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《南京气象学院学报》1997,(4)
资料通讯国家自然科学基金委员会地球科学部南京气象学院大气资料服务中心第４卷第１期（总第１０期）１９９７年１２月ＥＣＭＷＦ数值模拟资料ＣＤ┐ＲＯＭ和ＣＭＡＰ降水资料介绍１ＥＣＭＷＦＣＤ┐ＲＯＭ这些ＣＤ－ＲＯＭ上存放着选自ＥＣＭＷＦ（欧洲中期预报中心）“... 相似文献
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国外雨滴谱分布函数的数值试验结果 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
采用文献［１］方法，对国外温带地区（北威尔士）＾［２］、亚热带地区（瓜得罗普岛）＾［３］和热带海洋（ＧＡＴＥ－１９７７）＾［４］雨滴谱分布进行了数值试验，结果表明：伽玛分布（ｎ（Ｄ）＝ａ．Ｄ＾ａｅ＾－λＤ）能很好地拟合这些实测雨滴谱，特别是非单调下降谱用伽玛分布拟合明显优于Ｍ－Ｐ分布拟合，Ｍ－Ｐ分布仅是伽玛分布的一个特例（α＝０）。 相似文献
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利用ＬＬＡ－Ｃ光化学反应机制,在ＮＯＸ保持高值不变时,模拟分布范围很广的８种初始［ＮＭＨＣ］／［ＮＯｘ］（１０９／１０９）（１．０、３．０、７．１、１４．３、２８．６、５７．２、１００．０、２００．０）条件下臭氧体积分数的变化。模拟结果表明,当［ＮＭＨＣ］／［ＮＯｘ］≥１５．０时,臭氧生成量对ＮＭＨＣ的改变不大敏感而主要依赖于ＮＯｘ的大小。但是,当非甲烷烃与氮氧化物的比北较低（＜７．０）时,臭氧生成量紧密地依赖于非甲烷烃体积分数。进一步的验证工作还有待于加强。 相似文献
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《中国气象科学研究院年报》1994,(1)
ＳＴＵＤＹＯＦＯＺＯＮＥＡＮＤＩＴＳＰＲＥＣＵＲＳＯＲＳＡＴＬＩＮ’ＡＮＲＥＧＩＯＮＡＬＢＡＣＫＧＲＯＵＮＤＳＴＡＴＩＯＮＤＵＲＩＮＧＴＨＥＰＥＭ－ＷＥＳＴ－ＡＥＸＰＥＲＩＭＥＮＴＬｕｏＣｈａｏ（罗超），ｍｎｇＧｕｏａｎ（丁国安），Ｔａｎｇｊｉｅ（汤... 相似文献
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分析任意气压场在中性、非线性正压边界层中风场的调整问题。结果表明：任意初始风场，将向给定的气压调整。具体调整过程是通过绝对涡度振荡及粘性系数的耗散，其调整的时间尺度为［Ｏ（ｔ＾－３／２）］，比自由大气地转适应时间尺度［Ｏ（ｔ＾－１）］快。 相似文献
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区域性光化学模式与LLA-C机制的模拟性能比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ－ Ｃ 机制为基准,在［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏ＃ － ｘ］ 比率分别为１７９ 、７１４ 、２８６ 条件下测试了区域性光化学模式（ Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ） 的模拟性能。结果表明 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式在上述三种初值条件下均能从总体趋势上给出与 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ － Ｃ 机制相似的结果, 但只有当非甲烷烃浓度较高（［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏｘ］ ＞ １２） 时 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式模拟值与 Ｌ Ｌ Ａ－ Ｃ 机制预测值比较接近。在这种条件下, Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模型对 Ｏ Ｈ 的预测值有待改进。我国大气中相当高的［ Ｎ Ｍ Ｈ Ｃ］／［ Ｎ Ｏｘ］ 比率说明 Ｒ Ｏ Ｓ 模式用于全国范围内的空气质量趋势模拟是可行的。 相似文献
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将描写海温和气温交互作用的随机动力模式化为一个Ｆｏｃｋｋｅｒ－Ｐｌａｎｃｋ方程（ＦＰＥ），然后用矩阵连分法进行求解，并对二氧化碳增温效应进行了计算。当ＣＯ２从３３０ｐｐｍ增加到６６０ｐｐｍ时增温１．２℃，模式中存在的优势周期为３￣４年，当ＣＯ２倍增时各周期有延长的趋势。 相似文献
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１９８５年６月１４日，在中部风暴试验俄克拉何马－堪萨斯初步区域试验（ＰＲＥ－ＳＴＯＲＭ）外场阶段生成了一个很强的夜间中尺度对流复合体（ＭＣＣ）．它出现在美国气候上中部暖季降水夜间最大中心附近．本文应用专门的无线电探空测风资料和地面中尺度站网资料研究了支持ＭＣＣ生成的环境条件在夜间如何演变的．这里所研究的ＭＣＣ是一个ＭＣＣ系列中的第４个，是在准静止地面锋以北１００—３００公里处向东北东方向传播的三个ＭＣＣ中的一个．ＭＣＣ经历其最强烈发展区域的特点是，最初在浅薄的楔状冷气团之上为干燥和静力稳定状态（由前面过境的ＭＣＣ造成）。昼夜变化的低空急流和锋的边界之间的相互作用不到３小时就使锋面以上５０百帕厚的气层内气块的平均对流有效位能（ＣＡＰＥ）局地增加２０００Ｊｋｇ（－１）以上。我们的分析表明，当１）由于昼夜调整的低空急流把潮湿的、高θｅ空气向北输送到锋面以上更冷的对流层中层环境区，因而出现特别高的ＣＡＰＥ时，和２）当低空急流末端北部附近特别强的绝热中尺度上升在急流轴上空引起显著的冷却时，准静止地面锋以北地区便成为夜间ＭＣＣ发展的有利地区．冷却作用和强水汽平流一起消除了对流抑制作用［在自由对流高度（ＬＦＣ）以下的负Ｃ 相似文献
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We present a Lagrangian stochastic model of vertical dispersion in the convective boundary layer (CBL). This model is based on a generalized Langevin equation that uses the simplifying assumption that the skewed vertical velocity probability distribution is spatially homogeneous. This approach has been shown to account for two key properties of CBL turbulence associated with large-scale coherent turbulent structures: skewed vertical velocity distributions and long velocity correlation time. A 'linear-skewed' form of the generalized Langevin equation is used, which has a linear (in velocity) deterministic acceleration and a skewed random acceleration. 'Reflection' boundary conditions for selecting a new velocity for a particle that encounters a boundary were investigated, including alternatives to the standard assumption that the magnitudes of the particle incident and reflected velocities are positively correlated. Model simulations were tested using cases for which exact, analytic statistical properties of particle velocity and position are known, i.e., well-mixed spatial and velocity distributions. Simulations of laboratory experiments of CBL dispersion show that (1) the homogeneous linear-skewed Langevin equation model (as well as an alternative 'nonlinear-Gaussian' Langevin equation model) can simulate the important aspects of dispersion in the CBL, and (2) a negatively-correlated-speed reflection boundary condition simulates the observed dispersion of material near the surface in the CBL significantly better than alternative reflection boundary conditions. The homogeneous linear-skewed Langevin equation model has the advantage that it is computationally more efficient than the homogeneous nonlinear-Gaussian Langevin equation model, and considerably more efficient than inhomogeneous Langevin equation models. 相似文献
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Two Langevin simulations of trajectories of marked fluid elements in inhomogenous turbulence, where the Lagrangian length and vertical velocity scales are height dependent, were compared with field data. A CO2 tracer was released from a circular line source and the concentration profiles were measured for diffusion distances of 50 and 100 cm inside and above an alfalfa canopy.One of the simulations, suggested by Wilson et al. (1983), biases the vertical velocities by adding a mean upward drift. The second simulation proposed here by-passes this difficulty by reflecting marked particles according to a probability calculated from the gradient in vertical velocity variance between the beginning and the end of each step. This simulation also makes use of a constant time-scale within the canopy, following preliminary results from a turbulence experiment within a forest (Leclerc, 1987).Comparing the results of these simulations with the field data shows that the simulation proposed by Wilson et al. (1983) does not correctly reproduce the difusion for the larger fetch in systems exhibiting strong gradients in vertical velocity variance. Instead, the modelled plumes exhibit a bulge at the source height whereas the field data show smooth profiles. In addition, the modelled plumes overestimate the vertical spread of the plumes, which is possibly due to the inadequacy of the approach in severely inhomogeneous systems. In contrast, the results from the tracer experiments indicate that the diffusion can be better reproduced with the use of a reflection probability calculated at each step. The discrepancies between the experimental results and the simulation using a reflection probability are attributed to stability effects. 相似文献
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Frank Quintarelli 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1990,52(3):209-219
Until recently, pollution dispersion models have made predictions on the basis that the pollutant concentration is Gaussian. Such is not the case for convective conditions where the observed vertical velocity distribution is skewed towards the updraught portion of the distribution. One recent dispersion model assumes that the observed distribution can be synthesized by superimposing two Gaussians of appropriate means, variances and amplitudes.In the current paper, two techniques for deriving the constituent distributions are investigated. The first technique is based on conditionally sampling the vertical velocity time series and partitioning the vertical velocity samples into two sets — one set recorded when the sensor was experiencing an updraught and the other when the sensor was experiencing a downdraught. The second method consists of fitting two Gaussian distributions to the observed data and adjusting these using an iterative procedure until a specified tolerance is achieved.Both techniques give similar results which compare favourably with results obtained by other researchers. Assumptions, as well as advantages and disadvantages of each technique are also discussed. 相似文献
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本文利用位于南京市郊区的南京大学仙林校区SORPES观测站多层湍流观测数据分析了湍流谱特征,以白天不稳定条件下垂直速度能谱谱峰对应的长度尺度也就是离地高度为判据,探讨了运用该方法确定复杂下垫面零平面位移的可行性。统计分析表明,该方法确定的长度尺度呈现出较为一致的概率分布形状,概率最大的长度尺度对应于离地高度,在复杂下垫面情况下这个高度就是零平面位移高度到观测高度之间的距离,将观测点的离地高度减去这个距离就能得到零平面位移。本文同时运用不稳定条件下垂直速度方差在近地层中的相似关系来确定零平面位移,并与谱方法得到的结果进行对比。结果表明,谱方法和方差法得到的零平面位移非常接近。 相似文献
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A coupling model between the canopy layer (CL) and atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) for the study of dry deposition velocity is developed. The model consists of six parts: chemical species conservation equation including absorptive factor; the species uptake action including detailed vertical variation of absorptive element in CL; momen-tum exchange in CL which is represented by a first-order closure momentum equation with an additional larger-scale diffusive term; momentum exchange in ABL which is described by a complete set of the ABL turbulent statistic parameters; absorptivity (or solubility or reflection) at the surface including effects of the physical and chemi-cal characters of the species, land type, seasonal and diurnal variations of the meteorological variables; and deposition velocity derived by distributions of the species with height in CL. Variational rules of the concentration and deposi-tion velocity with both height and time are simulated with the model for both corn and forest canopies. Results pre-dicted with the bulk deposition velocity derived in the paper consist well with experimental data. 相似文献
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A model for sensible heat flux probability density function for near-neutral and slightly-stable atmospheric flows 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Gabriel G. Katul 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1994,71(1-2):1-20
The probability density function for sensible heat flux was measured above a uniform dry lakebed (Owens lake) in Owens Valley, California. It was found that for moderately stable to near neutral atmospheric stability conditions, the probability density function exhibits well defined exponential tails. These exponential tails are consistent with many laboratory boundarylayer measurements and numerical simulations. A model for the sensible heat flux probability density function was developed and tested. A key assumption in the model derivation was the near Gaussian statistics of the vertical velocity and temperature fluctuations. This assumption was verified from time series measurements of temperature and vertical velocity. The parameters for the sensible heat flux probability density function model were also derived from mean meteorological and surface conditions using surface-layer similarity theory. It was found that the best agreement between modeled and measured sensible heat flux probability density function was at the tails. Finally, a relation between the intermittency parameter, the probability density function, and the mean meteorological conditions was derived. This relation rigorously links the intermittency parameter to mean meteorological conditions. 相似文献
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John D. Reid 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,16(1):3-22
Vertical dispersion in the neutral surface layer is investigated using a Markov Chain simulation procedure. The conceptual basis of the procedure is discussed and computation procedures outlined. Wind and turbulence parameterizations appropriate to the neutral surface layer are considered with emphasis on the Lagrangian time scale. Computations for a surface release are compared with field data. Good agreement is found for the variation of surface concentration and cloud height to distances 500 m downwind of the source. The functional form of the vertical concentration profile is examined and an exponential with exponent 1.6 is found to give the best fit with simulations.For elevated releases, it is demonstrated that an initial dip of the mass mean height from the simulation can be normalized for various release heights using a non-dimensionalized downwind coordinate incorporating advective wind speed and wind shear. The vertical distribution standard deviation (
z
), as employed in Gaussian models, shows a fair degree of independence with source height but close examination reveals an optimum source height for maximum z at a given downwind distance,x. This source height increases with downwind distance. Also the simulations indicate that vertical wind shear is more important than vertical variation of Lagrangian time scale close to the source, with a reverse effect farther downwind. 相似文献
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采用考虑化学气体传输过程的云模式模拟了2014年7月30日发生在安徽滁州境内一次深对流过程,研究深对流活动对不同高度示踪气体的输送及再分布作用。结果表明,在积云发展阶段,强上升气流使得云内源层示踪气体有效地向上输送,对流层中部强的夹卷过程及水平入流使得云外气体入云输送至主要对流区,并在垂直气流的作用下进一步影响各层示踪气体的分布。各层示踪气体均可向上输送至对流层上部,其中对流层中部示踪气体（2.1~4.5 km、4.5~7.5 km和7.5~10.8 km）的向上输送作用与近地层示踪气体（0~2.1 km）的贡献相当。例如,输送到11~13 km的示踪气体有4.9%来自近地层,6.3%来自2.1~7.5 km。此外,近地层示踪气体可在深对流的水平输送下向云侧边界扩散,将局地污染输送到云外周边地区。源层高度位于2.1~4.5 km的示踪气体可下沉输送至近地层,形成新的局地污染。随着源层高度的抬升,示踪气体向下输送作用减弱,其中对流层上层示踪物（10.8~15 km）无法输送到6 km以下。 相似文献
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为研究黄河上游河曲段地面点源碘化银质点的垂直扩散范围，作者引用高斯地面点源催化剂质点扩散模式，分层考虑风向、风速垂直变化和逆温层、混合层顶反射，模拟估算了多云天地面点源发生的碘化银质点在垂直方向上的扩散分布。结果表明：从地面到2km的范围内，12h以前碘化银质点基本能扩散到距地面2km的高度，但浓度极值约100L^-1。14h以后其浓度极值能达到250L^-1以上，从地面扩散到1km高度并进入低云云体的时间约25min，到达2km高度的时间约48min，其浓度能达到人工影响降水的需要。 相似文献
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大涡模式垂直分辨率在夹卷及示踪物垂直传输模拟结果分析中的作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于敦煌野外观测资料和大涡模式,研究了垂直方向不同尺度湍涡对夹卷及示踪物垂直传输的影响,明确了模式垂直分辨率在模拟结果分析中的作用。结果表明:垂直方向上小尺度湍涡对夹卷作用贡献更大,小尺度湍涡较多时夹卷层相对更暖,而夹卷层厚度、夹卷强度和风速变化受垂直方向湍涡尺度影响较小。当垂直分辨率为50 m时,越往夹卷层上部,上升气流和下沉气流分布较多且强度较大;分辨率为10、20和30 m时,夹卷层各高度垂直速度、位温和示踪物浓度分布较接近。另外,垂直方向湍涡尺度对示踪物垂直传输高度影响不大,而对示踪物的空间分布有一定作用。当大尺度湍涡较多且强度较强时,越有利于将高浓度的示踪物向上传输。综合考虑到模式采用较高分辨率模拟时产生的噪音及计算时间等问题,认为模式采用30 m的垂直分辨率,既能较好地模拟出夹卷层平均结构特征,又能模拟出夹卷层湍流的精细分布,是较为理想的选择。 相似文献