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1.
《Marine Policy》1998,22(3):229-234
The 1972 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, UN Conference, 1972) outlined a ‘masterplan’ linking environmental assessment, environmental management and supporting measures as basic and inseparable elements of environmental actions plans. It also indicated the advantages of a regional approach in contributing to the solution of global problems. The Regional Seas Programme of UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme) was subsequently initiated in 1974 (UN General Assembly, 1972). Development of UNEP’s Regional Seas Programme demonstrated that the basic concepts formulated at Stockholm can effectively foster regional cooperation among interested States, and may benefit from the support of the United Nations system as a whole.The present Regional Seas Programme includes fourteen regions, comprising over 140 coastal States. It was conceived as an action-oriented programme encompassing a comprehensive, trans-sectoral approach to marine and coastal areas and to environmental problems, considering not only the consequences, but also the causes of environmental degradation. Each Regional Seas Programme is based on the needs of the region concerned. The Regional Seas Programmes promote the parallel development of regional legal agreements, and of action-oriented programme activities, as embodied in the action plans. The overall strategy to be followed, as defined by UNEP’s Governing Council (UNEP, 1974) is:
- 1. Promotion of international and regional conventions, guidelines and actions for the control of marine pollution and the protection and management of aquatic resources.
- 2. Assessment of the state of marine pollution, pollution sources and trends, and of the impact of pollution on human health, marine ecosystems and amenities.
- 3. Coordination of efforts with regard to environmental aspects of the protection, development and management of marine and coastal resources.
- 4. Support for education and training efforts to facilitate the full participation of developing countries in the protection, development and management of marine and coastal resources.
2.
The Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem extending from Guinea Bissau to Angola and covering sixteen countries in West and Central Africa and characterized by distinctive bathymetry, hydrography, chemistry, and trophodynamics with the Guinea Current as the unifying feature has remained a sources of global interest. With openness to the Atlantic Ocean and watercourses with access to the sea such as the Congo and Niger Rivers, the GCLME embodies some of the major coastal upwelling sub-ecosystems of the world and is an important center of marine biodiversity and marine food production ranked among the most productive coastal and offshore waters in the world. However, pollution from domestic and industry sources, over-exploitation of fisheries and poorly planned and managed coastal developments and near-shore activities are resulting in a rapid degradation of vulnerable coastal and offshore habitats and shared living marine resources of the GCLME putting the economies and health of the populace at risk. The deterioration in water quality (chronic and catastrophic) from land and sea-based activities (especially industrial, agricultural, urban and domestic sewage run-off and mining activities including the oil and gas sector), eutrophication and harmful algal blooms have been identified as a major transboundary environmental problem by the countries in the adopted Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA). Arising from the results of the various environmental and socio-economic studies and assessments conducted over the years as documented in the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis (TDA), the countries resolved to adopt a holistic, multi-sectoral and regional approach embodied in the large marine ecosystem concept for transboundary pollution management in the region. The agreed management actions to be undertaken jointly by the sixteen countries are encapsulated in the adopted Strategic Action Programme to be implemented by the Interim Guinea Current Commission (and later the Guinea Current Commission), established by the countries as an intergovernmental consultation and coordination body, with the technical assistance and co-funding of the Global Environment Facility (GEF), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). 相似文献
3.
《African Journal of Marine Science》2013,35(3):541-564
This paper considers the scientific achievements of the Benguela Environment, Fisheries, Interaction and Training (BENEFIT) Programme as reflected in 29 internally evaluated BENEFIT research projects carried out between 1998 and 2007 when the programme ended, and draws a number of important lessons relevant to future regional marine research programmes in the Benguela from the manner in which the projects were initiated and executed. The founding of BENEFIT, its organisational structures, and the way in which the projects were planned, formulated and executed through these structures are outlined. The major findings and other achievements of the research on fish resources, the environment and the linkages between them are discussed under these headings, and in the case of projects on resources, in relation to key questions developed from guidelines in the BENEFIT Science Plan. Based largely on a final evaluation by the programme's International Scientific Advisory Panel, it is concluded that BENEFIT added materially to greater knowledge of the dynamics of key resources in the Benguela, markedly increased the extent of environmental monitoring in the region, and the capacity for future such monitoring, and added significant new insights into key physical, chemical and biological processes of relevance to stock dynamics. BENEFIT's most important achievement in a wider sense was the pioneering development, almost from scratch, of a regional marine research community which, inter alia, was crucial in the development of other regional marine research activities in the Benguela, such as the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) Programme whose primary objective was the creation of a Benguela Current Commission. In this sense, the establishment of the Commission in 2007 to deal with transboundary management of the living resources of the Benguela Current and regional biodiversity issues can be regarded as the greatest single legacy of BENEFIT. 相似文献
4.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》1999,42(12):999-1018
A review is presented of major international actions taken to address the pollution of the marine environment, from various sources. The actions are put into the context of the third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the outcomes of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development 1992, and are related to major issues facing society with respect to the marine environment. These concern governance, institutions, implementation of international agreements, capacity building, as well as impacts on the ocean and needs for research and observations. The need for political will to act is also emphasized. 相似文献
5.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(9-10):576-596
The ecological integrity of coastal and near-shore environments is at the mercy of social, business, institutional and regulatory norms that dictate human behavior—not just at sea, but on land. The state of coastal lagoons, estuaries, harbours, semi-closed seas, and even the open ocean, is a mirror of anthropogenic activities on land that: (i) alter or destroy habitat; (ii) pollute groundwater, creeks and rivers that drain into the sea; and (iii) fill the atmosphere with particulates that settle on the sea. Land-based activities, such as mining, clearing vegetation for building roads, homes and hotels, destroy critical habitat and cloud river systems and estuaries with mud and silt. Since the broad range of land-based activities has a cumulative impact on coastal and marine environments, the sustainable development and protection of such environments pose challenges that demand multidisciplinary and cross-sectoral approaches and require far more than tough sanctions to punish the environmental “bad guys”.This paper reviews the strengths and weaknesses of regulatory and non-regulatory options available to governments to manage the destructive and polluting activities of their citizens in coastal and marine environments. It considers the challenge of mixing these options and advocates for a strategic “cocktail” of instruments that best suit respective natural, cultural, constitutional and economic scenarios. The paper discourages rushing towards a single untested alternative to traditional command-and-control regulation, but to incrementally experiment with a variety of instruments and combinations thereof. Governments should avoid the tendency to treat various policy instruments as alternatives to one another rather than as potentially complimentary mechanisms. These may include improved regulation, tradable permits, discharge fees and voluntary programmes. The process of incremental experimentation with regulatory alternatives should be paralleled by timely and comprehensive evaluation of effectiveness, efficiency, and their relationship with other components of the broader system. This is the philosophy underpinning the development of National Programmes of Action as required by the 1995 Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities (GPA). 相似文献
6.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》1999,42(10-11):985-990
Since 1997, institutions on both sides of the Atlantic have been building linkages under a joint US/European effort aimed at the next generation of marine policy and ocean management professionals. The Consortium for Transatlantic Cooperation in Marine Policy and Coastal Management Education is facilitating the exchange of knowledge between the United States and Europe regarding integrated coastal management (ICM) and regional fisheries management by creating course modules and case studies, conducting short intensive cross-cultural courses, offering transatlantic internship and academic exchange opportunities, and implementing distance learning technologies. The Consortium includes three European and three US universities, plus five partners from government, non-governmental organizations, and the private sector. The Consortium's ultimate goal is to foster cross-cultural understanding of ICM as it is implemented in response to international mandates such as Agenda 21, the Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Global Programme of Action on the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities. This article describes the workings of the Consortium over the past two years. 相似文献
7.
Aldo Chircop 《Ocean & Coastal Management》1996,31(2-3)
The author surveys some of the principal amendments to the Barcelona system adopted at the Ninth Ordinary Meeting of Contracting Parties to the Barcelona Convention in June 1995 and underlines the new national responsibilities for the implementation of the policy, legal and institutional changes in the direction of sustainable development. Emphasis is placed on the types of human resources that will be needed to facilitate implementation and render the regime effective at both national and regional levels. The author advocates a role for Mediterranean universities to assist regional regime-building through the development of relevant marine affairs education programmes in support of the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP). A catalytic role for the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/MAP Coordinating Unit in mobilizing inter-university cooperation is also identified. 相似文献
8.
Mark A. Shields David K. WoolfEric P.M. Grist Sandy A. KerrA.C. Jackson Robert E. HarrisMichael C. Bell Robert BeharieAndrew Want Emmanuel OsalusiStuart W. Gibb Jonathan Side 《Ocean & Coastal Management》2011,54(1):2-9
Many countries now recognise the need for mitigation of climate change induced by human activities and have incorporated renewable energy resources within their energy policy. There are extensive resources of renewable energy within the marine environment and increasing interest in extracting energy from locations with either large tidal range, rapid flow with and without wave interaction, or large wave resources. However, the ecological implications of altering the hydrodynamics of the marine environment are poorly understood. Ecological data for areas targeted for marine renewable developments are often limited, not least because of the considerable challenges to sampling in high energy environments. In order to predict the scale and nature of ecological implications there is a need for greater understanding of the distribution and extent of the renewable energy resource and in turn, of how marine renewable energy installations (MREIs) may alter energy in the environment. Regional ecological implications of a MREI need to be considered against the greater and global ecological threat of climate change. Finally, it is recommended that the identification of species and biotopes susceptible to the removal of hydrokinetic energy could be a suitable strategy for understanding how a MREI may alter flow conditions. 相似文献
9.
为推动中法在南太平洋地区的海洋治理合作,进一步构建海洋命运共同体,文章考察中法在南太平洋地区海洋治理的动因,并尝试提出双方合作的现实选择。研究结果表明：中法应联合设立应对南太平洋地区气候变化的资金平台,规范融资机制;推动建立海洋生物多样性保护机制;联合开展海草床和珊瑚礁等典型海洋生态系统的监视监测、健康评价和保护修复;加强蓝碳治理合作;以南太平洋区域环境署为平台,推动中法在南太平洋海洋环境保护方面的合作。 相似文献
10.
《Marine Policy》2017
The New Zealand region contains untapped natural mineral, oil, and gas resources while also supporting globally unique and diverse faunal communities that need to be managed sustainably. In this paper key information from the international literature is reviewed that can underpin an Environmental Mining Management System which includes elements of Environmental Risk Assessment, Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Planning. This paper focuses on four developing areas of seafloor mining activities presently being undertaken or planned in the New Zealand region: hydrocarbons (oil and gas), minerals, ironsands and phosphorite nodules. A number of issues with the implementation of environmental management systems are identified including the difficulty of assessing new marine activities or technologies and the need for standardised reporting metrics. Finally, the development of ecosystem-based management and marine spatial planning is discussed which will be required to enhance environmental mining management frameworks in New Zealand. 相似文献
11.
12.
《Marine Policy》1998,22(3):235-246
This paper provides a brief overview of the development of the Global Environment Facility (GEF) since its creation in June 1991 and the nature of its activities in the field of International Waters. Whilst it is recognised that the GEF represents the single largest source of international financial assistance for achieving global environmental benefits its investment in International Waters remains comparatively small. Since the GEF is designed to achieve global environmental benefits through provision of grant and concessionary funding for the agreed incremental costs of projects its primary objective is not capacity building. Nevertheless, the need for capacity building at the individual and institutional levels within projects was recognised early during the initiation of GEF activities. More recently the need for programmatic approaches to capacity building within the GEF has been identified and is being addressed. It is suggested that potentially the role of the GEF in environmental and marine capacity building could be most important at a global, system-wide level, in terms of testing and promoting innovative and novel approaches to issues of environmentally sound and sustainable economic development. 相似文献
13.
England is about to embark on the introduction of an integrated approach to the management of its marine environment, known as marine planning. The management of human activity in the marine environment is a central function of marine planning; therefore, stakeholder involvement will be crucial for the successful development and subsequent implementation of marine plans. The range of stakeholder activities, their connection to the marine environment and interest in its management are likely to vary considerably on a local, regional and national scale. It is realistic to assume that it will not be possible to involve every stakeholder all the time; therefore in order to develop efficient and effective stakeholder involvement during the marine planning process it is sensible to determine who to involve, when to involve them, and how to involve them from the outset. This paper discusses the role of stakeholders in the marine planning process through consideration of the results of a stakeholder analysis, which was informed by primary data collated from stakeholders within the Solent. The paper concludes with a proposed mechanism, comprising different organisational units, for managing stakeholder involvement in the marine planning process. 相似文献
14.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(7-8):385-412
The Guinea Current Large Marine Ecosystem (GCLME) extending from Bissagos Island (Guinea Bissau) in the north to Cabinda (Angola) in the south defines the shared transboundary waters off the coast of western Africa, which embodies some of the major coastal upwelling sub-ecosystems of the world and is an important centre of marine biodiversity and marine food production. The GCLME is characterized by distinctive bathymetry, hydrography, chemistry, and trophodynamics and represents the number 28 Large Marine Ecosystem (LME) ranked among the most productive coastal and offshore waters in the world with rich fishery resources. However, over-exploitation of fisheries, pollution from domestic and industry sources, habitat destruction and poorly planned and managed coastal developments and near-shore activities are resulting in a rapid depletion of the rich fisheries resources and degradation of vulnerable coastal and offshore habitats putting the economies, productivity and health of the populace at risk. Recognizing the urgency of the fisheries decline and the environmental and socio-economic consequences for the region, the 16 countries bordering the ecosystem have mobilized complementary resources to the funding from the Global Environment Facility and United Nations Industrial Development Organization to implement priority management actions agreed in the preliminary Strategic Action Programme for the recovery of depleted fish stocks and restoration of degraded habitats for the advancement of the achievement of the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Johannesburg Plan of Implementation targets for recovery of fish stocks. 相似文献
15.
塑料垃圾通过各种途径进入海洋,海洋塑料污染已成为全球性环境问题。本文系统总结了国内外塑料污染的研究历程与现状,发现直接或者间接来源的微塑料在环境中广泛积累,呈全球化分布趋势;重点探讨了我国微塑料的来源、分布以及污染形势和生态影响,发现我国微塑料污染形势严峻,覆盖范围广泛,甚至涉及食品安全领域。塑料的生物降解是受到高度关注的研究领域,本文通过对微塑料的生物降解途径的归纳,总结了塑料降解的过程、生物种类以及相关的降解酶等,以期为海洋微塑料污染的治理提供启示。目前微塑料污染已经引起世界各国的广泛关注,但对海洋环境中微塑料的鉴定以及污染物消除技术等研究极少,迫切需要开展相关研究工作。 相似文献
16.
Northeast Asia is failing in its attempts to protect its regional seas from irreversible ecological damage and contamination. At the policy level, the regional architecture for marine protection has several glaring structural problems that need to be identified and resolved in an expeditious and politically sensitive manner. Although the UNDP/GEF Yellow Sea Large Marine Ecosystem Project (YS LME) and the Northwest Pacific Action Plan (NOWPAP) are the two most likely institutions from which to build the next phase of regional marine cooperation, synergies between the two institutions remain limited. Both institutions are endowed with unique opportunities, challenges and limitations that must be taken into full consideration when planning the next step of coordinated action for regional marine protection. For the purpose of developing a more effective phase of marine cooperation in Northeast Asia, this paper advocates the formation of a Marine Environmental Community based on an integrated approach towards Northeast Asia's regional marine programs. This will facilitate improvements in funding, policy coordination through high level policy dialogue, transparency and efficiency of information sharing systems and full participation of all the coastal states in the region. 相似文献
17.
18.
The Marine Planning Framework for South Australia is a new large-scale, ecosystem-based zoning policy for management of development and use in the marine environment. Utilising the Geographic Information System (GIS), the model establishes four ecologically rated zones, derived from known ecological criteria. A series of goals, objectives and strategies represent the desired outcomes for each of the ecologically rated zones. A Performance Assessment System (PAS) will subsequently evaluate the success of the marine plans. Implementation will be supported by a collaborative whole-of-government approach. Marine plans will facilitate the delivery of long-term protection to the marine environment as a whole ecosystem, whilst enabling a broad range of activities to occur in a sustainable manner. 相似文献
19.
《Marine Policy》2014
Marine planning presents considerable new challenges and opportunities for those responsible for managing the marine environment. In the UK, the Marine and Coastal Access Act (2009) provides a statutory framework for marine planning and has created a new administration responsible for its implementation. If marine planning is to be effective and achieve its stated goals it will require a pool of trained individuals who will be responsible for or will participate in marine planning. Based on data gathered during the development and delivery of an intensive professional course and a masters level programme, this paper explores the key elements of education and training required by marine planners. These include a knowledge of planning processes and national and international laws and conventions; an understanding of how marine plans can integrate with existing terrestrial and coastal plans and other management requirements; and an understanding of the marine and maritime environment, including the human activities and natural features. It concludes with a discussion of the different roles individuals may play in the planning process and thus their different training needs. 相似文献
20.
利用文献处理工具Bibexcel和网络分析工具Pajek对SCIE和SSCI文献数据库1990—2020年全球海洋生态环境保护文献数据进行统计与可视化分析，以期揭示该领域的科研产出情况、领域知识基础、研究热点分布及前瞻发展态势。研究结果表明：海洋生态环境保护领域文献产出近30年来持续增长；美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、法国等国家在该领域内有着较强的科研竞争力和学术影响力，其中美国处于研究合作核心地位，美国加利福尼亚大学、法国国家科研中心等机构为主要发文机构；海洋生态环境保护研究的热点方向主要为海洋生态环境修复与管控、气候变化、生态系统服务、海洋保护区等；该领域研究学科交融趋势明显，研究者应充分借鉴、吸收其他学科理念和方法，加强海洋生态环境与气候变化、人为活动及生态物种等因素的制衡与协同。 相似文献