共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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Makoto Igarashi Yoichi Nakai Yuko Motizuki Kazuya Takahashi Hideaki Motoyama Kazuo Makishima 《Polar Science》2011,5(4):411-420
We measured the concentration of non-sea-salt sulfate () in the Dome Fuji shallow ice core (Antarctica) from the surface to 40 m depth with the aim of dating the core with reference to the record of volcanic eruptions. Three huge spikes related to large-scale volcanic eruptions were detected at depths of 12.5, 29.9, and 38.8 m, correlated to the eruptions of Tambora (AD 1815), Kuwae (AD 1452) and an unknown event (AD 1259), respectively. We identified another nine spikes related to accurately dated eruption events. The shallow ice core was dated from AD 1260 to AD 2001 based on these 12 eruption events and the assumption of constant annual snow accumulation in the periods between eruption events. The results yield a maximum correction of ∼20 years compared with the dating proposed in a previous study. The annual accumulation varied within ±∼15% of the average water equivalent value over the study period (25.5 mm). 相似文献
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Craig D. Sandgren 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1991,5(1):1-9
Chrysophyte algae produce siliceous resting cysts (stomatocysts) that are becoming an increasingly useful class of paleoecological indicator microfossils. This paper provides a review of the role that stomatocysts play in the life cycle and reproductive ecology of freshwater planktonic chrysophytes. Such information provides paleolimnologists with greater insight into the ecology of the vegetative, planktonic growth phase of species contributing stomatocysts to lacustrine microfossil assemblages. Specific chrysophyte reproductive characteristics discussed include: temporal dynamics of vegetative growth and encystment, cyst induction, cyst survivorship, germination requirements and recruitment strategies. This information serves as an introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Paleolimnology which is dedicated to the Application of Chrysophyte Stomatocysts in Paleolimnology.This is the first in a series of four papers published in this dedicated issue entitled Application of Chrysophyte Stomatocysts in Paleolimnology. Dr. C. D. Sandgren served as guest editor for these papers. 相似文献
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This paper introduces the characteristics of Computed Tomography （CT） technology and reviews its history, current situation, representative achievements, and use of using CT technology on frozen soil study, including auxiliary equipment specially de- signed for frozen soil studies. CT numbers are used to analyze frozen soil internal structure change, defining and exploring dam- age evolution, and use of CT images on observing soil mesostructure. Finally, this paper presents existing problems confronted by using CT in frozen soil studies, possible solutions and challenges, among which, we introduce high quality CT image processing for frozen soils, and relations between CT number change and each component change on frozen soil samples within the region of interest. It is shown that present CT technology is one of the most ideal and effective technology to study frozen soil mesostructure using non-desmactive testing. CT technology will play a key role in the study and development in the field of frozen soil by means of auxiliary equipment and the digital imaging processing. 相似文献
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Regional assessment of environmental vulnerability in the Tibetan Plateau: Development and application of a new method 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
X.D. Wang X.H. Zhong S.Z. Liu J.G. Liu Z.Y. Wang M.H. Li 《Journal of Arid Environments》2008,72(10):1929-1939
Regional environmental evaluation often requires a large amount of spatial information. Remote sensing (RS) and geographic information systems (GIS) are capable of managing large amounts of spatially related datum, and providing the ability to integrate multiple layers and to derive additional information. A methodological reference framework, using RS, GIS, and AHP (the analytic hierarchy process), is developed for environmental vulnerability assessment. Using this proposed method, we carried out a case study in the Tibetan Plateau. An environmental vulnerability index (EVI) proposed incorporates 15 factors covering natural conditions, environmental issues, and human activities. According to the EVI values, the vulnerability was classified into five levels: slight (EVI<2.2), light (2.2EVI<2.7), moderate (2.7EVI<3.0), heavy (3.0EVI3.4), and extreme vulnerability (>3.4). The case study showed that the majority of the area in the Tibetan Plateau is ecologically lightly (light level; 22% of the total area), moderately (moderate level; 27%), and heavily (heavy level; 30%) vulnerable. Except for a clearly horizontal distribution, the environmental vulnerability increased clearly with increasing elevation (vertical distribution). The case study verified the usefulness and feasibility of the methods developed, for the results gained reflect the reality of the Tibetan environment closely. Further use in other regions should pay attention to what factors seem to be important in determining the local environmental vulnerability, and how is the impact of each factor on the complex environment. 相似文献
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Melanie J. Leng Angela L. Lamb Henry F. Lamb Richard J. Telford 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1999,21(1):97-106
Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios in the shells of the freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata yield information on the isotopic composition of the water in which the shell was formed, which in turn relates to climatic conditions prevailing during the snails' life span. Melanoides is particularly important because it is widespread in Quaternary deposits throughout Africa and Asia and is ubiquitous in both fresh and highly evaporated lakes. Whole-shell and incremental growth data were collected from modern and fossil shells from two lakes in the Ethiopian Rift Valley. 18O values in the modern shells from Lake Awassa are in equilibrium with modern waters, while 18O values in subfossil shells from the margins of Lake Tilo indicate high rainfall during the early Holocene. Sequential analysis along the growth spiral of the shell provides information on seasonal or shorter-term variability of lake water during the lifetime of the organism. 相似文献
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Guy D. H. Simpson 《Basin Research》2006,18(2):125-143
Interactions between fold and thrust belt deformation, foreland flexure and surface mass transport are investigated using a newly developed mathematical model incorporating fully dynamic coupling between mechanics and surface processes. The mechanical model is two dimensional (plane strain) and includes an elasto‐visco‐plastic rheology. The evolving model is flexurally compensated using an elastic beam formulation. Erosion and deposition at the surface are treated in a simple manner using a linear diffusion equation. The model is solved with the finite element method using a Lagrangian scheme with marker particles. Because the model is particle based, it enables straightforward tracking of stratigraphy and exhumation paths and it can sustain very large strain. It is thus ideally suited to study deformation, erosion and sedimentation in fold–thrust belts and foreland basins. The model is used to investigate how fold–thrust deformation and foreland basin development is influenced by the non‐dimensional parameter , which can be interpreted as the ratio of the deformation time scale to the time scale for surface processes. Large values of imply that the rate of surface mass transport is significantly greater than the rate of deformation. When , the rates of surface processes are so slow that one observes a classic propagating fold–thrust belt with well‐developed wedge top basins and a largely underfilled foreland flexural depression. Increasing causes (1) deposition to shift progressively from the wedge top into the foredeep, which deepens and may eventually become filled, (2) widespread exhumation of the fold–thrust belt, (3) reduced rates of frontal thrust propagation and possible attainment of a steady‐state orogen width and (4) change in the style and dynamics of deformation. Together, these effects indicate that erosion and sedimentation, rather than passively responding to tectonics, play an active and dynamic role in the development of fold–thrust belts and foreland basins. Results demonstrate that regional differences in the relative rates of surface processes (e.g. because of different climatic settings) may lead to fold–thrust belts and foreland basins with markedly different characteristics. Results also imply that variations in the efficiency of surface processes through time (e.g., because of climate change or the emergence of orogens above sea level) may cause major temporal changes in orogen and basin dynamics. 相似文献
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N. J. Lim S. A. Brandt S. Seipel 《International journal of geographical information science》2016,30(2):240-262
This study evaluates how users incorporate visualisation of flood uncertainty information in decision-making. An experiment was conducted where participants were given the task to decide building locations, taking into account homeowners’ preferences as well as dilemmas imposed by flood risks at the site. Two general types of visualisations for presenting uncertainties from ensemble modelling were evaluated: (1) uncertainty maps, which used aggregated ensemble results; and (2) performance bars showing all individual simulation outputs from the ensemble. Both were supplemented with either two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) contextual information, to give an overview of the area.
The results showed that the type of uncertainty visualisation was highly influential on users’ decisions, whereas the representation of the contextual information (2D or 3D) was not. Visualisation with performance bars was more intuitive and effective for the task performed than the uncertainty map. It clearly affected users’ decisions in avoiding certain-to-be-flooded areas. Patterns to which the distances were decided from the homeowners’ preferred positions and the uncertainties were similar, when the 2D and 3D map models were used side by side with the uncertainty map. On the other hand, contextual information affected the time to solve the task. With the 3D map, it took the participants longer time to decide the locations, compared with the other combinations using the 2D model.
Designing the visualisation so as to provide more detailed information made respondents avoid dangerous decisions. This has also led to less variation in their overall responses. 相似文献
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基于微博数据的北京市热点区域意象感知 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：0
“城市意象”研究对城市文化感知、城市管理与规划、旅游资源开发等具有重要意义。近年来,随着智能移动终端和社交媒体的普及,产生了大量城市内包含有文本和地理位置等信息的社交媒体数据,涉及城市的各个区域,为开展城市意象的综合感知研究提供了新的途径。本文以2016年北京市带位置签到的新浪微博数据为例,在空间聚类发现热点区域的基础上,采用词频—逆文件频率(TF-IDF)与文档主题生成模型LDA两类典型的文本分析的方法,挖掘城市不同热点区域的主题,以感知北京市不同热点区域的社会文化功能和人群行为,并在此基础上通过对热点区域高频主题词进行共词聚类分析,深度挖掘北京市的总体意象。研究表明,运用文本挖掘及地理大数据分析的城市意象研究方法,能及时感知人群在城市不同场所的活动、态度、偏好,从而揭示城市的社会文化及功能特征,是对刻画城市物质形态的城市意象五要素模型的重要补充。此外,以北京市热点区域为例的实证研究结果对现实中的城市特色传承与空间品质塑造等有一定的启发意义。 相似文献
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The working group Mathematical Geology of the Freie Universität Berlin was formed in 1971. We review quantitative methods used by the working group since 1983 to treat mineral exploration problems. The methods applied vary from elementary statistical analysis of multivariate exploration data to optimal strategies for selecting favorable targets, and from multiobjective decision-making for additional drill hole locations to expert systems in exploration.The methods applied are directly related to the level of information at each stage of the exploration process. Special emphasis was placed on the relationship between and evaluation of subjective and objective data. Case studies illustrating the various methods are presented for different kinds of mineral deposits and exploration environments. 相似文献
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Systematic variability occurs between the oxygen isotopic composition of lake water sampled in mid-summer 1993 and cellulose extracted from surficial sediments of a suite of lakes spanning the forest-tundra transition near Noril'sk, Russia. Some tundra and all forest-tundra lakes show greater deviation from expected cellulose-water isotopic separation than forest lakes, apparently because of greater sensitivity to 18O-depleted snowmelt contributions. Cellulose derived from aquatic plants naturally integrates fluctuations in lake water 18O, providing a signal that is inherently more representative of average thaw season lake water 18O than the measure of instantaneous 18O obtained from an individual sample of lake water. Thus, indiscriminate use of empirical cellulose-water relations derived from calibration samples could lead to erroneous assessment of paleohydrology from the oxygen-isotope stratigraphy of sediment cores from arctic lakes. However, deviation from the expected cellulose-water fractionation is a source of lake-specific hydrologic information useful for qualifying paleoenvironmental interpretations and possibly constraining non-isotopic methods that rely on surface-sediment calibrations. 相似文献
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Lacustrine ostracodes as stable isotope recorders of late-glacial and Holocene environmental dynamics and climate 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Antje Schwalb 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2003,29(3):265-351
Oxygen- and carbon-isotopic signatures of benthic ostracodes from lake sediments from climate sensitive regions in the Alpine region, Central Europe, the north-central USA, the Chilean Altiplano and Patagonia, Argentina, are used to characterize lake system processes and to reconstruct climate patterns of the past 16,000 years. The case studies provide examples that highlight different aspects of the broad application of isotope stratigraphies, and provide keys for the interpretation of complex lacustrine records.The integration of stable-isotope stratigraphy, sedimentology, and ecological information from ostracode assemblages is a new tool that acquires climate information from the indirect views of climate series provided by lake sediments. This tool (1) identifies lake system characteristics, (2) confines which isotopic signatures are controlled by which processes in the lake system and/or in the catchment, and (3) defines which signatures are ultimately controlled by climate change. If sudden shifts in the isotopic composition occur concomitantly with changes between sedimentological units, then the isotopes reflect first of all changes in catchment hydrology that may be ultimately controlled by climate. Also, if ostracode 18O and 13C values show the same timing and direction of shifts, then this indicates a major change in the hydrological budget of the lake.The case studies presented here show that coupled isotopic signatures may be used to track hydrological changes related to meltwater and deglaciation, shifting rivers and ground water sources, and changes in precipitation mechanisms and patterns. Values of 18O from large lakes with short water residence time, low evaporation rates and homothermic bottom waters provide records of past temperatures of precipitation. The 13C values reflect changes in the ratio of C3:C4 plants in the catchment. They indicate shifts in modes of organic decay in the surface sediments that can be linked to a change in hydrodynamics within a lake. The 13C values also allow detection of the input of volcanically charged ground waters providing large quantities of 14C-free CO2 that hinders accurate 14C chronology. General climate trends for the sites in the Americas indicate a dry mid-Holocene punctuated by moist spells, and show a general increase in moisture during the past approximately 4000 years, interrupted by recurring droughts. This hints at an interhemispheric connection and a common driving mechanism.Environmental isotopes from high-resolution lake sediments thus provide an ideal tool to identify and characterize the regional impact and magnitude of global climate change. This tool contributes to a better understanding of regional climate change and its driving mechanisms and thus provides the type of information needed to improve climate models. Environmental isotopes provide more information than just moisture balance and airmass history if they are integrated with the detailed sedimentological and ostracode ecological evidence, and understanding for the component system. Thus environmental isotopes serve to a better understanding of the climate signal archived in lake records and represent an essential contribution to Global Change research and Earth System Science. 相似文献
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Profiling of ponds and bogs using ground-penetrating radar 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
James S. Mellett 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1995,14(3):233-240
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is an electromagnetic technique that has shown particular promise in profiling bogs and freshwater ponds. GPR systems operate in a manner similar to sonar (acoustic) methods, and can complement or be used in place of sonar. GPR pulses can penetrate through shallow fresh water and into bottom sediments, providing detailed information about sediment stratigraphy, obstructions, and depth to bedrock. Peat thickness in bogs can also be readily obtained using a GPR survey. The ability to accurately determine depths in ponds, lakes, and bogs prior to coring is extremely useful for investigations in palynology. By allowing one to see into and obtain configuration and thickness of bottom sediments, GPR surveys permit placement of a core where it will yield optimum information. Where bog or water surfaces are frozen, GPR scans can be run directly over the ice.This is the 2nd in a series of papers published in this special AMQUA issue. These papers were presented at the 1994 meeting of the American Quaternary Association held 19–22 June, 1994, at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. Dr Linda C. K. Shane served as guest editor for these papers. 相似文献