cloud has been simulated by using a planetary boundary layer/cloud physics model.The main characteristics of the cloud structure and evolution obtained from the simulation are consistent with those from observations.By analyzing the modeled results,some details of the cloud structures and microphysics processes are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Summary The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) has been widely used to simulate relatively short-term atmospheric processes.
To perform full-year to multi-year model integrations, a climate version of RAMS (ClimRAMS) has been developed, and is used
to simulate diurnal, seasonal, and annual cycles of atmospheric and hydrologic variables and interactions within the central
United States during 1989. The model simulation uses a 200-km grid covering the conterminous United States, and a nested,
50-km grid covering the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain states of Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado. The
model’s lateral boundary conditions are forced by six-hourly NCEP reanalysis products. ClimRAMS includes simplified precipitation
and radiation sub-models, and representations that describe the seasonal evolution of vegetation-related parameters. In addition,
ClimRAMS can use all of the general RAMS capabilities, like its more complex radiation sub-models, and explicit cloud and
precipitation microphysics schemes. Thus, together with its nonhydrostatic and fully-interactive telescoping-grid capabilities,
ClimRAMS can be applied to a wide variety of problems. Because of non-linear interactions between the land surface and atmosphere,
simulating the observed climate requires simulating the observed diurnal, synoptic, and seasonal cycles. While previous regional
climate modeling studies have demonstrated their ability to simulate the seasonal cycles through comparison with observed
monthly-mean temperature and precipitation data sets, this study demonstrates that a regional climate model can also capture
observed diurnal and synoptic variability. Observed values of daily precipitation and maximum and minimum screen-height air
temperature are used to demonstrate this ability.
Received September 27, 1999 Revised December 11, 1999 相似文献
12.
A Climate Version of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Summary The Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) has been widely used to simulate relatively short-term atmospheric processes.
To perform full-year to multi-year model integrations, a climate version of RAMS (ClimRAMS) has been developed, and is used
to simulate diurnal, seasonal, and annual cycles of atmospheric and hydrologic variables and interactions within the central
United States during 1989. The model simulation uses a 200-km grid covering the conterminous United States, and a nested,
50-km grid covering the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain states of Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wyoming, and Colorado. The
model’s lateral boundary conditions are forced by six-hourly NCEP reanalysis products. ClimRAMS includes simplified precipitation
and radiation sub-models, and representations that describe the seasonal evolution of vegetation-related parameters. In addition,
ClimRAMS can use all of the general RAMS capabilities, like its more complex radiation sub-models, and explicit cloud and
precipitation microphysics schemes. Thus, together with its nonhydrostatic and fully-interactive telescoping-grid capabilities,
ClimRAMS can be applied to a wide variety of problems. Because of non-linear interactions between the land surface and atmosphere,
simulating the observed climate requires simulating the observed diurnal, synoptic, and seasonal cycles. While previous regional
climate modeling studies have demonstrated their ability to simulate the seasonal cycles through comparison with observed
monthly-mean temperature and precipitation data sets, this study demonstrates that a regional climate model can also capture
observed diurnal and synoptic variability. Observed values of daily precipitation and maximum and minimum screen-height air
temperature are used to demonstrate this ability.
Received September 27, 1999 Revised December 11, 1999 相似文献
13.
14.
The planetary boundary layer turbulence and moist convection parameterizations have been modified recently in the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies(GISS) Model E2 atmospheric general circulation model(GCM; post-CMIP5,hereafter P5). In this study, single column model(SCM P5) simulated cloud fractions(CFs), cloud liquid water paths(LWPs)and precipitation were compared with Atmospheric Radiation Measurement(ARM) Southern Great Plains(SGP) groundbased observations made during the period 2002–08. CMIP5 SCM simulations and GCM outputs over the ARM SGP region were also used in the comparison to identify whether the causes of cloud and precipitation biases resulted from either the physical parameterization or the dynamic scheme. The comparison showed that the CMIP5 SCM has difficulties in simulating the vertical structure and seasonal variation of low-level clouds. The new scheme implemented in the turbulence parameterization led to significantly improved cloud simulations in P5. It was found that the SCM is sensitive to the relaxation time scale. When the relaxation time increased from 3 to 24 h, SCM P5-simulated CFs and LWPs showed a moderate increase(10%–20%) but precipitation increased significantly(56%), which agreed better with observations despite the less accurate atmospheric state. Annual averages among the GCM and SCM simulations were almost the same, but their respective seasonal variations were out of phase. This suggests that the same physical cloud parameterization can generate similar statistical results over a long time period, but different dynamics drive the differences in seasonal variations. This study can potentially provide guidance for the further development of the GISS model. 相似文献
15.
Summary Cloud parameters and surface radiative fluxes predicted by regional atmospheric models are directly compared with observations
for a 10-day period in late summer 1995 characterized by predominantly large-scale synoptic conditions. Observations of total
cloud cover and vertical cloud structure are inferred from measurements with a ground-based network of Lidar ceilometers and
IR-radiometers and from satellite observations on a 100 kilometer scale. Ground-based observations show that at altitudes
below 3 km, implying liquid water clouds, there is a considerable portion of optically non-opaque clouds. Vertical distributions
of cloud temperatures simultaneously inferred from the ground-based infrared radiometer network and from satellite can only
be reconciled if the occurrence of optically thin cloud structures at mid- and high tropospheric levels is assumed to be frequent.
Results of three regional atmospheric models, i.e. the GKSS-REMO, SMHI-HIRLAM, and KNMI-RACMO, are quantitatively compared
with the observations. The main finding is that all models predict too much cloud amount at low altitude below 900 hPa, which
is then compensated by an underestimation of cloud amount around 800 hPa. This is likely to be related with the finding that
all models tend to underestimate the planetary boundary layer height. All models overpredict the high-level cloud amount albeit
it is difficult to quantify to what extent due to the frequent presence of optically thin clouds. Whereas reasonably alike
in cloud parameters, the models differ considerably in radiative fluxes. One model links a well matching incoming solar radiation
to a radiatively transparent atmosphere over a too cool surface, another model underpredicts incoming solar radiation at the
surface due to a too strong cloud feedback to radiation, the last model represents all surface radiative fluxes quite well
on average, but underestimates the sensitivity of atmospheric transmissivity to cloud amount.
Received August 31, 2000 Revised March 15, 2001 相似文献
16.
Youngseob Kim Karine Sartelet Jean-Christophe Raut Patrick Chazette 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,149(1):105-132
Meteorological modelling in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over Greater Paris is performed using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) numerical model. The simulated meteorological fields are evaluated by comparison with mean diurnal observational data or mean vertical profiles of temperature, wind speed, humidity and boundary-layer height from 6 to 27 May 2005. Different PBL schemes, which parametrize the atmospheric turbulence in the PBL using different turbulence closure schemes, may be used in the WRF model. The sensitivity of the results to four PBL schemes (two non-local closure schemes and two local closure schemes) is estimated. Uncertainties in the PBL schemes are compared to the influence of the urban canopy model (UCM) and the updated Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) land-use data. Using the UCM and the CORINE land-use data produces more realistic modelled meteorological fields. The wind speed, which is overestimated in the simulations without the UCM, is improved below 1,000 m height. Furthermore, the modelled PBL heights during nighttime are strongly modified, with an increase that may be as high as 200 %. At night, the impact of changing the PBL scheme is lower than the impact of using the UCM and the CORINE land-use data. 相似文献
17.
A regional climate model simulation over West Africa: parameterization tests and analysis of land-surface fields 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
The West African Monsoon has been simulated with the regional climate model PROMES, coupled to the land-surface model ORCHIDEE
and nested in ECMWF analysis, within AMMA-EU project. Three different runs are presented to address the influence of changes
in two parameterizations (moist convection and radiation) on the simulated West African Monsoon. Another aim of the study
is to get an insight into the relationship of simulated precipitation and 2-m temperature with land-surface fluxes. To this
effect, data from the AMMA land-surface model intercomparison project (ALMIP) have been used. In ALMIP, offline simulations
have been made using the same land-surface model than in the coupled simulation presented here, which makes ALMIP data particularly
relevant for the present study, as it enables us to analyse the simulated soil and land-surface fields. The simulation of
the monsoon depends clearly on the two analysed parameterizations. The inclusion of shallow convection parametrization affects
the intensity of the simulated monsoon precipitation and modifies some dynamical aspects of the monsoon. The use of a fractional
cloud-cover parameterization and a more complex radiation scheme is important for better reproducing the amplitude of the
latitudinal displacement of the precipitation band. This is associated to an improved simulation of the surface temperature
field and the easterly jets. However, the parameterization changes do not affect the timing of the main rainy and break periods
of the monsoon. A better representation of downward solar radiation is associated with a smaller bias in the surface heat
fluxes. The comparison with ALMIP land-surface and soil fields shows that precipitation and temperature biases in the regional
climate model simulation are associated to certain biases in land-surface fluxes. The biases in soil moisture seem to be driven
by atmospheric biases as they are strongly affected by the parameterization changes in atmospheric processes. 相似文献
18.
MM4模式积云参数化方案的改进和检验Ⅱ：改进模式的检验试验 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
为了检验用Fritsch-Chappell积云参数化方案改进的MM4模式^[1]对梅雨锋暴雨系统的模拟能力，初步确定该模型的稳定性，可靠性，用不同的侧边界条件，地形条件，行星边界层参数化方法进行了模拟试验，并将模拟结果与采用Kuo-Anthes积云参数化方案的模式模拟结果分别进行了比较，结果表明，改进模式对高度场和降水的预报均有改善，并能预报出一些细致特征，此外，改进模式对侧边界条件和地形极为敏感，而对行星边界层参数化方法的敏感性较弱，因此在模式侧边界条件选取和地形处理方面应十分谨慎。 相似文献
19.
A Two-Moment Bulk Microphysics Coupled with a Mesoscale Model WRF: Model Description and First Results 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) two-moment bulk microphysics scheme was adopted in this study to investigate the representation of cloud and precipitation processes under different environmental conditions.The scheme predicts the mixing ratio of water vapor as well as the mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud droplets,rain,ice,snow,and graupel.A new parameterization approach to simulate heterogeneous droplet activation was developed in this scheme.Furthermore,the improved CAMS scheme was coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF v3.1),which made it possible to simulate the microphysics of clouds and precipitation as well as the cloud-aerosol interactions in selected atmospheric condition.The rain event occurring on 27-28 December 2008 in eastern China was simulated using the CAMS scheme and three sophisticated microphysics schemes in the WRF model.Results showed that the simulated 36-h accumulated precipitations were generally agreed with observation data,and the CAMS scheme performed well in the southern area of the nested domain.The radar reflectivity,the averaged precipitation intensity,and the hydrometeor mixing ratios simulated by the CAMS scheme were generally consistent with those from other microphysics schemes.The hydrometeor number concentrations simulated by the CAMS scheme were also close to the experiential values in stratus clouds.The model results suggest that the CAMS scheme performs reasonably well in describing the microphysics of clouds and precipitation in the mesoscale WRF model. 相似文献
20.
不均匀植被分布对地表面和大气边界层影响的数值试验 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
研究陆地与大气间相互作用的方法之一是建立联系地表面层与大气间各种过程的数值模式进行模拟。本文是建立一个陆面过程与二维大气边界层相耦合的模式,耦合模式中包含了发生在大气边界层、植被冠层和土壤表层各种动力、热力和水文过程。运用这一模式模拟了荒漠环境中一片绿洲的不均匀地表面形成的局地气候。由于绿洲植被与周围荒漠有着显著不同的水份与能量平衡关系,使绿洲表面与边界层较四周荒漠冷而湿,并形成了相应的局地环流,即所谓“绿洲效应”。试验结果表明,模拟的气候状况与观测现象是一致的。模式可以用于陆气相互作用的研究。 相似文献