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1.
Some kinematic and dynamic structures of a microburst-producing storm in Colorado were investigated. Dual-Doppler data collected on 14 July, 1982 at 1647 MDT, during the Joint Airport Weather Studies (JAWS) project at Denver's Stapleton International Airport, were objectively analyzed to produce a three-dimensional wind field. The domain of interest had a horizontal dimension of 10 by 10 km centered on the microburst. Vertical velocities were computed by integrating the anelastic continuity equation downward from the storm's top with variational adjustment. Subsequently, fields of deviation perturbation pressure, density, and virtual temperature were retrieved from a detailed wind field using the three momentum equations.Results show that the microburst being investigated is embedded within a high-reflectivity region associated with heavy precipitation. A strong downflow impinges on the surface producing a stagnation mesohigh inside the microburst. This mesohigh is accompanied by mesolows in the strongest outflow regions, forming a pronounced horizontal perturbation pressure gradient outward from the high-pressure center. The outflow regions extend from the surface to approximately 1 km AGL with maximum divergence in excess of 10 –2 s–1. Inclusion of friction in the pressure equation improves pressure recovery at all levels, especially in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The microburst occurrence in the ABL enhances eddy transfer of momentum. Magnitudes of eddy viscosity and eddy stresses increase as a result of the microburst. 相似文献
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Yeong-Jer Lin 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,44(4):349-357
Dual-Doppler data collected from 1646 to 1648 MDT on 14 July, 1982 in Colorado were employed to study the eddy kinetic energy budget in the subcloud layer of a microburst-producing thunderstorm during its mature stage. Each term in the budget equation was computed from the Doppler-derived winds and retrieved thermodynamic fields within the 10 by 10 km horizontal domain. Results show that in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) where the microburst dominates, the turbulent flow extracts energy from the mean flow in order for the microburst to maintain its strong diverging outflow at low levels. The vertical transport of eddy kinetic energy is predominantly downward in the low layer due to the organized downdrafts in the microburst area. The horizontal flux convergence (divergence) of eddy kinetic energy by the mean and eddying motions is approximately balanced by that of the vertical flux divergence (convergence). Similarly, the contributions from the pressure and buoyancy production terms are nearly in balance. As a result, a net change of the eddy kinetic energy generation in the subcloud layer is relatively small in comparison with the individual term in the budget equation. 相似文献
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利用中尺度数值模式WRFV3.6模拟了2017年7月12日宁波机场附近的一次微下击暴流天气过程,结合浙江省自动站资料、机场自动观测数据、多普勒天气雷达资料等分析微下击暴流成因,结果表明：此次微下击暴流是由海风锋触发的强雷雨引起的,机场自动观测数据显示的风、温、压等气象要素的变化均呈现出明显的微下击暴流特征;数值模式较好地模拟出微下击暴流的水平风场结构;拖曳作用、下沉过程中冰雹融化、液态水和雨水持续蒸发降温作用是形成此次下击暴流的重要原因;低层位温扰动加强了垂直运动,中低层位涡异常增大区与雷暴强降水区域有较好对应关系。 相似文献
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双多普勒雷达反演强风暴三维风场的数值试验 总被引：17，自引：4，他引：17
两部雷达测得的径向速度再加上质量连续方程可以求解大气风场，利用这一原理，以1996年6月29日发生在北京东北部京冀交界处的一次强风暴过程为例，用模式反演出风暴体的三维风场结构，误差分析表明和实况基本一致。利用模式输出的三维风场，先模拟两部多普勒雷达扫描的数据，在此基础上，进行三维风场反演，结果表明，反演得到的流场和模拟的流场总体趋势完全一致，风暴的中心位置吻合较好，上升气流和下沉气流的分布也很接近，水平速度分量反演的误差很小，基本上可以反映三维风场的真实情况。垂直速度的平均离差在各个高度上都较小，反演结果较好。 相似文献
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本文使用二维变分风场反演方法对浙江台州2003年4月12日一次超级单体风暴的多普勒天气雷达探测资料进行低层风场反演研究。二维变分方法以均匀风场反演结果作为初猜场,在目标泛函中加入散度和涡度约束作为正则项来降低不适定性的影响。反演得到的低层水平风场比较好的符合超级单体风暴的组织化的气流结构和强的风切变,通过对散度场垂直积分获得垂直速度,上升气流主要集中在强回波区域,下沉气流一个位于风暴前进的左侧的弱回波区,一个位于钩状回波的内侧。 相似文献
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利用2019年4—9月高时空分辨率的长沙机场阵列天气雷达资料开展三维变分（three-dimensional variational data assimilation,3DVAR）风场反演研究。为验证该算法的反演效果,选取外场试验中10次降水过程,在阵列天气雷达的三维精细探测区内,采用阵列天气雷达合成风场和1部L波段边界层风廓线雷达产品作为参考值对阵列反演风场进行验证评估。结果表明:在稳定性降水条件下,阵列反演风场与阵列合成风场、风廓线雷达产品的结果较为一致;在对流性降水条件下,由于不均匀性会造成风廓线测风精度下降,风廓线雷达产品与阵列反演风场和阵列合成风场差异较大。阵列反演风场与阵列合成风场在稳定性、对流性降水条件下水平风速相对偏差分别低于19%,29%,水平风向差分别低于14.92°,26.35°,稳定性降水条件下阵列反演风场更优,误差在可接受范围内。两种算法得到的风场结构符合各类天气系统的基本特征,水平风场空间分布和风速、风向非常接近。 相似文献
10.
The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind
field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was
applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in
Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was
successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the
radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity
determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results
show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be
clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was
corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from
single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner
meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could
be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method
could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field. 相似文献
11.
Leena Järvi Ari-Juhani Punkka David M. Schultz Tuukka Petäjä Harri Hohti Janne Rinne Toivo Pohja Markku Kulmala Pertti Hari Timo Vesala 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,125(2):343-359
On the afternoon of 3 July 2004 in Hyytiälä (Juupajoki, Finland), convective cells produced a strong downburst causing forest damage. The SMEAR II field station, situated near the damage site, enabled a unique micrometeorological analysis of a microburst with differences above and inside the canopy. At the time of the event, a squall line associated with a cold front was crossing Hyytiälä with a reflectivity maximum in the middle of the squall line. A bow echo, rear-inflow notch, and probable mesovortex were observed in radar data. The bow echo moved west-north-west, and its apex travelled just north of Hyytiälä. The turbulence data were analysed at two locations above the forest canopy and at one location at sub-canopy. At 1412 EET (Eastern European Time, UTC+2), the horizontal and vertical wind speed increased and the wind veered, reflecting the arrival of a gust front. At the same time, the carbon dioxide concentration increased due to turbulent mixing, the temperature decreased due to cold air flow from aloft and aerosol particle concentration decreased due to rain scavenging. An increase in the number concentration of ultra-fine particles (< 10 nm) was detected, supporting the new particle formation either from cloud outflow or due to rain. Five minutes after the gust front (1417 EET), strong horizontal and downward vertical wind speed gusts occurred with maxima of 22 and 15 m s?1, respectively, reflecting the microburst. The turbulence spectra before, during and after the event were consistent with traditional turbulence spectral theory. 相似文献
12.
北京地区一次强沙尘暴过程的大气边界层结构和湍流通量输送特征 总被引：15，自引：6，他引：9
利用中国科学院大气物理研究所北京325 m气象塔的风速和温度平均场观测资料和湍流资料,以及北京市气象台地面常规气象资料和逐日08:00和20:00(北京时间)的探空资料,分析了2002年3月18～22日沙尘暴过境前后北京城市边界层结构特征和湍流输送特征,结果表明:1)在沙尘暴爆发前,边界层中水平风速一直较小;气温较高,大气层结稳定,在边界层上部有强大的逆温层.随着冷锋过境,沙尘暴爆发,边界层中水平风速和平均湍流速度急剧增强;温度也突然变化,先迅速增强后又持续下降,逆温层迅速被破坏.2)沙尘暴初期,280 m上为系统性上升气流,而47和120 m则为系统性的下沉气流.随着沙尘暴爆发,湍流动能、向下传输的动量以及向上传输的感热也迅速增大,并且120 m高度的湍能、动量通量以及感热通量明显高于47和280 m,这与北京的局地环流有关.3)本次沙尘暴过程中,120和47 m层的摩擦速度都明显超过了北京的临界摩擦速度,表明局地起沙也是本次沙尘暴过程中北京沙尘的一个重要沙源. 相似文献
13.
消除噪音和速度模糊、进行水平风场的反演并检验是正确使用和充分利用多普勒雷达探测资料的前提.对2005年8月山东烟台多普勒雷达探测到的0509号台风"麦莎"的存在速度模糊的径向速度资料首先进行噪音和速度模糊消除处理,检验结果表明对资料的退模糊处理是成功的;其次进行了水平风场的反演,并对反演的风场从雷达径向速度的特征、大尺度环境风场特征、与卫星云图云带的对比和以台风中心为圆心计算的径向风垂直剖面特征等方面进行检验.结果表明,利用单多普勒雷达探测资料得到的水平风场能够清晰地给出登陆热带气旋内部存在的中小尺度系统,及其水平和垂直结构,并表明与台风外围雨带强降水区域相对应的是明显的中尺度水平风场的切变与辐合区.反演风场也可以为进一步利用单多普勒雷达探测资料分析和研究登陆台风内部的中尺度结构提供高分辨率的可靠的分析资料.同时证明,使用的退速度模糊方法能够有效地应用于较完整资料的速度模糊的自动消除,以及VAP方法对于中小尺度风场分析的实用性. 相似文献
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Constructing β-mesoscale weather systems in initial fields remains a
challenging problem in a mesoscale numerical weather prediction (NWP) model.
Without vertical velocity matching the β-mesoscale weather system,
convection activities would be suppressed by downdraft and cooling caused by
precipitating hydrometeors. In this study, a method, basing on the
three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) assimilation technique, was developed
to obtain reasonable structures of β-mesoscale weather systems by
assimilating radar data in a next-generation NWP system named GRAPES (the
Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction System) of China.
Single-point testing indicated that assimilating radial wind significantly
improved the horizontal wind but had little effect on the vertical velocity,
while assimilating the retrieved vertical velocity (taking Richardson's
equation as the observational operator) can greatly improve the vertical
motion. Experiments on a typhoon show that assimilation of the radial wind
data can greatly improve the prediction of the typhoon track, and can
ameliorate precipitation to some extent. Assimilating the retrieved vertical
velocity and rainwater mixing ratio, and adjusting water vapor and cloud
water mixing ratio in the initial fields simultaneously, can significantly
improve the tropical cyclone rainfall forecast but has little effect on
typhoon path. Joint assimilating these three kinds of radar data gets the
best results. Taking into account the scale of different weather systems and
representation of observational data, data quality control, error setting of
background field and observation data are still requiring further in-depth
study. 相似文献
16.
Summary Near Denver on July 11 1988, a moderate-reflectivity thunderstorm produced a microburst of unusual intensity during the test operation of the Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) system. This microburst-producing storm, unlike those previously investigated, contained a complex updraft structure and an intense microburst downstream from the main precipitation shaft. Of special significance is that several successive airliners inadvertently encountered the microburst during final approach to Stapleton Airport. This paper focuses on the numerical investigation of this storm-via simulation with the Terminal Area Simulation System (TASS). Evolution and structure of the storm, including hazard indices based onF-factor, are presented and compared with observed data, including that measured by Doppler radar and aircraft flight data recorders.Model results show that multiple low-to moderate-reflectivity microbursts formed downshear of the main precipitation shaft. The most intense of the modeled microbursts contained a velocity differential exceeding 40m/s, strong downdrafts, and hazardous windshear withF-factors approaching 0.2. Outflow from this microburst was roughly symmetric at ground level during peak intensity, but became more asymmetric with time and altitude above the ground. The intense microburst, not unlike the real microburst that was encountered by the aircraft, originated from light precipitation that was swept downwind of the primary source. In contrast to the intense microburst, downdrafts and outflows associated with the simulated storm's main precipitation shaft were less vigorous by comparison, even though accompanied by higher magnitudes of radar reflectivity. Additional simulations with the axisymmetric version of TASS configured from the 3-D simulation, suggest that the intense microburst was driven by cooling primarily from sublimating snow.With 20 Figures 相似文献
17.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2016,(1)
Statistical analysis of turbulent and gusty characteristics in the atmospheric boundary layer under weak wind period has been carried out.The data used in the analysis were from the multilevel ultrasonic anemometer-thermometers at 47 m,120 m,and 280 m levels on Beijing 325 m meteorological tower.The time series of 3D atmospheric velocity were analyzed by using conventional Fourier spectral analysis and decompose into three parts:basic mean flow(period 10 min),gusty disturbances(1 min period 10 min)and turbulence fluctuations(period 1 min).The results show that under weak mean wind condition:1)the gusty disturbances are the most strong fluctuations,contribute about 60% kinetic energy of eddy kinetic energy and 80% downward flux of momentum,although both the eddy kinetic energy and momentum transport are small in comparison with those in strong mean wind condition;2)the gusty wind disturbances are anisotropic;3)the gusty wind disturbances have obviously coherent structure,and their horizontal and vertical component are negatively correlated and make downward transport of momentum more effectively;4)the friction velocities related to turbulence and gusty wind are approximately constant with height in the surface layer. 相似文献
18.
Observations of Coherent Turbulence Structures in the Near-Neutral Atmospheric Boundary Layer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Mitsuaki Horiguchi Taiichi Hayashi Hiroyuki Hashiguchi Yoshiki Ito Hiromasa Ueda 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2010,136(1):25-44
Turbulence structures of high Reynolds number flow in the near-neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are investigated based
on observations at Shionomisaki and Shigaraki, Japan. A Doppler sodar measured the vertical profiles of winds in the ABL.
Using the integral wavelet transform for the time series of surface wind data, the pattern of a descending high-speed structure
with large vertical extent (from the surface to more than 200-m level) is depicted from the Doppler sodar data. Essentially
this structure is a specific type of coherent structure that has been previously shown in experiments on turbulent boundary-layer
flows. Large-scale high-speed structures in the ABL are extracted using a long time scale (240 s) for the wavelet transform.
The non-dimensional interval of time between structures is evaluated as 3.0–6.2 in most cases. These structures make a large
contribution to downward momentum transfer in the surface layer. Quadrant analyses of the turbulent motion measured by the
sonic anemometer (20-m height) suggest that the sweep motion (high-speed downward motion) plays a substantial role in the
downward momentum transfer. In general, the contribution of sweep motions to the momentum flux is nearly equal to that of
ejection motions (low-speed upward motions). This contribution of sweep motions is related to the large-scale high-speed structures. 相似文献
19.
Sandra Morelli 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2011,114(1-2):67-81
An event of polynya at Terra Nova Bay (TNB), occurring from 15 July to 17 July 2006, is simulated by a recent version of the mesoscale Eta model. Simulation results and observational data describe the surface conditions during the period. The spatial and temporal structure of the atmospheric boundary layer in response to the warm area of the polynya is also investigated. Numerical experiments show that the latter influences significantly the wind intensity, the temperature and the specific humidity of the air over Terra Nova Bay. The significant heating of the low atmosphere results in a three-dimensional anomaly in the baric field, which extends far in the Ross Sea, embedded in the complex pressure field obtained by the Eta model also without taking into account the polynya. A turbulent kinetic energy plume, indicating turbulent mixing, and an increased vertical diffusion of horizontal momentum are also simulated over the polynya. The downward flux of high momentum air and the modified pressure gradient force change the wind speed at low level over TNB. 相似文献
20.
2010年春季北京地区强沙尘暴过程的微气象学特征 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
利用北京大学校园地区PM10质量浓度观测资料、中国科学院大气物理研究所325m气象塔气象要素梯度和湍流观测资料,分析了北京地区2010年3月20～22日两次强沙尘暴过程微气象学要素和沙尘参量的时空演变以及湍流输送特征,为理解北京地区强沙尘暴天气沙尘输送规律和微气象学特征提供参考。结果表明:3月20～22日强沙尘暴过程前后不同高度温度先升后降,气压和相对湿度则相反。强沙尘暴来临时,高层风速先迅速增大,低层风速增加略有滞后,风切变明显加强,PM10浓度最大值和风速极大值出现时间较吻合。强沙尘暴过境时,不同高度向下的湍流动量输送、向上的湍流热量输送和湍流动能明显加强。与3月21日非沙尘暴日相比,强沙尘暴过程湍流动量通量增加,有利于沙尘粒子的水平和垂直输送过程;由于冷锋过境,水平热通量增大;垂直热通量因白天温度垂直梯度减小而减小,夜间因逆温层被破坏而增加;水平湍流动能对湍流动能占主要贡献,垂直湍流动能仅占水平湍流动能的10%～25%。 相似文献