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国内外已有诸多学者基于强震记录或数值模拟方法开展了近断层地震动的上盘效应分析,并获得了初步的认识,但上盘效应随震源参数的变化规律仍有待深入探讨。本文使用运动学有限断层震源模型,运用高精度谱元法模拟逆断层破裂模式下近断层区域地震动,对比上、下盘地震动差异进而分析近断层地震动上盘效应。通过改变单一震源参数,研究断层上界埋深、震级大小以及断层倾角对地震动上盘效应的影响规律。研究结果表明：（1）使用运动学有限断层震源的谱元法数值模拟可以较好地反映近断层上盘效应;（2）上盘效应随测点到断层上界在地表投影的水平距离Rx的增加先增大后减小,最终趋于稳定。（3）上盘效应随断层上界埋深的增加先增大后减小,且随着断层上界埋深的增加,上盘效应峰值区会向远离断层破裂迹线的方向扩展。（4）上盘效应受矩震级影响较小,但总体随矩震级的增大而增大;上盘效应峰值区到断层破裂迹线的距离不随矩震级的变化而变化。（5）随着断层倾角的增加,上盘效应先增大后减小,当断层倾角为45°时上盘效应最为明显;随着断层倾角增加,上盘效应峰值区会向远离断层破裂迹线的方向扩展;当断层倾角为90°时不存在上盘效应。 相似文献
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近断层地震动非常复杂,受地壳介质和地表局部场地影响的同时,更受地震断层破裂尺度、断层面位错的发展过程、破裂速度、滑动方向等因素的影响。近断层地震动常具有震动集中性、速度脉冲、永久位移以及破裂的方向性和上/下盘效应等特征。其中,地震动速度脉 相似文献
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近断层地震动是造成近断层区工程结构破坏的重要因素,近断层地震动的特征受到诸多因素的影响,其中断层破裂传播的方向性是影响近断层地震动及其分布特征的关键因素之一。方向性效应的影响因素众多,比如断层破裂的速度、破裂的方向、断层的倾角、震源的深度、破裂的模式、破裂起始位置以及断层面上的局部震源参数等。但是这些参数是如何影响方向性效应的呢?特别是一般认为断层的破裂速度接近于剪切波传播速度时,会产生明显的方向性效应,但是当破裂速度超过剪切波传播速度时是否会产生方向性效应?如果存在,又会对近断层地震动的特征产生如何影响?为了回答这些问题,本研究首先分析了方向性效应的相关概念,接着采用数值方法模拟了各种震源相关参数的变化对方向性效应的影响,并且对模拟结果和实际近断层强地震动的方向性特征进行了分析,最后专门研究了地震破裂过程中的超剪切破裂现象及其对近断层地震动方向性效应的影响。研究时分别从地震动的加速度、速度和位移三方面,系统地分析了其三分量的峰值、频谱和持时特征,研究的主要内容和结论如下: 相似文献
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近断层地震动由于其自身不同于远场地震动的特征以及对工程结构产生的严重破坏,成为近年来工程地震界的研究热点。近断层地震动的影响因素众多,除常规的震源、路径以及场地条件之外,上/下盘效应和破裂方向性效应的影响较为突出,两者对近断层地震动的峰 相似文献
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首先介绍了具有加权平均意义的均方根距离Drms. 与断层距Drup和发震断层距Dseis相比, 均方根距离可以真实地反映观测点与倾斜断层的整体靠近程度. 然后利用断层距、 发震断层距和均方根距离, 通过回归分析分别对1999年集集地震加速度峰值的上下盘效应进行研究. 残差分析表明上盘的加速度峰值明显大于相同断层距或发震断层距处下盘的加速度峰值, 而相同均方根距离处的上下盘观测点的加速度峰值没有明显差异. 这说明上下盘效应是一种由于倾斜断层的不对称分布引起的几何效应, 因此进行地震动衰减分析时, 如果采用均方根距离作为观测点与断层之间的距离标准, 上下盘效应对近断层地震动的影响可以忽略. 相似文献
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近断层地震动的基本特征 总被引：54，自引：11，他引：43
本文对近断层地震动的基本特征作了详细分析,这些基本特征主要包括近断层强地震动的集中性、地表破裂、地面永久变形、破裂的方向性效应、近断层速度大脉冲和上盘效应。这些特征虽然在一次地震中不一定同时出现,但它们是已经被强震观测资料和数值模拟证实了的,在模拟和预测近断层地震动时,必须充分考虑这些特点,合理的近断层地震动模拟或预测模型和方法应当在结果中再现这些特点。 相似文献
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本文应用ISOLA近震全波形方法,以2017年1月4日西藏仲巴4.7级地震为例,反演稀疏台网记录的中小地震震源机制解。该地震反演所得最佳双偶机制参数为：节面Ⅰ的走向109°/倾角85°/滑动角-177°,节面Ⅱ的走向19°/倾角88°/滑动角-4°,最佳矩心位置为30.590°N、83.784°E,最佳质心深度为6km,矩震级MW4.6。震源机制反演结果表明此次地震是一次走滑型为主的事件,其与震源区域附近历史地震震源机制解具有相同性质。本文还应用CSPS初动扫描法,利用P波初动资料和近震波形联合约束反演此次地震的震源机制,并与ISOLA近震全波形反演结果进行比较,结果表明,联合少量台站的的三分量波形数据,能够定量地判断最佳震源机制解,降低了P波初动反演结果的非唯一性,同时也约束了由于少量台站参与全波形反演引起的解的不稳定性。本文研究为中小地震震源参数测定提供了一种简单有效的方法,具有较高的稳定性和可靠性。 相似文献
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近断层效应使得沉积盆地对地震动放大效应更为复杂。本文针对逆断层发震下三维层状沉积盆地地震反应,基于波动谱元法,采用有限断层动力学模型,模拟断层动力破裂、地壳层地震波传播和层状沉积盆地对地震波散射全过程。在此基础上,对比分析了层状和均质沉积盆地对近断层地震动放大效应的影响,讨论了不同断层倾角下层状沉积盆地地震动加速度特性。结果表明：层状沉积盆地PGA空间分布与均质沉积盆地存在较大差异,由于近断层效应和盆地效应,层状沉积盆地地表局部范围竖向PGA大于水平向PGA;90°断层倾角下层状沉积盆地地表地震动放大范围与60°断层倾角结果明显不同,主要集中在盆地中心区域和断层附近,且幅值远小于60°断层倾角下结果;沿断层走向,盆地内地表地震动加速度峰值对应时刻较盆地外延后。 相似文献
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本研究利用新疆区域数字地震台网的波形资料,采用CAP方法反演了2016年11月25日阿克陶6.7级地震的前震、主震及11次MS ≥ 3.6余震序列的最佳双力偶震源机制解,得到阿克陶6.7级地震最佳双力偶机制解：节面Ⅰ走向20°/倾角69°/滑动角-10°;节面Ⅱ走向114°/倾角81°/滑动角-159°,表明此次阿克陶6.7级地震为一次走滑型地震事件,结合震源区的地震地质构造及余震序列空间分布等已有研究成果,判定节面Ⅱ代表了主震的发震断层面。主震最大主压力轴方位为339°,与震源区附近历史中强震P轴近NW向的优势方位基本一致。其4.8级前震的震源机制解为走滑型,与主震震源机制解具有较高的一致性。11次余震中有6次为走滑型地震,3次为逆断型地震,1次正断型地震,1次混合型地震,且多数地震具有近NW向的P轴方位。此次6.7级地震序列的震源深度分布于6~16km之间,而大部分地震为9~13km,与本文计算得到的主震的震源深度10km相差不大。此外,初步分析了兴都库什-帕米尔地区强震活动与此次阿克陶6.7级地震的关系。 相似文献
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D. M. Pechersky A. A. Lyubushin Z. V. Sharonova 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(7):613-623
The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The
times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized
by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and
the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between
the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic
world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by
the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle
of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes
in the organic world. 相似文献
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The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth. 相似文献
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综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。 相似文献
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As is known, the secular deceleration of the Earth's diurnal rotation is explained mainly by the tidal friction in the ocean. Below we consider this mechanism in some detail, taking into account also elastic deformations of the mantle under the action of ocean loading and the interaction between the tide-generating body, ocean tidal wave, liquid outer core, and solid inner core. It is shown that elastic displacements of the core-mantle boundary under the action of ocean loading are of about the same amplitude and phase as the elastic loading displacements of the Earth's outer surface. As a result, side by side with the mechanism of secular deceleration of diurnal rotation of the mantle, there are also (1) the opposite mechanism of secular acceleration of diurnal rotation of the outer liquid core and of the solid inner core and (2) the mechanism of excitation of differential rotation in the liquid core. Taking these effects into account, we compare theoretical and modern observed data on the eastward drift of the solid inner core. It is shown that the best agreement may be obtained if the turbulent viscosity of the liquid core is about 2 × 10
3
Poise 相似文献
15.
The depth to the top of magnetic dykes can be estimated from total field aeromagnetic data using the relation between the depth to magnetic sources and the autocorrelation function of magnetic data. By using synthetic anomalies we show that in the ideal case, depth can be determined to an accuracy of 10% or better, when the anomaly sources are two-dimensional dykes. However, the estimated depths depend on the width of the dykes. The estimated depth is about 0.6 times the actual depth to the top of thin dykes, and around the true depth for thick dykes having width-to-depth ratio around 3. The depth is considerably overestimated for very thick dykes (e.g., contacts, which is a special case of the thick dyke). Thus, the autocorrelation method requires that the width-to-depth ratio of the dyke is estimated independently to correctly estimate the depths. Alternatively, it must be assumed that the width-to-depth ratio for the two-dimensional source body is between 1.5 and 4. 相似文献
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On data of bottom sampling, carried out by means of grab, trawl and underwater photography in August–September of 1993 in the area of the Pechora Sea, quantitative regularities of macrobenthos distribution are described for the ecological monitoring purposes. Maps of -biodiversity and biomass indices, bottom communities and trophic zones, singled out by dominant method, are presented. Assessment of structure changes of the investigated area bottom communities during the last 60–70 years is fulfilled. It is shown that the described communities on the whole are of natural undisturbed character and that the revealed changes are within the natural fluctuations in the abundance of benthic populations or may be interpreted in terms of methodical differences in the data analysis and generalization by different authors. 相似文献
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地震激励下处于深水中的桥墩和周围水体的相互作用将对桥梁结构的动力响应产生较大影响。首先对地震作用下水-桥墩的相互作用理论做了概括,给出了动水压力对桥墩的作用效应及各自的适用范围;对主要的三种考虑流固耦合效应的分析方法做了对比,探讨了地震作用下影响水-结构相互作用的主要因素,并对今后的研究提出了建议。 相似文献
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Prof. Dr. W. A. Heiskanen 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1958,41(1):1-18
Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out. 相似文献
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Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan. 相似文献