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1.
《Ocean Modelling》2008,20(3):240-251
Using new global satellite remote sensing data, we show that ignoring the ocean current dependence in the wind stress artificially increases global wind power input to the oceanic general circulation by about 32%, and more than doubles the input in the regions of strong ocean current systems. Scatterometer-derived wind stress naturally accounts for the moving ocean that is not included in traditional wind stress products. However, forcing an ocean model with a scatterometer-derived wind stress cannot actually account for the ocean current effect on the wind power input. The difference between the real and modeled surface eddy fields can reduce the damping associated with the ocean current dependence in wind stress, leading to a positive bias in global wind power input of about 23%. Most of this spurious energy flux goes directly to the fluctuation eddy field and is several times larger than the energy flux to real ocean eddies. 相似文献
2.
海面风应力偏离风向的观测与分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
针对海气界面风应力方向与风向不一致的现象,2015年2月4日至3月12日在南海博贺观测平台开展了综合观测,利用涡动相关法计算了海气界面风应力,并在3类大气稳定度条件下分析了风应力矢量偏离风矢量的角度变化,进一步讨论了大气层结稳定时两者角度之差与风速的参数化关系。结果表明:在大气层结稳定条件下,风应力矢量偏向风矢量左侧,且偏离角度随逆波龄和风速增大而减小;当大气层结不稳定时,风应力矢量一般偏向风矢量右侧。海气界面风应力矢量受海表面风、波浪以及大气层结的共同调制。 相似文献
3.
吕宋冷涡的季节变化特征及其与风应力的关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用AVISO提供的1993年1月至2007年5月的多卫星融合海面高度距平（SLA）数据，对研究区域（15°～20°N，113°～121°E）SLA的季节变化特征进行了分析．其结果表明：吕宋冷涡发生在冬、春季，且该冷涡的发生、发展与局地风应力具有较好的相关性；当SLA变化滞后于风应力1个月时，SLA与风应力的负相关系数达-0．78；且当出现西南风时，SLA为正值；而在东北季风期间，S／A为负值．对幽进行主成分分析得到的前2个模态反映了黝的季节变化特性，其中第一模态的贡献率为54．14％，表现为以18．5°N，119．5°E附近为中心的SLA同步涨落，对风应力的响应迟滞1个月，而且此模态与风应力模第一模态的空间分布十分相似；第二模态的贡献率则为14．54％，表现为季风作用下海面高度的Ekman调整． 相似文献
4.
Motivated by an analysis of a satellite sea surface temperature image suggesting that a train of extra-tropical cyclones induces amplification of the Kuroshio meander, a regional Kuroshio/Oyashio general circulation model was used to investigate the impact of high-frequency wind on the Kuroshio path variations. Near Japan, the standard deviation of the wind stress curl can be 10 times larger than the monthly mean, so the synoptic variations of the wind stress curl cannot be neglected. With the bimodal Kuroshio case realized in the model, sensitivity tests were conducted using monthly and daily mean QuikSCAT-derived wind stress forcings. The comparison showed that the high-frequency local wind perturbed the Shikoku recirculation gyre (SRG) and caused a transition of the path from straight to meander. The strong anticyclonic eddy within the SRG triggered the meander in the latter case. The high-frequency wind perturbed the motion of the eddy that would have otherwise detached from the Kuroshio, migrated south and terminated the meandering state. The result reinforces the suggestion from previous studies that the anticyclonic eddy within the SRG plays an active role in controlling the Kuroshio path variations. 相似文献
5.
The physical mechanism by which seasonally varying atmospheric wind stress exerted on the sea surface is communicated to the solid earth as oceanic pressure torque (continental torque) and bottom frictional torque is investigated with a linear shallow‐water numerical model of barotropic oceans. The model has a realistic land–ocean distribution and is driven by a seasonally varying climatic wind stress. A novel way to decompose the wind stress into rotational and non‐rotational components is devised. The rotational component drives ocean circulations as classical theories of wind‐driven circulations demonstrate. The non‐rotational component does not produce ocean circulations within the framework of a barotropic shallow‐water model, but balances with the pressure gradient force due to surface displacement in the steady state. Based on this decomposition, it is shown that most of the continental torque which plays a major role in producing the seasonal variation of length of day (LOD) is caused by the non‐rotational component of the wind stress. Both continental torque due to the wind‐driven circulation produced by the rotational component of the wind stress and the bottom frictional torque are of minor importance. 相似文献
6.
利用50 a的SODA资料对1月(冬季)和7月(夏季)印度洋越赤道经向翻转环流的年际变化进行研究。通过对2类典型年份的合成分析指出:1月份正异常年对应的经向翻转环流偏强,向北的经向热输送增加;7月份正异常年对应的经向翻转环流则偏弱,向南的经向热输送减少;1月份和7月份的负异常年皆与其正异常年相反;越赤道经向翻转环流有明显的年际变化,平均周期在4 a左右;经向翻转环流的年际变化和海面风场的变化密切相关。提出了反映1月和7月此环流年际变化的几个指数。 相似文献
7.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2007,54(1):1-21
Regime transitions in the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and the rate of formation of deep and bottom waters are thought to be sensitive to changes in the freshwater flux at high latitudes. We model convective overturning in the presence of a surface freshwater input using laboratory experiments that are inverted relative to the ocean: we establish an equilibrium circulation forced by differential heating and cooling along the base of a box and perturb this flow by adding a stabilizing saltwater input at the ‘polar’ end of the box. An initially stable layer forms near the source of the salinity anomaly as a ‘polar halocline’. The subsequent circulation is governed largely by the ratio of salinity and thermal buoyancy supply. For small values of this ratio we observe periodic formation and breakdown of the halocline. Larger values of the flux ratio lead to subthermocline intrusions and stable layering laterally throughout the basin, isolating the bulk of the water column from the forcing boundary. The shutdown of deep overturning and formation of a shallow circulation occurs at a salinity buoyancy input of order 0.1 times the rate of loss of thermal buoyancy. This salinity buoyancy is then comparable to the buoyancy that forces the deep sinking plume below the thermocline in steady-state overturning. When the salinity buoyancy flux is removed, the circulation slowly returns to its original state. 相似文献
8.
A zonal-average model of the upper branch of the meridional overturning circulation of the southern ocean is constructed and used to discuss the processes – wind, buoyancy, eddy forcing and boundary conditions – that control its strength and sense of circulation. The geometry of the thermocline ‘wedge’, set by the mapping between the vertical spacing of buoyancy surfaces (the stratification) on the equatorial flank of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and their outcrop at the sea surface, is seen to play a central role by setting the interior large-scale potential vorticity distribution. It is shown that the action of eddies mixing this potential vorticity field induces a residual flow in the meridional plane much as is observed, with upwelling of fluid around Antarctica, northward surface flow and subduction to form intermediate water. Along with this overturning circulation there is a concomitant air-sea buoyancy flux directed in to the ocean. 相似文献
9.
关键海区潜沉率对全球变暖停滞的可能影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文从潜沉率入手，探究了潜沉率在全球变暖停滞过程中可能发挥的作用。本文利用SODA资料首先分析了全球潜沉率的时空分布特征，然后基于EOF分解明确了北大西洋翻转流区域和南极绕极流区域是潜沉率变率较大的两个海区，在此基础上选出了4个关键海区研究了局地潜沉率变化与全球海表温度异常之间的相关关系，最后对关键区潜沉率变化的原因进行了初步探索。结果表明，北大西洋翻转流和南极绕极流范围内的关键区域与全球变暖停滞之间存在超前10年的相关关系，潜沉过程可能是北大西洋翻转流和南极绕极流对全球变暖停滞产生作用的一种机制。平流项在这些关键区域的潜沉率变化中起主导作用。在南极绕极流地区，海面风应力的大小与该区域的潜沉变化密切相关。 相似文献
10.
A.M Davies 《Progress in Oceanography》1985,15(2):71-128
The solution of the linear three dimensional hydrodynamic equations describing wind induced flow in a sea region is developed using the Galerkin method through the vertical. A basis set of B-splines is shown to have some computational advantages over a set of eigenfunctions (vertical modes). However, a basis set of modes leads to a system of essentially uncoupled equations and current profiles can be interpreted in terms of vertical modes.The influence of wind induced surface turbulence and turbulence at depth due to tidal motion upon current profiles in both deep (260 m) and shallow (35 m) sea regions is examined. The variation in the angle between surface current and surface wind for different viscosity profiles, and the effect of bottom friction upon it is considered.The magnitude and direction of the surface current is significantly influenced by surface eddy viscosity. However, viscosity at depth due to tidal motion also has an important effect upon the surface current.The time evolution of current structure following the sudden onset of a wind is examined using the modal model. Calculations show that the rate of damping of the internal modes is inversely proportional to the square of the depth. Consequently wind induced current structure takes longer to reach a steady state in a deep sea region than a shallow area.The influence of sea surface elevation gradients in determining the direction of surface current is also considered. 相似文献
11.
An idealised two-basin model is used to investigate the impact of the wind field on the heat exchange between the ocean basins. The scalar potential of the divergent component of the horizontal heat flux is computed, which gives a 'coarse-grained' image of the surface heat flux that captures the large-scale structure of the horizontal heat transport. Further the non-divergent component is examined, as well as the meridional heat transport and the temperature–latitude overturning stream function. A sensitivity analysis examines the heat transport response to changes in wind stress at different latitudes. The results are compared with results from an eddy-permitting global circulation model. The westerly wind stress over the Southern Ocean has two effects: a local reduction of the surface heat loss in response to the equatorward surface Ekman drift, and a global re-routing of the heat export from the Indo-Pacific. Without wind forcing, the Indo-Pacific heat export is released to the atmosphere in the Southern Ocean, and the net heat transport in the southern Atlantic is southward. With wind forcing, the Indo-Pacific export enters the Atlantic through the Aghulas and is released in the Northern Hemisphere. The easterlies enhance the poleward heat transport in both basins. 相似文献
12.
The pattern and magnitude of the global ocean overturning circulation is believed to be strongly controlled by the distribution
of diapycnal diffusivity below 1000 m depth. Although wind stress fluctuation is a candidate for the major energy sources
of diapycnal mixing processes, the global distribution of wind-induced diapycnal diffusivity is still uncertain. It has been
believed that internal waves generated by wind stress fluctuations at middle and high latitudes propagate equatorward until
their frequency is twice the local inertial frequency and break down via parametric subharmonic instabilities, causing diapycnal
mixing. In order to check the proposed scenario, we use a vertically two-dimensional primitive equation model to examine the
spatial distribution of “mixing hotspots” caused by wind stress fluctuations. It is shown that most of the wind-induced energy
fed into the ocean interior is dissipated within the top 1000 m depth in the wind-forced area and the energy dissipation rate
at low latitudes is very small. Consequently, the energy supplied to diapycnal mixing processes below 1000 m depth falls short
of the level required to sustain the global ocean overturning circulation. 相似文献
13.
E.
zsoy A. Hecht Ü. Ünlüata S. Brenner H.I. Sur J. Bishop M.A. Latif Z. Rozentraub T. Oguz 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1993,40(6)
The Levantine Basin circulation derived from recent data consists of a series of sub-basin-scale to mesoscale eddies interconnected by jets. The basin-scale circulation is masked by eddy variability that modulates and modifies it on seasonal and interannual time scales. Long-term qualitative changes in the circulation are reflected in the bifurcation pattterns of ther mid-basin jets, relative strengths of eddies and the hydrographic properties at the core of these eddies. Confinement within the Basin geometry strongly influences the co-evolution of the circulation features.Surface measurements, satellite images and the mass field indicate an entire range of scales of dynamical features in the region. The complexity of the circulation is consistent with the basin-wide and mesoscale heterogeneity of the hydrographic properties. The interannual variability of LIW (Levantine Intermediate Water) formation in the region appears correlated with the changes in the circulation. Wintertime convective overturning of water masses reach intermediate depths and constitute a dominant mechanism of LIW formation, especially in anticyclonic eddies and along the coasts of the northern Levantine Basin. 相似文献
14.
A coupled air–sea general circulation model is used to simulate the global circulation. Different parameterizations of lateral mixing in the ocean by eddies, horizontal, isopycnal, and isopycnal plus eddy advective flux, are compared from the perspective of water mass transformation in the Southern Ocean. The different mixing physics imply different buoyancy equilibria in the surface mixed layer, different transformations, and therefore a variety of meridional overturning streamfunctions. The coupled‐model approach avoids strong artificial water mass transformation associated with relaxation to prescribed mixed layer conditions. Instead, transformation results from the more physical non‐local, nonlinear interdependence of sea‐surface temperature, air–sea fluxes, and circulation in the model's atmosphere and ocean. The development of a stronger mid‐depth circulation cell and associated upwelling when eddy fluxes are present, is examined. The strength of overturning is diagnosed in density coordinates using the transformation framework. 相似文献
15.
台风和海洋涡旋相互作用,对台风路径和强度的预报和预警具有重要的意义。本文根据2016年第22号超强台风"海马"登陆前后在吕宋海峡附近海域的水文要素现场观测,结合卫星遥感资料,分析了台风过境前后位于吕宋海峡北部的中尺度暖涡内海洋物理要素的分布及其对台风的响应特征。结果表明,处于台风边缘的暖涡并没有因为台风过境产生的强冷抽吸作用而被削弱;反而因台风边缘产生的较强的负风应力旋度异常,导致此区域上层暖海水辐聚下沉、混合层厚度增加,从而增强了该暖涡。台风过境前后,暖涡内热含量的变化也证实了该涡旋的增强。而离台风中心较近的暖涡,则受到强的正风应力旋度产生的冷抽吸作用而被削弱。此次观测研究丰富了台风和涡旋的相互作用物理机制探索,为台风预测预警提供了现场观测数据支持。 相似文献
16.
Nadia Pinardi Antonio Navarra 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》1993,40(6)
The wind-driven general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea is studied using a primitive equation model. The model uses a 0.25° horizontal resolution and eight or 16 levels in the vertical. The model uses the Mediterranean basin geometry, and the Strait of Gibraltar is closed. The vertical density structure is initialized with annual average data, and the temperature and salinity values are fixed at the surface to simulate perpetual annual mean conditions. The wind forcing consists of monthly mean climatological stresses.The results show that the general circulation of the Mediterranean Sea has a multiple time-scale character (seasonal excursions and steady state amplitudes are comparable) and it is composed by sub-basin scale gyres corresponding to the scale of the wind stress curl centers. The steady state circulation (annual mean average) is determined by a Sverdrup balacne modified by viscous effects.The unsteady vertically integrated transport circulation consists of sub-basin scale gyres similar to the steady state transport components, which amplify seasonally and the partial or total reversal of the currents in many subportions of the basin. The gyres can be stationary in position or propagating. This seasonal ocean response is partly constituted by Rossby modes due to the wind stress curl annual harmonic. The baroclinic circulation shows the seasonal shift of the North African Current from a position along the African coasts during winter to the center of the Balearic and Ionian basin during summer. 相似文献
17.
O. O. Trusenkova S. V. Stanichnyi Yu. B. Ratner 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2007,43(5):634-648
The expansion of wind fields observed at fixed times (four times daily) in complex empirical orthogonal functions is performed for the Japan Sea area (34°–53° N, 127°–143° E). The wind fields are taken from the 1998–2004 NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis data with better spatial resolution (1° × 1°) than the standard product, which are publicly available on the Internet. Major modes of wind variability in the Japan Sea area are identified. The modes determine a general direction of air-mass transport throughout a year, zonal and meridional modulation, and a cyclonic and an anticyclonic eddy component. Objective classification of wind fields with respect to the prevailing flow direction is performed, and wind stress and wind-curl patterns are obtained for major events in the cold and warm periods of the year. The pattern obtained can be used in hydrodynamic numerical models of the general circulation of the Japan Sea. 相似文献
18.
Wind stress fields with high temporal resolution over the North Pacific have been constructured by using ERS-1 scatterometer
data. A simple objective analysis, a successive correction method, was used to construct the fields. Several necessary parameters
used in the method are examined by a simulation based on the climatological data. The meridional decorrelation scale of the
wind stress depends strongly on the season, while the zonal decorrelation scale is highly stable. We determined the decorrelation
scale depending on the location and the time and applied to the successive correction method. The monthly mean field constructed
by averaging the daily mean data is free from an aliasing error, which is a serious problem if a simple monthly averaging
is applied. The daily wind stress data obtained in the present study represent small time- and spatial-scale variation and
large amplitudes compared with data interpolated from simple monthly mean data. The satellite-derived data are also compared
with in situ data obtained by meteorological buoys. The satellite wind speeds are lower than in situ wind speeds for every
buoy. This underestimation is not due to the present objective analysis, but due to the original data, the ERS-1 Scatterometer
Value-Added Product. 相似文献
19.
Clive E. Dorman Edward P. Dever John Largier Darko Kora
in 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2006,53(25-26):2850
An array of five buoys and three coastal stations is used to characterize the winds, stress, and curl of the wind stress over the shelf off Bodega Bay, California. The wind and wind stress are strong and persistent in the summer and weak in the winter. In the summer, wind and stress decrease strongly across the shelf, toward the coast. Combinations of buoys are used to compute the curl of the wind stress over different portions of the shelf. The mean summer 2001 curl of the wind stress over the array depends upon the area selected, varying between −1.32×10−6 and +7.80×10−6 Pa m−1. The winter 2002 wind-stress curl also depends on location, varying from −2.06×10−6 to +2.78×10−6 Pa m−1. Mean monthly curl of the wind stress is a maximum in the summer and a minimum near zero in the winter. In both the summer and the winter, the correlation between the wind-stress curl for different portions of the shelf varies between moderate negative, though insignificance, to high positive. A wind measurement at a single point can be poorly related to the measured curl of the wind stress at other locations over the shelf. The measurements show that the use of one wind measurement to characterize the curl of the wind stress over the shelf without further investigation of the local wind-stress curl structure is risky. 相似文献
20.
Existing tripod suction bucket foundations, utilised for offshore wind turbines, are required to resist significant lateral loads and overturning moments generated by wind and currents. This paper presents an innovative type of tripod bucket foundation, ‘hybrid tripod bucket foundation’, for foundations of offshore wind turbines, which has the ability to provide a larger overturning capacity compared with conventional tripod buckets. The proposed foundation consists of a conventional tripod bucket combined with three large circular mats attached to each bucket. A series of experiments were conducted on small-scale models of the proposed foundation subjected to overturning moment under 1g conditions in loose sand. Different circular mat diameter sizes with various bucket spacings were considered and the results were compared with conventional tripod bucket foundation. Finite element models of the proposed foundation were developed and validated using experimental results and were used to conduct a parametric study to understand the behaviour of the hybrid tripod bucket foundation. The results showed that there is a significant increase in overturning capacity provided by the novel foundation. The results of this work can significantly improve lowering the costs associated with installation of foundations to support offshore wind turbines. 相似文献