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1.
Neil Alderman 《Geoforum》1996,27(4):461-477
The role of innovation in influencing business performance and survival is widely accepted, but there is only limited evidence identifying any direct relationships between them. This paper uses data from a cohort study of mature British mechanical engineering establishments to investigate locational, technological and other characteristics of establishments surviving during two time periods: 1981–1986 and 1987–1992. The study is concerned with all causes of non-survival, whether attributable to business failure or to corporate decision-making. The analysis makes use of a mix of bivariate and multivariate techniques to assess influences on the survival or non-survival of the establishments. The results support previous research concerning the role of such factors as establishment size and industry sector, but contradict conventional wisdom concerning such factors as age, suggesting in particular that the relationship between age and survival applies to new start-ups, but not to mature establishments. Some evidence for locational variation in closure rates, particularly during the most recent recession, is presented. The role of technological innovation is found to be equivocal. The effects of process innovation appear to be limited, but there are suggestions that investment in research and development and design-related technologies have been related to the survival prospects of the establishments in the cohort in recent years. Some of the shortcomings of the measures of innovation available and the approach adopted are discussed. 相似文献
2.
Kjell Gustafsson PhD 《GeoJournal》1984,9(2):121-131
Corporate strategies and results of three Swedish textile companies are discussed against international trends. The country's high wage level and low import duties have prompted the surviving companies to resort to improved quality and design, sophisticated production technology and, in particular, internationalization. Internationalization is seen as a manifestation of the structural necessity of capitalistic companies to expand, with monopoly as the ultimate goal. Internationalization has implied both the establishment of new product lines abroad and the transfer of existing lines from Sweden. Diversification has also proved successful although the firms have increasingly lost their character as textile companies. Government subsidies have been instrumental for continued domestic textile production but detrimental to corporate growth. 相似文献
3.
David W. Edgington 《Geoforum》1987,18(4)
This paper reviews previous approaches to studying transnational corporate locational behaviour in host countries. It is argued that an over-preoccupation with corporate bargaining power has obscured influences arising from: (a) the cultural and home country factors which influence transnational corporation (TNC) strategies and motivations; (b) the host country's physical, economic and regulatory environment; and (c) host government intervention in response to TNC activity. Case studies of Japanese post-war investment in Australia are given which indicate that final outcomes have evolved through interactions between corporate motivations and strategies, and local opportunities and constraints. 相似文献
4.
R. M. Auty 《Geoforum》1981,12(4):349-357
The imlications of corporate product strategy and spatial structure for nationalisation by developing countries have been neglected. Corporate spatial diversification to reduce the importance of the target field unit in the corporate system is an important pre-requisite of frictionless divestment. But Guyanese nationalisation suggests that even after spatial diversification a vertically integrated, dominant product strategy confers less divestment capacity than a diversified, multi-product strategy. The product strategy classification used here may provide the necessary framework within which to explain the locational behaviour of multinational corporations. 相似文献
5.
《Geoforum》2017
The ownership and activism of institutional investors in large publicly traded gold mining companies have re-oriented business strategies toward maximising value for shareholders. This paper examines these strategies in the context of the commodity boom (and bust) of 2003–2015. A study of the activities of some of the largest gold mining companies reveals a re-alignment of their operations to satisfy the yield requirements, investment motives, and risk tolerance of institutional investors. By prying open the black-box of corporate decision-making, the expansion and subsequent contraction of mining activities are shown to have in part been enabled and constrained by the investment appetite of a particular class of investors. The findings make the case for a more situated analysis of corporations, a key but understudied actor in political ecology studies. 相似文献
6.
MNEs have traditionally employed various combinations of international exchange to deploy their staff expertise to where it is needed. Such ‘portfolios of mobility’ need to be adapted to diverse market and project requirements, the operation of numerous production and market locations, and the training of international staff. This paper builds on a recent cross-sector comparison of these strategies among UK-based MNEs by focusing on one sector, business consultancy. Expert staff deployment to serve international clients is a core function for these firms. Its management, however, also reflects other corporate priorities. These include supporting the internationalisation policies of parent companies; responding to new regional markets and client relations; effective project management; and exploiting modern communications developments. International business consultancies appear to be leading the move towards shorter term, but higher quality international staff mobility, more virtual exchange of expertise, and significant recruitment localisation, often involving mergers and joint ventures. 相似文献
7.
O. Mistage P. Bilotta 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2018,15(6):1331-1342
Keeping temperature rise well below 2 °C is Paris Climate Agreement’s main commitment and corporate-level participation will be crucial to achieve national mitigation targets. Hence, companies should adopt measures that allow them to adapt to upcoming scenarios where low-carbon production is expected to become mandatory and a great competitive advantage. However, mitigation strategies cannot be evaluated without consideration of subjective environmental criteria. Consequently, lack of decision support methodologies for climate change evaluation in industries is a barrier for innovation. Aiming at consideration of non-monetary aspects, we develop a support method that incorporates costs, benefits, opportunities and risks related to climate change in manufacturing industries. First, we compared the most relevant multi-criteria decision analysis methodologies and identified an Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as the most suitable for ranking corporate climate change strategies. Then, we collected global analysis criteria from the most important socially responsible investment indices, and climate change scientific studies. To adapt these criteria to the AHP method, each criterion was sorted into benefits, opportunities, costs or risks hierarchies. Proposed method was efficient for assessing long-term subjective criteria and ranking alternatives for GHG emission management in two large manufacturing companies. A sensitivity analysis of the outcome revealed its consistency and flexibility for ranking alternatives and weighting criteria. Finally, the method is not limited to a particular type of industry and it can be adapted to other areas, such as service companies, sanitation or public sector. 相似文献
8.
Fifty years of organisational change in container shipping: regional shift and the role of family firms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Spectacular growth has marked the industry initiated by Malcolm McLean with the sailing of the Ideal-X in 1956. While the growth of container shipping has been typically seen in terms of technological advances, increasing vessel
capacity, traffic growth, financial performance and competitiveness, it has been shaped also by organisational transformations.
This paper provides an overview of the major companies that make up the container shipping industry, tracing the rapid adoption
of containerisation by American carriers to its diffusion to Europe and then Asia. While several carriers belong to business
conglomerates, the most dynamic in recent years have been those that are those that possess a family structure. About 12 of
the present top 20 carriers are largely family controlled, including 4 out of the top 5. Unlike other capital intensive industries,
where the power has shifted towards corporate governance, the container shipping industry retains a strong individualistic
entrepreneurial character. At a time when North American ownership in container shipping is no more, the spirit of innovation
began 50 years ago by an American visionary is still evident in the entrepreneurial dynamism of many of the industry leaders. 相似文献
9.
The organisational context of retail locational planning 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Retailers have a large number of techniques at their disposal to assist them in their locational planning, but the use made
of them is varied, regardless of their intrinsic merits. The reasons for this lie very much in the organisational context
in which the techniques are applied. This paper discusses the nature of locational planning and decision making, and puts
forward a framework which links locational planning and the organisational settings in which it takes place. The preliminary
results of a survey of the use of techniques by U.K. retailers are presented, which show that while most companies use more
than ‘Rules of Thumb’, it is the simplest techniques which are the most widely used. The application of the more advanced
knowledge based methods is still relatively uncommon. The explanation for the variations lies in the attributes of the techniques
themselves, the types of locational planning undertaken, and the structural and cultural characteristics of the companies.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
10.
为适应国家发展改革的趋势,促进甘肃省地勘事业的可持续发展,探索出一套具有甘肃特色、适应当前市场经济体制的地勘业发展的“甘肃模式”。本文SWOT方法[指分析企业在整个市场环境中的机会(Opportunities)、风险(Threats)、优势(Strengths)、劣势(Weaknesses)]分析了甘肃省地勘事业在高质量发展道路上的现状、内外部环境和存在的优势、劣势、机遇及威胁,提出了甘肃地勘事业未来怎样顺应时代发展潮流,发挥优势、规避劣势、抓住机遇、迎接挑战的途径和策略。这对于甘肃地勘产业形成统一的有机体,产业结构相对合理、产业队伍相对稳定,产业内部协调有序运行,从而保持地勘经济持续增长具有十分重要的意义。 相似文献
11.
Around the globe, developing countries have reported different cases of successfully implemented Renewable Energy (RE) program supported by bilateral or multilateral funding. In developing countries subsidy has played a big role in RE program marketing and whether this will lead to sustainable development is yet to be determined. The adoption of implementation strategies that will support sustainable development and overcoming barriers that hinder expansion of Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) still remains as a big challenge to stakeholders involved in promotion of RE resources in developing countries. In this respect, developing countries need to re-examine their environmental policy for promotion of RETs in order to define its role in revitalization of their economies. This paper reviews the policy incentives for promotion of RETs in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Setting-up international collaborative business ventures between local industry in Iran and RE companies in developed countries is proposed as an implementation strategy that will appropriate diffusion of RETs in the country. An organizational framework that may help to attain this objective is discussed and a structural model for RE business partnership is presented. It is concluded that with appropriate policy formulations and strategies, RETs can bring about the required socio-economic development in Iran. 相似文献
12.
Bodo Freund 《GeoJournal》1986,13(1):67-73
S European Industry is characterized by the importance of certain branches and by plant size. Traditional branches of consumer goods are dominated by the national bourgeoisie, intermediate goods by oligopolistic (state) enterprises, modern consumer and capital goods by multinational corporations. Industrialization was retarded for various social and physical reasons. For the locational pattern some factors had specific importance (diffusion, shipping traffic for supplies, deficient infrastructure, urbanisation economies, social structure). Economic nationalism and interventionism from the thirties to the late fifties had structural and locational effects. Subsequent opening led to important foreign investment with diverse locational consequences: the large majority of the market-orientated companies concentrated on big cities and induced industrial suburbanisation. Export-orientated plants, relatively often in Portugal, also decided for rural areas and provincial towns. Regional industrial policy which began weakly with fiscal allowances in the fifties and soon adopted the growth pole idea led to results remaining only far beyond expectations. International economic crisis has heavily stroken the countries which turned out to be very dependant. 相似文献
13.
T. R. Leinbach Dr. 《GeoJournal》1982,6(5):459-468
Industrial strategies and policies play a fundamental role in the overall development goal. The basic arguments and models surrounding industrialization in the developing countries are reviewed. Malaysia's industrial progress is atypical in the Third World and reflects the recent attempt to achieve an export orientation. A primary tool in the industrial strategy has been the export processing zone. The utility and function of this mechanism is discussed and evaluated within the Malaysian context. Employment in the zones represented about 8 % of manufacturing in 1980. Despite a recent deficit, exports and the zones' contribution to total exports display an upward trend. However, technology transfer and linkage creation have not been great. The lack of these developments results from the impact of the international product cycle mechanism. On an international scale, the locational pattern of zones is unstable since many firms are footloose and may, therefore, shift location in response to strong incentives. Housing and administration problems of the zones must be solved. In addition, a new package of incentives and a viable bargaining position must be developed in order for success to continue. 相似文献
14.
Natural disasters as the end of the insurance industry? Scalar competitive strategies, Alternative Risk Transfers, and the economic crisis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The aftermath of Hurricane Katrina has piqued interest in the insurance industry, and this scrutiny has led to assumptions that the industry has become unstable and unprofitable with the increased incidence of disasters in highly-insured regions of the world. This paper challenges that assumption by arguing that the insurance industry has responded by spreading risk through scaled and networked recovery schemes. We found that because of competitive strategies of risk-spreading and displacement arrangements, the industry has actually profited as a whole. Regional insurance companies have always relied on the higher financial scales of the reinsurance industry in Munich, Zurich, and London. But with claims reaching into the billions of dollars, the reinsurance industry itself has raised premiums, spread risk farther afield, and jumped scale by spreading risk to futures markets called Alternative Risk Transfers (ARTs). However, the recession beginning in 2008 has called into question the viability of using futures markets as insurance. It is shown through a media analysis of four major business publications (The Economist, The New York Times, The Financial Times and The Wall Street Journal) how the industry responded to the costs of the 2004, 2005, and 2006 hurricane seasons. Because geography is rather new to this literature, this paper also offers a broad review of the insurance industry. 相似文献
15.
M. J. Healey 《Geoforum》1981,12(4):359-370
Product change is a neglected form of locational adjustment. This exploratory study examines the changes that 64 multi-plant enterprises in the United Kingdom textile and clothing industries made to the products manufactured in their plants during a six year period. Transfers of products to and from plants and the introduction of products new to the enterprise were the most common types of change. The extension of manufacture of products to other plants and product abandonments occurred less frequently. Product change decisions were relatively important in comparison with the frequency of occurrence of other types of locational change. Altering the use made of particular locations gave an important flexibility to the operations of the companies. The most important reasons affecting the product changes were a desire to expand production of products already manufactured by the company, to introduce closely related products and to reorganise the location of products between plants. The degree of diversification, the investment strategy, the size, and the profitability of the enterprises were the most important characteristics of the companies influencing the frequencies with which the various types of product change occurred. Some types of plant were also found more likely to experience product changes than others: notably, the head office plants of parent companies, large plants, plants producing in declining industries, and recently opened plants. 相似文献
16.
This article seeks to contribute to our understanding of the internationalization processes of business service sectors through an analysis of the 20 leading TNCs in the temporary staffing industry. While these TNCs broadly conform to a loosely coordinated decentralized or multinational organisational model, there is significant firm-to-firm, spatial and temporal variability in the internationalization strategies that they employ, deriving from both the breadth of the industry - i.e. the range of different staffing activities that it encompasses - and the inherently territorially-embedded nature of staffing industry activity. These complexities are exemplified through consideration, in turn, of the scope of staffing TNCs, their foreign direct investment strategies, levels of central coordination, and degrees of standardization. The analysis demonstrates that, due to the need to respond to markets, temporary staffing TNCs exhibit highly spatially and temporally variable internationalization strategies and there are considerable barriers to both the centralization of control and the standardization of business practices. 相似文献
17.
Matthew W. Wilson 《Geoforum》2012,43(6):1266-1275
The production and consumption of geographic information is becoming a more mobile practice, with more corporate actors challenging the traditional stronghold of Esri- and government-based geospatial developments. What can be considered a geographic information system has expanded to include web-based technologies like Google Earth/Maps, as well as more recent developments of Microsoft’s Bing Maps and the mobile version of ArcGIS available for the iPhone. In addition to these developments, a discursive shift toward ‘location’ is occurring across the Internet industry. Location has become the new buzzword for social-spatial strategies to target consumers. As reported in 2010, venture capitalists have, since 2009, invested $115 million into ‘location start-ups’ – software companies that provide location-based services to mobile computing consumers (Miller and Wortham, 2010). Applications like Foursquare, Loopt, Gowalla, and most recently, Facebook Places allow users to ‘check-in’ at restaurants, bars, gyms, retail outlets, and offices, thereby sharing their location within their social network. These developments enable consumers to (re)discover their proximities to products, while feeding a desire for making known one’s everyday movements. Here, I discuss the development of location-based services as the proliferation of a peculiar form of geographic information: conspicuous mobility. Through discussion of a recent gathering of location-aware software professionals and through analysis of discourses that emerge over a battle between ‘check in’ companies, I sketch an area of study that explores the implications of these emerging geographic information ‘systems’, and new everyday cartographers. 相似文献
18.
Andrea Revell 《Geoforum》2007,38(1):114-126
Ecological Modernisation (EM) theorists argue that businesses in industrialised nations are ecologically restructuring in response to market signals, and that economic actors increasingly perceive a business case for sustainability. Whilst UK policymakers urge companies to undertake environmental measures voluntarily on the basis that it will be good for business, a qualitative study exploring the environmental practices of small and medium-sized construction firms found that the opinions of owner-managers had little resonance with this ‘win-win’ rhetoric. Respondents did not perceive the financial returns to be gained from eco-efficiency measures to be significant enough to warrant the short-term investment in time and resources required to pursue them. Moreover, the market was not signalling that product value could be raised or that customers could be won by embracing environmental best practice. The paper concludes by questioning the UK government’s faith in EMs ‘win-win’ ideology to encourage the greening of industry. 相似文献
19.
Andrew Jones 《Geoforum》2002,33(3):335-350
The `global city hypothesis' proposed by Saskia Sassen - and subsequently developed by Manuel Castells and others in the theory of a globalized urban network - has in recent years formed the basis for the argument that power and control in transnational firms (TNCs) is primarily situated in global head-offices. Such offices are located in key urban centres such as London, New York or Tokyo where global managerial power is ultimately wielded and where senior managers make strategic decisions about transnational business activity. This paper takes issue with this theoretical legacy, arguing that the idea of strong centralised managerial power and control in contemporary TNCs is far more complex than this literature suggests. It explores how managerial control in some of the supposedly most globalized of business service industries - investment banking and management consultancy - cannot be understood as being centralised in global headquarter offices, and nor does it purely reside with a few senior managers at the top of the transnational organisation. Rather, it argues that managerial control in TNCs is diffused throughout a transnational network of management-level employees, and that strategic power in transnational firms resides with a larger and more dispersed group of actors than has been previously suggested. These arguments are developed through analysis of qualitative research into the managerial strategies and practices of senior business practitioners in the transnational investment banking and management consultancy industries. In presenting qualitative data from interviews with senior management in transnational corporate head offices, the paper thus examines the decision-making process of global management practice and unpacks the complex context in which transnational corporate strategy develops in such firms. 相似文献
20.
Lanchih Po 《Geoforum》2006,37(5):752-764
This paper analyzes the transformation of China’s advertising industry as a result of China’s economic reforms and the globalization of the advertising industry. Spatially clustered in the city-regions of Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, the industry has been structurally and operationally integrated with the global advertising giants, as well as developing local strategies to attract the interest of local consumer markets. While the entry of global multinational advertising businesses has compelled China’s advertisers to accept and adapt to the industry’s globalized institutions, standards, operational procedures and corporate culture, the transformation of China’s advertising industry is best understood as a consequence of the interaction between globalization and localization. 相似文献