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1.
Simulation of lake ice and its effect on the late-Pleistocene evaporation rate of Lake Lahontan 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
S W Hostetler 《Climate Dynamics》1991,6(1):43-48
A model of lake ice was coupled with a model of lake temperature and evaporation to assess the possible effect of ice cover on the late-Pleistocene evaporation rate of Lake Lahontan. The simulations were done using a data set based on proxy temperature indicators and features of the simulated late-Pleistocene atmospheric circulation over western North America. When a data set based on a mean-annual air temperature of 3° C (7° C colder than present) and reduced solar radiation from jet-stream induced cloud cover was used as input to the model, ice cover lasting 4 months was simulated. Simulated evaporation rates (490–527 mm a–1) were 60% lower than the present-day evaporation rate (1300 mm a–1) of Pyramid Lake. With this reduced rate of evaporation, water inputs similar to the 1983 historical maxima that occurred in the Lahontan basin would have been sufficient to maintain the 13.5 ka BP high stand of Lake Lahontan. 相似文献
2.
A regional model of the atmosphere (version 4 of the NCAR mesoscale model, MM4) was used to assess whether lake-effect precipitation was a significant component of the late-Pleistocene hydrologic budgets of Lakes Lahontan and Bonneville. Control simulations for January and July of 1979 were made using MM4, and the Pleistocene highstand surface areas of the lakes were added to the model and the simulations repeated. In the January simulations, 18% of the moisture added to the modeled atmosphere by Lake Lahontan returned to the Lahontan basin as precipitation, while 32% of the water evaporated from Lake Bonneville fell as precipitation over the Bonneville basin. In the July simulations, 7% of the moisture added to the modeled atmosphere by Lake Lahontan returned to the Lahontan basin as precipitation, and 4% of the water evaporated from Lake Bonneville fell as precipitation over the Bonneville basin. An additonal January simulation was made with the lake surface areas set at onehalf their highstand extents (the average surface area 20 to 15 ka BP). Results from this simulation were similar to the simulation with the highstand lakes, indicating lake-effect precipitation could have been a significant component of the hyrologic budgets of the lakes before and during the highstand period.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the U.S. National Science Foundation
Offprint requests to: SW Hostetler 相似文献
3.
Changes in annual total precipitation and annual pan evaporation for the Lake Khanka water area during the period of 1949–2015 are analyzed based on observational data of weather stations within the lake basin. The reliability of the calculated values of characteristics affecting evaporation changes was confirmed by their comparison with observations at the 20-m2 evaporation pan installed at Astrakhanka lake station. It is shown that against a background of significant interannual fluctuations of annual precipitation during the whole period under study, its trends are almost absent. However, a rather stable increase in annual precipitation value caused by the summer precipitation rise has been noted since the early 2000s. The value of annual pan evaporation decreased from 1949 to 2015, and the rate of its decrease till 1980 was higher than in the next period. Moreover, some evaporation increase has been observed in the recent decade. The main contribution to the evaporation change is made by wind speed changes which cause about 50% of evaporation variance. Air humidity deficit is the second affecting factor that determines a little over 20% of annual evaporation variance. It is demonstrated that the increase in annual precipitation is possible by the middle of the 21st century, while the change in annual evaporation from the Lake Khanka water area would be minimal. Under such changes in the main components of the lake water regime, no reduction of its level due to natural climate processes should be expected. 相似文献
4.
利用线性回归分析法、突变检验法等分析博斯腾湖流域1980～2018年的年均气温、年降水量、年蒸发量等气候因子变化趋势和突变现象及其对开都河径流量的影响.结果表明:1980～2018年博斯腾湖流域年均气温呈波动中上升趋势,其变化速率为0.15℃(10a)-1,年降水量则以0.765mm(10a)-1的速率增加,而年蒸发量... 相似文献
5.
环青海湖地区气候变化及其对荒漠化的影响 总被引：30，自引：5，他引：30
对环青海湖地区1976年以来的气温、降水、蒸发等气候要素的气候变化趋势及突变现象进行了分析和检验。结果表明：年平均气温及春、夏、秋、冬四季气温均呈上升趋势，其中以秋、冬两季最为明显；年平均降水量及春、夏、冬季降水自90年代后出现减少趋势，秋季降水始终呈减少趋势，且线性变率达－7.28mm/10a；各季及年蒸发量呈增大趋势，其中年、夏季蒸发量的线性变率分别为11.7、9.39mm/a。各季及年气温出现过一次明显的增暖现象；降水虽然出现过一次明显的增加和减少，但增加出现在80年代，而减少则出现在90年代；同样，蒸发也出现过一次明显的增大和减小现象，只是减少出现在80年代，而增大而出现在90年代。这种气候趋势和突变现象的发生，加剧了环青海湖地区荒漠化的蔓延，致使草地退化、河流流量减少、湖泊水位下降，生态环境受到严重影响。 相似文献
6.
Three cold events (the Younger Dryas, 9.4 ka cal BP, 5.8 ka cal BP) since the 13 ka cal BP in Erhai (EH) Lake catchment, Yunnan Province, were analyzed using the Total Organic Carbon (TOC) series of the EH core. By comparison of the EH core, Qinghai Lake core and Guliya ice core, differences of these cold events were determined. Erhai Lake's responses to the global cold events were lagged in time and weakened in intensity in comparison with Qinghai Lake's. The latitude location of Erhai Lake and the obstruction of Tibetan Plateau may in part explain the differences. However, the remarkable cold event of 8.2 ka cal BP in the Guliya ice core was absent in the records of Erhai Lake and Qinghai Lake. Power spectrum analysis of the TOC proxy series shows that there were three kinds of millennial cycles, i.e. 5 ka, 2.3 ka, and 1.5 ka, in climate changes in Erhai Lake, which reveal the responses of climate to suborbit cycles. 相似文献
7.
Atmospheric Moisture Residence Times and Cycling: Implications for Rainfall Rates and Climate Change 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
Kevin E. Trenberth 《Climatic change》1998,39(4):667-694
New estimates of the moistening of the atmosphere through evaporation at the surface and of the drying through precipitation are computed. Overall, the e-folding residence time of atmospheric moisture is just over 8 days. New estimates are also made of how much moisture that precipitates out comes from horizontal transport versus local evaporation, referred to as recycling. The results depend greatly on the scale of the domain under consideration and global maps of the recycling for annual means are produced for 500 km scales for which global recycling is 9.6%, consisting of 8.9% over land and 9.9% over the oceans. Even for 1000 km scales, less than 20% of the annual precipitation typically comes from evaporation within the domain. While average overall atmospheric moisture depletion and restoration must balance, precipitation falls only a small fraction of the time. Thus precipitation rates are also examined. Over the United States, one hour intervals with 0.1 mm or more are used to show that the frequency of precipitation ranges from over 30% in the Northwest, to about 20% in the Southeast and less than 4% just east of the continental divide in winter, and from less than 2% in California to over 20% in the Southeast in summer. In midlatitudes precipitation typically falls about 10% of the time, and so rainfall rates, conditional on when rain is falling, are much larger than evaporation rates. The mismatches in the rates of rainfall versus evaporation imply that precipitating systems of all kinds feed mostly on the moisture already in the atmosphere. Over North America, much of the precipitation originates from moisture advected from the Gulf of Mexico and subtropical Atlantic or Pacific a day or so earlier. Increases in greenhouse gases in the atmosphere produce global warming through an increase in downwelling infrared radiation, and thus not only increase surface temperatures but also enhance the hydrological cycle, as much of the heating at the surface goes into evaporating surface moisture. Global temperature increases signify that the water-holding capacity of the atmosphere increases and, together with enhanced evaporation, this means that the actual atmospheric moisture should increase. It follows that naturally-occurring droughts are likely to be exacerbated by enhanced potential evapotranspiration. Further, globally there must be an increase in precipitation to balance the enhanced evaporation but the processes by which precipitation is altered locally are not well understood. Observations confirm that atmospheric moisture is increasing in many places, for example at a rate of about 5% per decade over the United States. Based on the above results, we argue that increased moisture content of the atmosphere therefore favors stronger rainfall or snowfall events, thus increasing risk of flooding, which is a pattern observed to be happening in many parts of the world. Moreover, because there is a disparity between the rates of increase of atmospheric moisture and precipitation, there are implied changes in the frequency of precipitation and/or efficiency of precipitation (related to how much moisture is left behind in a storm). However, an analysis of linear trends in the frequency of precipitation events for the United States corresponding to thresholds of 0.1 and 1 mm/h shows that the most notable statistically significant trends are for increases in the southern United States in winter and decreases in the Pacific Northwest from November through January, which may be related to changes in atmospheric circulation and storm tracks associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation trends. It is suggested that as the physical constraints on precipitation apply only globally, more attention should be paid to rates in both observations and models as well as the frequency of occurrence. 相似文献
8.
We review here proxy records of temperature and precipitation in China during the Holocene, especially the last two millennia. The quality of proxy data, methodology of reconstruction, and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperature and precipitation reconstruction and clarifying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene. The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet. The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP, whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.0-5.0 cal ka BP. There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes. During past two millennia, a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected, but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene. Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age （AD 1400-AD 1900）, but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period （AD 900-AD 1300） was not distinct in China, especially west China. The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China, especially east China. The modern warm period has lasted 20 years from 1987 to 2006. Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium. 相似文献
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11.
The simulated response of lakes to changes in annual and seasonal precipitation: implication for Holocene lake-level changes in northern Europe 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
J. Vassiljev 《Climate Dynamics》1998,14(11):791-801
Experiments with a coupled lake-catchment model show that lakes in temperate humid climates are highly sensitive to changes in both mean annual and seasonal precipitation. Simulations of three lakes from northern Europe (Lake Bysjön, Sweden; Lakes Karujärv and Viljandi, Estonia) show that lake level is more sensitive to decreases than to increases in precipitation. Increased precipitation results in increased runoff, but this is largely compensated by increased outflow and the change in lake level is small. Reductions in winter (November-April) precipitation have a bigger impact on simulated lake level than changes in summer (May-October) precipitation. Evapotranspiration is highly sensitive to reduction in precipitation, particularly in summer, but relatively insensitive to increased precipitation. Runoff decreases more rapidly with a decrease in winter precipitation and increased precipitation will linearly increase runoff. To match observed lake-level changes at Lake Bysjön at 9000 and 6000?y. BP (ca 6–7?m and 4–5?m lower than present respectively), without changing other climate parameters, would require a decrease in annual precipitation of about 400–500?mm and 350–400?mm respectively. The same changes in lake level could be produced by decreasing precipitation in winter precipitation by about –200?mm and about ?175?mm respectively. The simulations suggest that a lake, which is large relative to its catchment, is more likely to register lake-level changes caused by changes in climate. 相似文献
12.
利用伊金霍洛旗1980—2009年的年平均气温、降水量、蒸发量、平均风速、扬沙日数、沙尘暴日数、日照时数等资料,统计分析了伊金霍洛旗近30年的气候变化规律。得到：近30年平均气温呈波动上升趋势,90年代上升幅度较大;年降水量呈波动变化,变化趋势不是很明显;平均风速总趋势是呈减小的;年扬沙日数和沙尘暴日数呈明显下降趋势;年蒸发量总体趋势是下降的;年日照时数总趋势是波动中增加,但增加幅度较小。 相似文献
13.
高空急流在北京“7.21”暴雨中的动力作用 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用常规观测、加密自动气象站降水资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等,使用天气动力学诊断方法,重点研究了高空急流对北京2012年7月21日（“7.21”）暴雨中降水突然增强时刻14时（北京时）和降水最强时刻19时的动力作用。结果表明,“7.21”暴雨的发生和西来的高空急流东移至北京上空有关,高空急流及其散度场和与高空急流相伴随的次级环流对“7.21”暴雨的发生起重要的动力作用。7月21日14时,高空急流轴的经向度开始增大,高空急流入口区右侧的散度场南北范围明显扩大,北京上空为深厚的对流运动,受来自低层的东南气流带来的暖湿空气的影响,北京地区降水量突然增大;20时,对流层高空急流轴的经向度进一步增大,此时由于北上西北低涡导致的低层辐合,使得北京上空对流层高层出现强辐散区,北京上空出现强烈的上升运动,加之来自东南的暖湿气流的影响,使得北京地区降水量在19时达到最大值。“7.21”暴雨中降水突然增强时刻和降水最大时刻,上升支均出现在高空急流入口区右侧,但是,次级环流的下沉支均发生在北京的东南部,这是影响“7.21”暴雨次级环流的一个重要特征。 相似文献
14.
利用鄂尔多斯地区近50a的气候资料,分析气候条件对生态环境的影响。结果表明:1961—2010年鄂尔多斯地区气温变化呈上升趋势;年降水量变化不明显,蒸发量自西向东增多,年蒸发量是年降水量的7.9倍;70年代,由于受干旱气候和人为因素的共同影响,鄂尔多斯市的大风、沙尘暴日数一度增加,但随着2000年开始的大规模治理,大风、沙尘暴日数明显减少;遥感产品监测到近10a鄂尔多斯市的生态状况得到了全面逆转,森林覆盖率、植被覆盖率得到大幅提升,生态步入良性循环的态势。 相似文献
15.
The evaporation rates over the Arabian Sea (AS) for the summer monsoon months (June to September) of 1987 have been computed using the bulk-aerodynamic formula. The satellite derived precipitation from the INSAT-1B VHRR (Very High Resolution Radiometer) sensor operating in the wavelength 10.5–12.5 m has been used for computing the precipitation over the AS. The net water vapour flux divergence (NFD) over AS has been computed as the difference between evaporation and precipitation. The estimates being -0.02 × 1010, 2.55 × 1010, 0.70 × 1010 and 0.44 × 1010 tons/day respectively for the months June, July, August and September. The NFD over AS was found to be positively and significantly correlated with the mean monsoon rainfall along the west coast of India. 相似文献
16.
滕州市近50年气候干湿变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用滕州市1956~2005年降水量、平均气温资料,用Holdridge干燥度指数来分析近50年气候干湿变化趋势和特征。滕州市近50年来在年生物温度、年可能蒸散量极显著上升背景下,年降水量不显著的减小趋势,造成年水分盈亏量显著亏损及年干燥度指数显著增大,总体呈现暖干化趋势。年干燥度指数变化有明显的阶段性,干湿期交替变化,大体经历了3个湿期和2个干期。1976年年干燥度指数发生由偏湿向偏干的突变,突变后气候类型分布发生显著变化。通过对近50年年干燥度指数滑动平均值和标准差分析发现:随着干燥度指数平均值的增大,异常湿事件明显减少,而异常干事件明显增多,同时,随着标准差的增大,异常干湿事件频率明显增大。 相似文献
17.
We review here proxy records of temperatare and precipitation in China during the Holocene,especially the last two millennia.The quality of proxy data,methodology of reconstruction,and uncertainties in reconstruction were emphasized in comparing different temperatare and precipitation reconstruction and clarilying temporal and spatial patterns of temperature and precipitation during the Holocene.The Holocene climate was generally warm and wet.The warmest period occurred in 9.6-6.2 cal ka BP,whereas a period of maximum monsoon precipitation started at about 11.0 cal ka BP and lasted until about 8.O-5.0 cal ka BP.There were a series of millennial-scale cold or dry events superimposed on the general trend of climate changes.During past two millennia,a warming trend in the 20th century was clearly detected,but the warming magnitude was smaller than the maximum level of the Medieval Warm Period and the Middle Holocene.Cold conditions occurred over the whole of China during the Little Ice Age (AD 1400-AD 1900),but the warming of the Medieval Warm Period(AD 900-AD 1300)was not distinct in China,especially west China.The spatial pattern of precipitation showed significant regional differences in China,especially east China.The modern warm period has lasted 20、years from 1987 to 2006.Bi-decadal oscillation in precipitation variability was apparent over China during the 20th century. Solar activity and volcanic eruptions both were major forcings governing the climate variability during the last millennium. 相似文献
18.
Holocene changes in seasonal precipitation highlighted by fire incidence in eastern Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Postglacial fire history has been reconstructed for eastern Canada from charcoal-influx anomalies from 30 sites taken from
a lacustrine charcoal database. The reconstruction exhibits coherent patterns of fire occurrence in space and time. The early
Holocene is characterised by high fire incidence. There is a major change to much lower occurrence slightly after 8 ka BP.
A return to more fire appears after 3 ka BP. This sequence does not fit with the hydro-climatic reconstruction deduced from
lake level reconstructions for northeastern North America, which indicates a dry early and mid-Holocene, and a wet late-Holocene.
Fire occurrence however closely matches summer relative humidity inferred from δ18O. The differences between fire frequency and lake level history, are due to changes in the seasonality of precipitation and
drought frequency. Lake levels are essentially controlled by winter precipitation while summer precipitation controls fire
occurrence. The early Holocene before 8–7.5 ka BP experienced dry summers due to higher solar radiation and dry adiabatic
winds from the residual Laurentide Ice Sheet. The middle Holocene was dominated by wet summers due to stability of the Atlantic
air mass over eastern Canada. After 2.5 ka BP, summers became drier, albeit not as fire-conducive as during the early Holocene.
Late-Holocene summers conducive to fire are explained by more frequent incursions of dry Cool Pacific or Cold Arctic air masses
over eastern Canada.
Received: 25 January 1999 / Accepted: 14 December 1999 相似文献
19.
利用1961—2005年呼伦湖湿地的气象及水文资料,基于灰色关联度分析、Mann-Kendall检验及小波分析、回归统计等方法,分析了湿地消长对气象水文因子变化的响应特征。结果表明:年与夏季气候在湿地消长中起主导作用。区域年降水量每增加10 mm,年降水量的直接作用是使湿地水域面积和水位深度分别增加2.6 km2和1.6 cm;年径流量每增加1×108 m3,湿地水域面积和水位深度分别增加4.8 km2和3.0 cm。45年来,湿地消长对影响因子连续变化过程的响应特征具有一致性,特别在20世纪90年代后响应更显著,湿地萎缩加快;气温与降水量变化在湿地水域面积、水位深度消长中的贡献率分别为33.1%与66.9%,22.5%与77.5%,降水量变化起主导作用。湿地消长对影响因子的多时间尺度周期性具有很好的响应。在27年的年代际尺度主周期与11~16年次周期、2~10年年际尺度准周期的叠加作用下,45年来,湿地消长出现了2次减少、1次增加的周期过程,并呈现短周期波动特征。 相似文献
20.
Warming and drying trends on the Tibetan Plateau (1971–2005) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Hong Xie Jiansheng Ye Xiuming Liu Chongyi E 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2010,101(3-4):241-253
Annual and seasonal trends in maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) were examined with the goal of understanding trends in temperature and moisture across the Tibetan Plateau, using meteorological data (1971–2005) collected at 63 stations. Trends in pan evaporation (PE; 1971–2001, 68 stations) and runoff (1971–2002) in the headwater of the Yellow River were also analysed. Positive trends in maximum and minimum temperatures were observed across the Tibetan Plateau. The highest increases were observed during winter, with results from the majority of stations statistically significant at the 95% level. A decrease trend in diurnal temperature range (DTR) was also observed. Trends in annual and seasonal precipitation and VPD were positive, while the trend in PE was negative. However, the increase in precipitation was not as pronounced as the increase in temperature. Although PE decreased during the time series, actual evaporation probably increased because of the warming across the Tibetan Plateau, where the annual potential water loss measured as PE is three to four times the annual water supply by precipitation. Warming was expected to increase evapotranspiration, causing more water vapour to escape into the atmosphere, thus counteracting or even exceeding the slight increase in precipitation. The increases in annual and seasonal VPD trends indicated a drying tendency and were further substantiated by the observed decrease in runoff in the headwater catchment of the Yellow River. The results provided insight into recent climatic changes across the Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献