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微量氯的测定至今还不能令人满意,如离子选择电极法灵敏度不高;比色法则空白值太高;比浊法也因试剂污染而引起影响。为此本法采用一特制的以哈夫炉作炉膛带有石英管的小型热解炉高温热解试样,直接以硫氰酸汞—铁盐溶液吸收被分解出来的氯,以光度法测定之,这样消除了试剂空白给 相似文献
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华东师大合成的偶氮氯膦mA是测定希土元素的新显色剂,它具有灵敏度高、发色酸度宽、对比度大、稳定等优点。本文研究了mA与钪形成络合物的条件,确定络合比Sc:mA=1:4,摩尔吸光系数为2.61×10~4,有色络合物最大吸收波长为675nm,试剂最大吸收波长为540nm。硝酸、硫酸、甲酸及一氯醋酸介质均可形成紫红色络合物。pH2～0.3N盐酸对吸光度影响不大(以相应酸度的试剂空白为参比)。0～10微克/25毫升符合比尔定 相似文献
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<正> 偶氮氯膦Ⅰ作为镁的光度测定试剂,已引起分析界注意,并被成功地应用于球墨铸铁中镁的测定。本文试图将其应用于矿物原料分析中。在磷矿高钙低镁情况下,不分离干扰元素,以三乙醇胺掩蔽Fe、Al、Ti、稀土,以EGTA-Pb掩蔽钙,酒石酸抑制磷酸盐沉淀,于乙醇胺-盐酸缓冲介质中进行镁的直接光度法测定,获得初步成功。 相似文献
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变色酸的单偶氮衍生物,如偶氮氯膦-Ⅰ和兴多偶氮氯膦-Ⅰ,均是测定镁的较好试剂。近年来已用于多种材料中镁的测定。偶氮硝膦-Ⅰ以强吸电子基团硝基代替了偶氮氯膦-Ⅰ分子中的氯,所以光度法测定镁时显示了一定的优点,同时镁的线性范围扩大了,本文研究了偶氮硝膦-Ⅰ 相似文献
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除尘灰中过高含量的钾、钠、锌、氯等元素严重影响转底炉的正常生产和稳定运行,为解决钢铁行业中除尘灰的环保和资源再利用问题,需准确测定其中各组分的含量。除尘灰种类多,钾、钠、锌和氯含量范围宽,采用X射线荧光光谱法（XRF）测定易超出工作曲线测定范围。本文基于粉末直接压片,采用硼酸衬底镶边的方法,将氯化钾、氯化钠和氧化锌基准试剂加入铁矿石标样中制备更高含量的校准样品,扩展了除尘灰日常分析中钾、钠、锌和氯的测定范围,使钾的测定范围为1.36%~12.00%,钠的测定范围为0.43%~6.85%,锌的测定范围为0.24%~35.00%,增加了氯的测定范围为0.25%~10.00%。本方法测定除尘灰中14种主次组分的精密度（RSD,n=7）均小于5.2%,实际样品的测定值与标准方法测定值基本一致,准确度和精密度良好。 相似文献
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本文在文献[1、2]的基础上研究了石墨炉原子吸收法测定锗的条件,试验了一些金属盐类对测定锗的影响,用氯化钡除去大量的硫酸根离子,苯萃取四氯化锗,水反萃取以分离干扰元素,以镍-草酸铵-氢氧化铵为基体改进剂。可用于测定矿石中0.Xppm的锗。石墨炉原子吸收测定绝对灵敏度为8.8×10~(-12)g/1％吸收,含锗0.94ppm的样品,重复测定11次相对标准偏差为3.9％。 实验部分 一、仪器和试剂 P-E5000型原子吸收分光光度计,HGA-500石墨炉,PRS-10打印机,AS-1自动进样器,进样体积为20微升,锗空心阴极灯 相似文献
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对钠氏试剂比色法测定水样氨氮中,影响测定结果的一些因素进行较详细的试验和讨论,提出了解决办法。结果表明:无氨水和新鲜蒸馏水对空白吸光值的影响不大,实验室环境、试剂的配制、水样pH值对氨氮的测定结果影响较大,可用预蒸馏-比色法对样品进行预处理去除水样中的干扰物质,准确配制钠氏试剂,严格控制水样固定时的加酸量,均可提高氨氮测定结果的准确率。 相似文献
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济宁煤田煤中氯的分布、赋存及富集因素研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
氯是煤中普遍存在的一种元素, 氯的含量与分布影响着煤的加工与利用.通过对济宁煤田各主要可采煤层中氯含量的分析可知, 研究区属低氯煤层, 氯含量的高低及分布与煤层空间位置、成煤植物、沉积环境和地下水活动等因素有着重要的关系.同时, 对氯在煤中的赋存状态进行了研究, 通过氯与有机显微组分、灰产率等指标的相关性计算, 得出研究区煤中的氯与有机显微组分成正比, 与灰产率成反比, 说明氯主要存在于煤的有机质中, 并且主要是存在于镜质组分的微孔隙中. 相似文献
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This study deals with the distribution of chlorine in glassy mesostases and whole-pumices from the 79 A.D. Plinian eruption (Somma–Vesuvius volcanic complex, Italy). This explosive event produced a prominent Plinian fall deposit followed by flows and surges. The fall deposit can be divided into two sub-units on the basis of an abrupt change in colour at approximately mid-level: a phonolitic white pumice layer at the base and a tephriphonolitic grey pumice layer at the top. Due to its hybrid nature (a mixture of k-tephritic, tephriphonolitic and phonolitic magmas), information on chlorine behaviour in tephriphonolitic magma has been inferred only by means of mass balance calculations. In the white pumices, chlorine concentrations show constant whole-pumice values, whereas glassy mesostases display significant compositional variations. These variations have been linked to the cryptocrystallisation of leucite in glassy mesostases, which affected the original melt compositions just before and during the eruptive event. In this framework, whole-pumice appears to better represent the pre-eruptive melt compositions. Using chlorine concentration in whole-pumices, a three-stage model of chlorine behaviour prior and during the eruptive event is predicted: (i) free variation during Rayleigh fractionation, according to a system with variance greater than zero; (ii) exsolution of volatile chlorine compounds (e.g., metal chlorides), when chlorine reaches its solubility limit in silicate melt, in coexisting hyper-saline and in dilute immiscible fluids; the variance of the system is zero at a given temperature and pressure; (iii) residual syn-eruptive variable enrichment of chlorine in the melt due to cryptocrystallization of leucite, suggesting a very minor loss of chlorine in the gas phase during the eruption. Although chlorine does not behave as a volatile element during the eruption, it is present in the volcanic plume. This is due to the postulated ‘excess' fluid phase containing chlorine that formed in the magma chamber prior to the eruption. The homogeneous distribution of chlorine in whole pumices, in contrast with a well-established chemical and isotopic layering in Vesuvian magmas prior to Pompei eruption, suggests that the trace element zonation is not directly linked to chlorine distribution in silicic melts. 相似文献
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硫氰酸汞分光光度法测定矿石中氯 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
岩石样品经氧化锌-碳酸钠烧结预处理,用水浸取后澄清,取清液用硫氰酸汞间接分光光度法进行氯的测定。方法用于实际样品的分析,结果与其他方法测定值一致,误差均在允许范围内;对氯含量为1.08%(质量分数)的样品重复测定6次,精密度(RSD)为1.74%。方法适用于0.02%~2%氯的测定,并且方法简单、快捷、准确,避免了用高氯酸调节酸度的繁琐操作。 相似文献
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Muhammad Nadeem Sharif Ashraf Farahat Muhammad A. Al-Zahrani Nilufar Islam Manuel J. Rodriguez Rehan Sadiq 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2016,9(9):546
Water quality management in distribution networks is directly related to spatial distribution of chlorine boosters and its dosages. Water chlorination is essential to reduce the effects of bacterial and other microbiological contaminants. A higher dosage of chlorine generates harmful by-products in addition to changes in drinking water’s taste and odor. The optimization of chlorine dosage is necessary to decrease the microbial contaminants that affect water quality. Once the chlorine threshold is determined for microbial contaminant, it will help decision makers suggest optimal values. These decisions can rely on the estimated water quality index (WQI). WQI is an index to evaluate water quality and can be linked to adequate residual chlorine with optimal booster dosage, numbers, and locations in water distribution network (WDN). The city of Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia’s WDN was selected to validate the application of this study. Based on geographic location, the city Al-Khobar water network was divided into five zones. The initial temporal and spatial analysis pointed out poor water quality zones. EPANET, a modeling and simulating software, was applied to evaluate the WQI. Those EPANET results were then integrated with an optimization model. The optimization model suggested new chlorine booster locations to improve water quality in the city of Al-Khobar water distribution network. 相似文献
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R. C. Mant G. D. Moggridge D. C. Aldridge 《International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology》2013,10(2):199-208
Bryozoans are common biofoulers of under-drain filter nozzles in rapid gravity filters in water treatment works. A potential method for controlling bryozoan biofouling is the use of chlorine in backwash water. Repeatedly exposing bryozoan colonies with chlorine for 20 min every 24 h in an experimental setting, to replicate what would occur if the backwash was chlorinated, caused significant reduction in colony growth and size. After 10 days repeated treatment in good conditions for bryozoan propagation, the EC50 (the chlorine concentration required to decrease growth such that treated colonies were half the size of control colonies) was 1.6 ppm (SE 0.3). In sub-optimal conditions for propagation, the impact of chlorine was greater. The majority of colonies treated with 1 ppm and above did not grow or even decreased in size over 5 days. However, a chlorine concentration of 5 ppm was necessary, even in sub-optimal conditions, to ensure all colonies decreased in size over 5 days of treatment; this is too high to be acceptable to water companies due to the risk of carcinogenic by-products. Nevertheless, the observed decline in feeding activity of bryozoans exposed to chlorine levels >1 ppm suggests that repeated backwashing with chlorine may cause colony death over time, especially in sub-optimal conditions. Chlorine backwashes may therefore be an effective long-term control strategy, especially in locations such as rapid gravity filters where it is suggested that upstream processes are likely to create sub-optimal conditions for bryozoan growth. 相似文献
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温度与侵蚀对沥青混凝土冻融疲劳寿命的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为了提高盐渍土地区沥青路面的疲劳性能, 对SBS改性沥青混凝土进行了清水与饱和氯盐溶液的冻融劈裂疲劳试验, 研究了温度与氯盐侵蚀共同作用下, 沥青混凝土冻融疲劳寿命衰减规律. 结果表明: 温度与氯盐侵蚀是影响沥青混凝土冻融疲劳寿命的重要因素. 当冻融次数相同时, 沥青混凝土冻融疲劳寿命随冻融温度降低而不断减小; 当冻融温度相同时, 其冻融疲劳寿命随冻融次数增加而不断减小. 饱和氯盐溶液中沥青混凝土冻融疲劳寿命明显低于清水条件, 说明氯盐能够加速沥青混凝土冻融疲劳寿命衰减, 冻融温度越低, 盐冻破坏越严重. 通过对试验数据回归分析可知, 沥青混凝土冻融疲劳寿命与冻融循环次数之间具有较好的相关性, 可以利用两者之间的指数函数关系来预测沥青混凝土冻融疲劳寿命. 相似文献
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James N. Jensen J. Donald Johnson Jessica St Aubin Russell F. Christman 《Organic Geochemistry》1985,8(1):71-76
Monochloramine is interesting both as a selective oxidant of fulvic acid and as a drinking water disinfectant. In this study, the controlled reaction of aquatic fulvic acid with monochloramine did not result in products detectable by ether extraction-gas chromatography-flame ionization detection techniques. Evidence of a reaction was shown by bleaching of the fulvic acid solution (decreased absorbance at 465 nm) and chlorine substitution. Chlorine-containing products were quantified by the total carbon adsorbable organic halide (TOX) parameter. Bleaching and organic chlorine formation were much less extensive than in the reaction of free chlorine with fulvic acid. Monochloramine was shown to produce an organic chlorine fraction more hydrophilic and with higher molecular size than that produced by chlorine and fulvic acid. Results suggest that monochloramine may be useful tool for the investigation of certain humic functionalities because it reacts rather selectively and to a small extent with aquatic fulvic acid. 相似文献
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作为最具代表性的、地球丰度最高的卤素,氯元素因其独特的性质和各大储库中的可观分布而受到重视。氯元素具有显著的亲硫性和挥发性(不相容性),这些性质也影响着其地球化学行为以及在地球中的分布。氯含有两种稳定同位素,分别是35Cl和37Cl,同位素丰度分别为75.76%和24.24%,Cl同位素组成也常以δ37Cl值报道;目前对Cl同位素进行分析的最为传统也是最主要的方法是IRMS(同位素比值质谱法),尽管存在分析速度慢、对样品质量要求大等缺陷,但因其相对更高的精度而被广泛应用于现代氯稳定同位素研究。其他常见的分析方法还有TIMS,SIMS,LA-ICP-MS,在Cl同位素研究领域尚在实验探索阶段。Cl同位素标准在目前也已有广泛接受的统一国际标准,即Kaufmann所提出的平均海洋Cl同位素标准(SMOC),海水Cl同位素组成在长久演化中已经相对稳定,取样也简单方便,在实验室分析中也能产生优良的再现性。氯在地球上的储库可在宏观上分为地幔、陆壳与洋壳、海洋。地幔以其较大的体量无疑是氯元素主要储库之一,但受限于现有观测技术,各研究通过各种方法观测到的氯含量有较大出入;关于地幔的Cl同位素分布也并不明确,各种如俯冲带流体输入等深部过程都可能是同位素异质性的原因,许多研究观测到的地幔流体的Cl同位素有正也有负。陆壳可下分为沉积物及其孔隙水、蒸发岩和硅质岩石圈,氯因其亲水性和化学沉积性质则主要集中于沉积物孔隙水和蒸发岩中,而硅质岩石圈中的氯则相对较少;沉积物孔隙水常被观测到极低的δ37Cl值,扩散和离子淋滤都是对其可能的解释,但对其完全做出解释的机理还有待继续研究;蒸发岩中的δ37Cl值常因其氯盐种类而有所不同,也已有诸多实验给出制约;硅质岩石圈虽含氯较少,但出露于地表的岩株或岩脉中观测到的磷灰石中的Cl同位素有明显的随岩性变化的规律性,对于热液交代历史与热液成分都有很好的限制作用。洋壳中的氯也主要分布在洋壳沉积物及其孔隙水、蒸发岩,以及蚀变洋壳(以角闪石、蛇纹石等蚀变矿物为代表)中。蚀变矿物常被观察到较高的δ37Cl值,一些研究认为可能和与氯结合的金属阳离子氧化状态有关,该高δ37Cl值也常被用来解释俯冲板片输入地幔流体的高δ37Cl值。海洋也是巨大的氯元素储库,其同位素组成稳定性也已经得到证明。除以上储库以外,Cl同位素还应用于对陨石、月球和大气圈的研究。Cl同位素的分馏机制也同其他许多同位素一样可大体分为平衡分馏和动力学分馏,平衡分馏主要包括由与氯结合的金属阳离子的价态高低或氯自身价态的高低决定的分馏,动力学分馏则包括扩散和离子淋滤以及与地球岩浆去气、月球岩浆去气有关的动力学分馏。总体而言,氯元素及与其结合的金属离子的氧化状态、轻重同位素逃逸倾向、扩散系数的差异是决定分馏行为的两种机理。从氯的两种稳定同位素自大约100年前被发现起到现在,与氯稳定同位素相关的地球化学方法已经在各地质学科分支中得到广泛应用。从利用Cl同位素解释地层水来源的水文地质、示踪污染物来源的环境地质,到利用Cl同位素证据支撑矿床形成机制研究的矿床学以及参与解释地球演化过程的行星地质等领域,都有Cl同位素应用研究的尝试与探索。但受限于对实际地质过程的认知,仍然具有许多前沿问题阻碍Cl同位素研究的进展,如太阳系早期过程如何决定了地球现今的氯元素含量、地球中的挥发分经历了怎样的演化过程才达到至今状态、现今地球挥发分的循环过程又具体如何、俯冲过程中氯在俯冲带与地幔之间的流通过程具体如何等。 相似文献
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The chlorine concentration has been determined by a chemical method in 7 quartz tholeiites, 19 alkali olivine basalts, 9 basanitic alkali olivine basalts and 11 olivine nephelinites to be on average 80, 280, 720, and 400 ppm Cl respectively. If these basalts are products of decreasing degrees of partial melting of mantle rocks a regular increase of chlorine is to be expected in this sequence. The actual chlorine abundances are a function of partial losses of gases during rock consolidation and optimum stabilities of sodalite group minerals as major chlorine traps in alkalic basalts. The occurrence of sodalite and sodalite nosean solid solutions has been detected by microprobe in 7 out of 10 alkalic basalt species in grains smaller than 70 m. Quantitative analyses of 4 sodalite group minerals from the olivine nephelinites are listed. One contains the sodalite and the nosean molecule in a proportion one to one and must be formed above 1,050 °C according to the experimental results of Tomisaka and Eugster (1968) in the respective system. In the majority of the samples apatite contains less than 20% of the total chlorine of the basalts. Biotite as chlorine containing phase (about 900 ppm Cl) is rare. The proportion of chlorine which could be extracted from rock powders by boiling water is small. No general correlation between the element pairs Cl/S and Cl/K could be observed. Excluding tholeiites a tendency of a reversed correlation between chlorine and potential primary water (as indicated by the Fe2O3/FeO ratio) and between chlorine and silica can be derived. 相似文献