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1.
Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) are typically derived from direct measurements of the sound speed profile (SSP) and they are orthogonal in regard to the statistics of the SSP uncertainty. Viewed from the output end of a particular sonar system, however, the effect of an error in one EOF is usually coupled with the effect of the error in another due to the strongly nonlinear relation between the SSP parameters and the system response. In this paper, a new set of basis functions, orthogonal in regard to sonar performance measure, is developed to characterize SSP perturbations. The performance measure used is the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) for SSP expansion coefficients derived from a full-field random Gaussian signal model; a closed-form, analytical solution is obtained for both the range-independent and adiabatically range-dependent environments. The derived functions make the CRB matrix diagonal, decoupling the errors in the estimation of the expansion coefficients. Compared to the EOFs, the new set of basis functions depends on both the statistics of the sound speed uncertainty and the sound waveguide propagation property; it incorporates the measurement noise as well. The development makes possible the investigation of the relative significance of the individual basis functions in system response; it also provides a novel framework for optimum acoustic parameterization in adaptive rapid environmental assessment. 相似文献
2.
Experiments in reconstructing twentieth-century sea levels 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
One approach to reconstructing historical sea level from the relatively sparse tide-gauge network is to employ Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) as interpolatory spatial basis functions. The EOFs are determined from independent global data, generally sea-surface heights from either satellite altimetry or a numerical ocean model. The problem is revisited here for sea level since 1900. A new approach to handling the tide-gauge datum problem by direct solution offers possible advantages over the method of integrating sea-level differences, with the potential of eventually adjusting datums into the global terrestrial reference frame. The resulting time series of global mean sea levels appears fairly insensitive to the adopted set of EOFs. In contrast, charts of regional sea level anomalies and trends are very sensitive to the adopted set of EOFs, especially for the sparser network of gauges in the early 20th century. The reconstructions appear especially suspect before 1950 in the tropical Pacific. While this limits some applications of the sea-level reconstructions, the sensitivity does appear adequately captured by formal uncertainties. All our solutions show regional trends over the past five decades to be fairly uniform throughout the global ocean, in contrast to trends observed over the shorter altimeter era. Consistent with several previous estimates, the global sea-level rise since 1900 is 1.70 ± 0.26 mm yr−1. The global trend since 1995 exceeds 3 mm yr−1 which is consistent with altimeter measurements, but this large trend was possibly also reached between 1935 and 1950. 相似文献
3.
Takuji Waseda Leland Jameson Humio Mitsudera Max Yaremchuk 《Journal of Oceanography》2003,59(2):187-200
Wavelet Analysis provides a new orthogonal basis set which is localized in both physical space and Fourier transform space.
Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs), on the other hand, provide a global representation of data sets. Here we investigate
the various ways in which one can combine these basis sets for optimal representation of data. EOFs represent the global large
scale information and wavelet analysis are used to supplement this large scale information with local fine scale information.
Here we begin to explore the application of these two basis sets for outputs from an Ocean General Circulation Model and we
explore various applications, including data assimilation.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
4.
经验正交函数（experiential orthogonal functions,EOF）是重构声速剖面（sound speed profile,SSP）的一种有效方法,利用部分实测数据结合历史剖面资料可以重构当前位置的声速剖面。针对实测数据的采样深度难以确定这一问题,本文介绍了一种基于历史声速剖面资料的实测数据采样深度选取方法,根据EOF空间函数的方差贡献率确定数据量,进而采用EOF算法重构全海深声速剖面。实验结果表明：采用该方法得到的数据重构的声速剖面与实测声速剖面具有较好的一致性,基于常梯度声线跟踪法得到的水深数据能够满足0.25%倍水深限差,有效波束比达到了100%,为实际测量作业中声剖数据的采样深度提供了参考。 相似文献
5.
Studies on the analysis of the Pacific Ocean surface temperature are presented based on the data of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis. Two methods are used in the work. The first is a classical analysis of the empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) that makes it possible to identify the El Niño and La Niña phenomena in tropics. In this case, the anomalies of the ocean surface temperature (OST) are reconstructed during these events with quite high accuracy when using several first EOFs. In contrast, at the time between these events, more harmonics are required for the reconstruction. The OST variability in the middle and high latitudes cannot be identified highly accurately based on this approach, since it is considerably weaker than a strong signal in tropics. This signal was detected by the method of cluster analysis. The results show that, in addition to the signal in tropics, there are well-pronounced quasi-decadal signals between the eastern and western Pacific, as well as in the region of the Kuroshio continuation and in the subpolar gyre that can be identified with Pacific decadal oscillations (PDOs). 相似文献
6.
声速剖面时空分布的获取是利用声学方法监测内波的核心问题。在反演算法中,声速剖面通常是采用展开的方式用若干个参数来表示的。这就导致了有时很难从反演结果中直接获得内波的相关信息。本文的目标是找到一种通过展开系数直接获取内波特性的方法。通过推导内波水动力方程,可以从较少的声速剖面样本中提取出水动力简正模态（Hydrodynamic Normal Modes,HNMs）作为声速剖面展开的正交基。较之广泛采用的正交经验函数（Empirical Orthogonal Functions, EOFs）,HNMs直接与内波活动相关,具有更明确的物理含义。然后,基于HNMs对声速剖面的时间序列进行展开,获得展开系数。最后,从前两阶展开系数的时间导数中可以获取内波活动的信息。将方法应用于受内波影响而具有明显时空扰动的南海北陆架区温度链数据,结果表明：只用前两节模态就可以在较好的精度范围内重构声速剖面。前两阶系数的时间导数具有独特的双震荡结构可以用于探测内孤立波。从展开系数也可以获得幅度以及波长信息。理论推导和实验分析证明了本文方法在内波监测中的有效性。HNMs方法使用便利且对样本的依赖性较小,可以在内波活跃海域作为EOFs的有效补充用于声速剖面的展开。 相似文献
7.
Applications of adjoint data assimilation, which is designed to bring an ocean circulation model into consistency with ocean
observations, are computationally demanding. To improve the convergence rate of an optimization, reduced-order optimization
methods that reduce the size of the control vector by projecting it onto a limited number of basis functions were suggested.
In this paper, we show that such order reduction can indeed speed up the initial convergence rate of an assimilation effort
in the eastern subtropical North Atlantic using in situ and satellite data as constraints. However, an improved performance of the optimization was only obtained with a hybrid approach
where the optimization is started in a reduced subspace but is continued subsequently using the full control space. In such
an experiment about 50% of the computational cost can be saved as compared to the optimization in the full control space.
Although several order-reduction approaches seem feasible, the best result was obtained by projecting the control vector onto
Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOFs) computed from a set of adjusted control vectors estimated previously from an optimization
using the same model configuration. 相似文献
8.
Empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) or principal components were used to extract the significant modes of shoreline variability from several data sets collected at three very different locations. Although EOFs have proven to be a valuable tool in the analysis of nearshore data, most applications have focused on the ability of the technique to describe cross-shore or profile variability. Here however, EOFs were used to help identify the dominant modes of longshore shoreline variability at Duck, North Carolina, the Gold Coast, Australia, and at several locations within the Columbia River Littoral Cell in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. In part one of this analysis, characteristic patterns of shoreline variability identified by the EOF analysis are described in detail. At each site, the dominant modes consisting of the first four eigenfunctions were found to describe nearly 95% of the total shoreline variability. At both Duck and the Gold Coast, several interesting longshore periodic features suggestive of sand waves were identified, while boundary effects related to natural headlands and navigational structures/entrances dominated the Pacific Northwest data sets. 相似文献
9.
长江河口拦门沙地形变化的统计预报 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据1975－1985年长江河口拦门沙地形、长江河口河流和海洋水文泥沙等11年的实测资料，应用经验特征函数分析和现代控制理论方法对长江河口拦门沙地形变化进行系统辨识和预报。结果表明，长江河口拦门沙地形变化可以表述为三输入-三输出的CARMA一阶模型，根据这些模型对长江河口拦门沙地形变化进行预报，取得了与实测资料较一致的预报结果。 相似文献
10.
Study of the low-frequency variability of the atmospheric general circulation with the use of time-dependent empirical orthogonal functions 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
M. B. Galin 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2007,43(1):15-23
The theory of both time-and space-dependent empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) is outlined from a common point of view as a discrete version of the Karhunen-Loeve expansion. EOF techniques are used to process the results of a 1300-day-long numerical experiment in the mode of perpetual January with a daily step. As a result, the component determined by internal hydrothermodynamic processes was isolated from the general variability of the atmospheric circulation. To isolate intraseasonal variability (a winter season), the principal components of the 500-hPa height field were processed with a filter close to a π-shaped filter isolating the frequency band 0.1–0.01 day?1. The spatial principal components were analyzed via the method of time-dependent EOFs. The spectral characteristics obtained can characterize the intraseasonal low-frequency variability and agree partially with empirical data. 相似文献
11.
We investigated the structure and persistency of the dominant sea-surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern in summer over
the North Pacific from 1960 to 2004, which has been attracting less attention than those in winter. The leading empirical
orthogonal functions (EOFs) for August and September, which can be treated as the summer patterns, rather resemble each other
in both spatial structure and time variations but are quite different from those of the other months. A lag correlation analysis
indicates that the summer patterns do not show significant persistency in the following winter and the summer of the next
year. An inappropriate definition of the summer season might obscure the characteristics of the dominant summer SST anomaly
pattern in the North Pacific. 相似文献
12.
Structure of temperature variability in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
V. A. Semenov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2007,43(6):687-695
The spatial structure of surface air temperature (SAT) anomalies in the extratropical latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) during the 20th century is studied from the data obtained over the period 1892–1999. The expansion of the mean (over the winter and summer periods) SAT anomalies into empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) is used for analysis. It is shown that variations in the mean air temperature in the Arctic region (within the latitudes 60°–90°N) during both the winter and summer periods can be described with a high accuracy by two spatial orthogonal modes of variability. For the winter period, these are the EOF related to the leading mode of variability of large-scale atmospheric circulation in the NH, the North Atlantic Oscillation, and the spatially localized (in the Arctic) EOF, which describes the Arctic warming of the mid-20th century. The expansion coefficient of this EOF does not correlate with the indices of atmospheric circulation and is hypothetically related to variations in the area of the Arctic ice cover that are due to long-period variations in the influx of oceanic heat from the Atlantic. On the whole, a significantly weaker relation to the atmospheric circulation is characteristic of the summer period. The first leading variability mode describes a positive temperature trend of the past decades, which is hypothetically related to global warming, while the second leading EOF describes a long-period oscillation. On the whole, the results of analysis suggest a significant effect of natural climatic variability on air-temperature anomalies in the NH high latitudes and possible difficulties in isolating an anthropogenic component of climate changes. 相似文献
13.
- A mild-slope equation for combined refraction and diffraction of random waves in the independent time current is derived using Kirby equation(1984). In the derivation, the frequency of random waves is represented based on the time series concept, by a typical frequency and its deviation part. Numerical results, compared with those of laboratory experiments, demonstrate that new set of irregular mild slope equation with current is of good adaptability. 相似文献
14.
作者提出一种应用径向基函数网络 (RBF)的云检测方法。此方法要求晴空海域与有云海域均以一定数量的基函数来表征 ,两种基函数可组成一个径向基函数网络。使用欧空局沿轨道扫描辐射计 (ERS- 1/ ATSR)资料对径向基函数网络在云检测中的性能作了验证 ,重点研究网络结构的复杂度对分类结果的影响 ,并与人眼的目视解译作比较 ,结果表明径向基函数网络在云检测中性能良好。 相似文献
15.
Statistical analysis and forecasts of long-term sandbank evolution at Great Yarmouth, UK 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Dominic E. Reeve Jos M. Horrillo-Caraballo Vanesa Magar 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008,79(3):387-399
A data-driven model has been developed to analyse the long-term evolution of a sandbank system and to make ensemble predictions in a period of 8 years. The method uses a combination of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis, (to define spatial and temporal patterns of variability), jack-knife resampling, (to generate an ensemble of EOFs), a causal auto-regression technique, (to extrapolate the temporal eigenfunctions), and straightforward statistical analysis of the resulting ensemble of predictions to determine a ‘forecast’ and associated uncertainty. The methodology has been applied to a very demanding site which includes a curved shoreline and a group of mobile nearshore sandbanks. The site is on the eastern coast of the UK and includes the Great Yarmouth sandbanks and neighbouring shoreline. A sequence of 33 high quality historical survey charts reaching back to 1848 have been used to analyse the patterns and to predict morphological evolution of the sandbank system. The forecasts demonstrate an improved skill relative to an assumption of persistence, but suffer in locations where there are propagating features in the morphology that are not well-described by EOFs. 相似文献
16.
三锚式浮标综合观测平台的研究和应用 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
在我国近海海域渔业活动频繁的情况下,为实现具有实时、连续、长期和稳定特征的近海海洋水体剖面观测,满足海洋科学研究对剖面水体数据的需求,通过借鉴目前我国近海广泛使用的10 m大型综合观测浮标的优点,在结构和稳性方面进一步优化,设计完成直径15 m的三锚式浮标综合观测平台,该平台通过在浮标中间预留中央透水井,使用绞车上下驱动多参数观测设备实现水体剖面的实时、连续、长期和稳定观测,并通过三锚式锚泊方式有效避免了剖面观测设备与固定锚系的缠绕问题,同时还具有智能判断、远程监控等功能,是一种新型的近海水体剖面观测平台。经过在我国东海海域一年的试验性观测表明,三锚式浮标综合观测平台整体运行效果良好,取得大量的水体剖面观测数据,在我国近海具有广泛的适用性。 相似文献
17.
提出一种基于温度剖面相似系数的水系划分方法。基本思想是:将各温度剖面视为独立样本,各深度数据为样本变量,先基于划分区域水文特征选取合理数量的水系中心剖面,再利用各样本与各中心剖面相似系数大小进行聚类,得到各水系划分数据集合;利用几何平均求得各水系集合新的中心剖面,重复剖面相似系数聚类过程,直至中心剖面不再变化为止。最后利用国家海洋信息中心发布的中国近海CTD温、盐产品对该方法进行试验,并对聚类得到的各类温度剖面展开讨论。结果较好的反应出各区域温度剖面特征,综合体现出东海各区域温度大小、海流、水团和水深特性。 相似文献
18.
在多波束测深中,温盐深剖面数据的准确性对测量精度起到非常重要的作用,而在实际测量中,温盐深误差又不可避免地存在。为了分析温盐深变化对波束脚印坐标的影响规律并将其影响值量化,本文在声速剖面间接测量数据的基础上,选择精度较高、适应性较强的声速经验公式推导其误差公式,计算温盐深变化所引起的声速误差值,并且在常梯度声线跟踪模型的基础上推导出声波旅行轨迹的水平位移和垂直位移误差公式,然后结合声速剖面计算出声速误差对波束脚印坐标的影响程度。实验结果表明,温度变化对声速的影响最大,盐度和深度依序次之;温度、盐度、深度3个参量的变化引起波束脚印Z坐标的变化量均大于X、Y坐标,最高可达变化前深度的0.6%。温度和盐度的变化引起的三轴坐标值变化量随入射角的增大而减小,而深度变化引起的三轴坐标值变化量几乎不随入射角的变化而变化。本文研究结果可为温盐深误差对多波束测深精度评估工作提供借鉴作用。 相似文献
19.
三维潮致拉格朗日余流的数值计算及其在渤海中的应用 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
郑连远 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》1992,(1)
根据冯士筰教授于1987年导出的三维质量输运速度的控制方程组出发,在垂直方向上用三次样条函数为基函数作谱展开,水平方向上应用有限差分格式来求解方程组,然后将所提出的计算方法应用于夏季渤海环流,取湍粘性系数随深度变化模式,通过计算可知,潮致余流改变了一般认为夏季渤海环流为一逆时针方向大环流的简单结论,并得到了观测的初步支持。 相似文献
20.
On the basis of the arctic monthly mean sea ice extent data set during 1953-1984, the arctic region is divided into eight subregions,and the analyses of empirical orthogonal functions, power spectrum and maximum entropy spectrum are made to indentify the major spatial and temporal features of the sea ice fluctuations within 32-year period. And then, a brief appropriate physical explanation is tentatively suggested. The results show that both seasonal and non-seasonal variations of the sea ice extent are remarkable, and iis mean annual peripheral positions as well as their interannu-al shifting amplitudes are quite different among all subregions. These features are primarily affected by solar radiation, o-cean circulation, sea surface temperature and maritime-continental contrast, while the non-seasonal variations are most possibly affected by the cosmic-geophysical factors such as earth pole shife, earth rotation oscillation and solar activity. 相似文献