共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 62 毫秒
1.
北极河流径流量变化及影响因子分析 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用最新的北极径流资料(R-arcticNET V3.0和Arctic RIMS),对进入北冰洋的4条主要河流的季节及年代际变化进行诊断分析。结果表明:入海径流在4-6月的大幅增加主要是由气温达到融点后积雪融化造成的,降水的作用次之。总的来说,欧亚区域在过去的70年里入海径流量是增加的,而北美区域在近30年里入海径流量是减小的,但注入北冰洋的径流总量是增大的。值得注意的是入海径流的年代际变化在不同季节增减趋势显著不同,夏季和秋季径流量减小,而其他两个季节径流量增大。进一步分析了影响入海径流变化的一些气候因子,结果表明:北大西洋涛动(北太平洋指数)与欧亚(北美)区域的冬、春季径流量存在正相关。春季气温与春季径流量呈正相关,而与夏季径流量呈负相关。降水与径流量基本上为同步正相关。春季积雪覆盖面积与春季径流量为负相关,而与夏季径流量为正相关,夏季积雪覆盖面积与夏季的径流量为正相关。 相似文献
2.
Comparison of seasonal and interannual variability of snow cover in Russian watersheds according to observations and reanalyses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
V. M. Khan K. G. Rubinshtein A. B. Shmakin 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2007,43(1):59-69
Seasonal and interannual variability of the water equivalent of snow over the period 1966–1996 is analyzed with the use of the ERA/ECMWF reanalysis data, two versions of the NCEP reanalysis, and ground-based instrumental observations. Regions have been determined where snow characteristics from various sources are most consistent. In general, the snow water equivalent data from the ERA reanalysis are closer to the snow survey data than the NCEP reanalysis data. The best consistency of the water equivalent of snow in the reanalyses with measured data is observed in the period when the snow cover begins to form, in November and December, and the largest discrepancies are found for the snowmelt period, April and May. The interannual variability of the water equivalent in Asian Russia in the 1990s is better reproduced by the NCEP/DOE-II reanalysis. The snow cover data from satellite observations are compared with ground-based instrumental observations. It is shown that large discrepancies between the snow surveys and satellite observations may be observed at the snow-cover boundary during periods of snow formation and snowmelt. 相似文献
3.
采用合成分析原理,研究了山东夏季降水不同分布型的前期冬、春季大气环流及前期秋、冬、春季海温场特征。结果表明,不同降水分布型在前期的大气环流及海温场中表现出了较大差异,同多型表现为欧亚中高纬环流由前冬12月的纬向型,隆冬到初春转为经向型,西太平洋副高隆冬到初春偏弱,春季4—5月转为偏强,海温场则表现为赤道中东太平洋地区前期秋冬季的暖水位相到春季减弱或转换为冷水位相;而同少型则基本相反;东多西少型前期冬春季西太平洋副高持续偏弱,欧亚中高纬和北美地区盛行经向环流,海温场上则表现为从上年秋冬季为拉尼娜状态,而春季明显减弱;西多东少型基本相反。 相似文献
4.
By using the Arctic runoff data from R-ArcticNET V4.0 and ArcticRIMS, trends of four major rivers flowing into the Arctic Ocean, whose climate factor plays an important role in determining the variability of the Arctic runoff, are investigated. The results show that for the past 30 years, the trend of the Arctic runoff is seasonally dependent. There is a significant trend in spring and winter and a significant decreasing trend in summer, leading to the reduced seasonal cycle. In spring, surface air temperature is the dominant factor influencing the four rivers. In summer, precipitation is the most important factor for Lena and Mackenzie, while snow cover is the most important factor for Yenisei and Ob. For Mackenzie, atmospheric circulation does play an important role for all the seasons, which is not the case for the Eurasian rivers. The authors further discuss the relationships between the Arctic runoff and sea ice. Significant negative correlation is found at the mouth of the rivers into the Arctic Ocean in spring, while significant positive correlation is observed just at the north of the mouths of the rivers into the Arctic in summer. In addition, each river has different relationship with sea ice in the eastern Greenland Sea. 相似文献
5.
We study the possibility of detection of statistically significant trends as a characteristic of low-frequency variability of hydrometeorological fields in the North Atlantic on the basis of relatively short time series. We use the monthly data of the Russian Hydrometeorological Center for 1957–1990 and analyze their statistical structure. It is shown that significant linear and quadratic trends can be detected in the fields of most hydrometeorological characteristics of the North Atlantic. The residual signal is approximated by using the first-order autoregressive model. Typical values of the coefficient of autoregression vary within the range 0.3–0.6 (for different hydrometeorological characteristics of the North Atlantic). The maximum correlation is observed for the fields of sea-surface temperature and humidity, whereas the minimum correlation is typical of the fields of wind velocity and the difference between the temperatures of water and air. 相似文献
6.
A. B. Polonsky 《Physical Oceanography》1995,6(6):457-463
This paper provides calculations and an interpretation of the mean annual sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the characteristics of the SST annual harmonic in the equatorial Pacific Ocean from April 1991 to February 1993, using data provided by the Russian Hydrometeorological Centre (RHC) and the US National Meteorological Centre (NMC). The magnitude of the mean annual anomalies and the SST annual harmonic amplitude in typical El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) regions, as derived from the RHC data set, are shown to be smaller than their NMC data-based counterparts, due to the considerable spatial smoothing of the original data provided by the RHC. However, in terms of quality, the two data sets agree well with one another, and quantitative discrepancies are rarely larger than the standard error of mean monthly SST determination.Translated by Vladimir A. Puchkin. 相似文献
7.
Hiroki Uehara Andrey A. Kruts Yuriy N. Volkov Tomohiro Nakamura Tsuneo Ono Humio Mitsudera 《Journal of Oceanography》2012,68(6):869-886
This paper introduces a new hydrographic climatology of the Okhotsk Sea; this climatology was constructed from the Far Eastern Regional Hydrometeorological Research Institute (FERHRI) database. The FERHRI database has a volume of data three to five times larger than the data used in previous studies because unpublished Russian observation data have been included in the FERHRI database. After removing erroneous data from the database by pertinent quality control methods, the climatology for 1/4°?×?1/4° grids is produced by applying objective analysis procedures. Features similar to those in previous studies are seen in the intermediate layers in the Okhotsk Sea, whereas our climatology provides values that fill in gaps in previous climatologies. It is obvious from the monthly climatologies that temperature and salinity distributions evolve in accordance with seasonal variations in the Eastern Sakhalin Current and inflow from the North Pacific. We also reconstructed climatologies for the winter mixed layer and dense shelf water from data obtained from the temperature minimum waters identified as the remnants of these two layers. Free access to the 1°?×?1° versions of all climatologies constructed in this study is available through the website. 相似文献
8.
M. A. Tolstykh N. A. Diansky A. V. Gusev D. B. Kiktev 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2014,50(2):111-121
A coupled atmosphere-ocean model intended for the simulation of coupled circulation at time scales up to a season is developed. The semi-Lagrangian atmospheric general circulation model of the Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia, SLAV, is coupled with the sigma model of ocean general circulation developed at the Institute of Numerical Mathematics, Russian Academy of Sciences (INM RAS), INMOM. Using this coupled model, numerical experiments on ensemble modeling of the atmosphere and ocean circulation for up to 4 months are carried out using real initial data for all seasons of an annual cycle in 1989–2010. Results of these experiments are compared to the results of the SLAV model with the simple evolution of the sea surface temperature. A comparative analysis of seasonally averaged anomalies of atmospheric circulation shows prospects in applying the coupled model for forecasts. It is shown with the example of the El Niño phenomenon of 1997–1998 that the coupled model forecasts the seasonally averaged anomalies for the period of the nonstationary El Niño phase significantly better. 相似文献
9.
The three-dimensional structure and the seasonal variation of the North Pacific meridional overturning circulation (NPMOC) are analyzed based on the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation data and Argo profiling float data.The NPMOC displays a multi-cell structure with four cells in the North Pacific altogether.The TC and the STC are a strong clockwise meridional cell in the low latitude ocean and a weaker clockwise meridional cell between 7°N and 18°N,respectively, while the DTC and the subpolar cell are a weaker ... 相似文献
10.
The effect of Stokes drift on Ekman transport in the open sea 总被引：5，自引：5，他引：0
By introducing the wave-induced Coriolis-Stokes forcing into ageostrophic motion equation,the Eulerian transport is modified by the wave-induced Stokes drift.The long-term mean contributions of the Stokes transport with remotely generated swells being included to the ageostrophic transport are analyzed using the ECMWF(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) reanalysis data.The ratio of Stokes transport to Ekman transport in north-south(N-S) direction can reach a maximum of over 50% in the subtropical region.The preliminary influence of the Stokes transport on the North Pacific gyre is all year persistent,while the effect on the North Atlantic gyre is only obvious in boreal winter and early spring. 相似文献
11.
The mean seasonal cycle of mixed layer depth (MLD) in the extratropical oceans has the potential to influence temperature, salinity and mixed layer depth anomalies from one winter to the next. Temperature and salinity anomalies that form at the surface and spread throughout the deep winter mixed layer are sequestered beneath the mixed layer when it shoals in spring, and are then re-entrained into the surface layer in the subsequent fall and winter. Here we document this ‘re-emergence mechanism’ in the North Pacific Ocean using observed SSTs, subsurface temperature fields from a data assimilation system, and coupled atmosphere–ocean model simulations. Observations indicate that the dominant large-scale SST anomaly pattern that forms in the North Pacific during winter recurs in the following winter. The model simulation with mixed layer ocean physics reproduced the winter-to-winter recurrence, while model simulations with observed SSTs specified in the tropical Pacific and a 50 m slab in the North Pacific did not. This difference between the model results indicates that the winter-to-winter SST correlations are the result of the re-emergence mechanism, and not of similar atmospheric forcing of the ocean in consecutive winters. The model experiments also indicate that SST anomalies in the tropical Pacific associated with El Niño are not essential for re-emergence to occur.The recurrence of observed SST and simulated SST and SSS anomalies are found in several regions in the central North Pacific, and are quite strong in the northern (>50°N) part of the basin. The winter-to-winter autocorrelation of SSS anomalies exceed those of SST, since only the latter are strongly damped by surface fluxes. The re-emergence mechanism also has a modest influence on MLD through changes in the vertical stratification in the seasonal thermocline. 相似文献
12.
N. A. Dianskii A. V. Gusev V. V. Fomin 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2012,48(2):222-240
We present two calculations of pollutant dispersal in the Pacific Ocean: (1) during possible ship-wrecks in the process of
spent nuclear fuel transportation from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and (2) pollutant spread from the Japanese coast after the
Fukushima-1 nuclear disaster on March 11, 2011. The circulation was calculated using a σ model of ocean hydrothermodynamics
developed at the Institute of Numerical Mathematics (INM), Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS); it is adapted to cover the Pacific
Ocean basin from the equator to the Bering Strait with a high (1/8)° spatial resolution and it is capable of reproducing the
mesoscale ocean variations. The pollutant dispersal in the case of possible shipwrecks was estimated for currents characteristic
for a statistically average year with atmospheric forcing in accordance with the so-called normal CORE year data. The pollution
spread from the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant (NPP) was estimated by calculating the circulation with the real atmospheric
forcing in accordance with the NCEP analysis data obtained from the Hydrometeorological Centre of Russia. It is noteworthy
that a simplified assimilation of the observed sea surface temperature (SST) was performed. In both cases the currents were
calculated simultaneously with the transport calculation of the pollutant as a passive admixture, which corresponds to a real-time
calculation of pollutant transport. A map analysis of pollution dispersal shows that the horizontal transport is substantially
more intense in the upper ocean layers than in deep ones. Therefore, like in the North branch of Kuroshio, pollutants can
be delivered to the deep layers not through deep-water horizontal transport, but rather as a result of vertical downwelling
from the already contaminated upper layers. However, the complex three-dimensional structure of the horizontal and vertical
transport may lead to reverse situations. A calculation of pollution transport from the Fukushima-1 NPP showed that radioactive
pollution would propagate eastward and not present the danger for Russian territory. Moreover, even for an exaggerated scenario
of pollution emission, the background pollution level will be exceeded only in a narrow region within 50 km of the Japanese
coast. 相似文献
13.
Changes in climatic parameters and in temperature and precipitation extremes in northern Eurasia in the late 20th century are analyzed. A spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation anomalies and of a set of indices of climate extremes is presented. Changes in climate extremes show a tendency toward a milder climate, mainly in winter. At the same time, the frost-free period has substantially decreased in the eastern, northern, and central parts of European Russia. In some regions during summer, there is an increase in the frequency of extreme events such as heavy rains, droughts, and sharp cooling. It is shown that the geographic pattern of present-day climate anomalies is linked to variations in the large-scale atmospheric circulation. The main mechanism of the current warming in northern Eurasia is a winter intensification of zonal flow linked to the increased frequency of positive anomalies of the North Atlantic Oscillation index. 相似文献
14.
This report presents a new analysis of the results of two hydrochemical surveys over the Ob Bay in 2010 performed by the Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO) and the Institute of Oceanology (IO RAS). The unique world feature of the Ob River-Ob Bay system is shown. The water volume in the bay exceeds the average annual runoff of the Ob River, being somewhat under the total runoff of all the inflowing rivers. Because of this, the complete renovation of the waters in the bay requires a long time. The within-year distribution of the runoff is characterized by both the flood waters and those of the Ob River winter runoff characterized by much different hydrochemical parameters registered even in the course of summer surveys in the bay. This fact, but not the biological transformation of the waters, as assumed previously, is the primary cause of the variability of the water composition in the bay. The summer waters of the Ob River reach the sea-ward boundary of the bay only in the next spring, enter the Kara Sea with the spring flood, and form lenses of desalinated waters in the sea. The autumn expeditions by the IO RAS found that the waters in the lenses were quite similar to the autumn waters in the bay, although these were the Ob River waters of different years, which was disregarded formerly. 相似文献
15.
利用常规观测、积雪深度逐时加密观测资料和欧洲中期天气预报中心（European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts,ECMWF）第五代大气再分析（ECMWF Reanalysis v5,ERA5）资料,对2023年12月13—15日山东一次极端暴雪天气过程积雪特征及其成因进行分析,得到以下结论：（1）此次过程是一次江淮气旋暴雪天气过程,具有持续时间长、降水相态复杂、基础温度低、降温幅度大和积雪深度厚等特征。（2）最大小时新增积雪深度可达8 cm;过程平均雪水比为0.7 cm·mm-1,呈“西大东小” 的分布特征。（3）有积雪的站近地面温度从开始降雪到地面产生积雪,气温和雪面温度均呈下降趋势,0 cm地温在降雪前期降温明显,积雪形成后地温不再明显变化。无积雪的站在整个降雪时段内近地面温度可分为4种情况。（4）雪水比随气温变化最明显;积雪形成之后地温对雪水比大小影响不大;当雪水比小于0.75 cm·mm-1时,雪水比随雪面温度降低而增大,当雪水比大于0.76 cm·mm-1后,雪面温度不再有明显变化。 相似文献
16.
《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》2006,53(5):820-835
Hydrographic data from National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) and Responsible National Oceanographic Data Centre (RNODC) were used to study the seasonal variability of the mixed layer in the central Bay of Bengal (8–20°N and 87–91°E), while meteorological data from Comprehensive Ocean Atmosphere Data Set (COADS) were used to explore atmospheric forcing responsible for the variability. The observed changes in the mixed-layer depth (MLD) clearly demarcated a distinct north–south regime with 15°N as the limiting latitude. North of this latitude MLD remained shallow (∼20 m) for most of the year without showing any appreciable seasonality. Lack of seasonality suggests that the low-salinity water, which is perennially present in the northern Bay, controls the stability and MLD. The observed winter freshening is driven by the winter rainfall and associated river discharge, which is advected offshore under the prevailing circulation. The resulting stratification was so strong that even a 4 °C cooling in sea-surface temperature (SST) during winter was unable to initiate convective mixing. In contrast, the southern region showed a strong semi-annual variability with deep MLD during summer and winter and a shallow MLD during spring and fall intermonsoons. The shallow MLD in spring and fall results from primary and secondary heating associated with increased incoming solar radiation and lighter winds during this period. The deep mixed layer during summer results from two processes: the increased wind forcing and the intrusion of high-salinity waters of Arabian Sea origin. The high winds associated with summer monsoon initiate greater wind-driven mixing, while the intrusion of high-salinity waters erodes the halocline and weakens the upper-layer stratification of the water column and aids in vertical mixing. The deep MLD in the south during winter was driven by wind-mixing, when the upper water column was comparatively less stable. The deep MLD between 15 and 17°N during March–May cannot be explained in the context of local atmospheric forcing. We show that this is associated with the propagation of Rossby waves from the eastern Bay. We also show that the nitrate and chlorophyll distribution in the upper ocean during spring intermonsoon is strongly coupled to the MLD, whereas during summer river runoff and cold-core eddies appear to play a major role in regulating the nutrients and chlorophyll. 相似文献
17.
Changes in climatic characteristics of Northern Hemisphere extratropical land in the 21st century: Assessments with the IAP RAS climate model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A. V. Eliseev M. M. Arzhanov P. F. Demchenko I. I. Mokhov 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2009,45(3):271-283
Assessments of future changes in the climate of Northern Hemisphere extratropical land regions have been made with the IAP RAS climate model (CM) of intermediate complexity (which includes a detailed scheme of thermo- and hydrophysical soil processes) under prescribed greenhouse and sulfate anthropogenic forcing from observational data for the 19th and 20th centuries and from the SRES B1, A1B, and A2 scenarios for the 21st century. The annual mean warming of the extratropical land surface has been found to reach 2–5 K (3–10 K) by the middle (end) of the 21st century relative to 1961–1990, depending on the anthropogenic forcing scenario, with larger values in North America than in Europe. Winter warming is greater than summer warming. This is expressed in a decrease of 1–4 K (or more) in the amplitude of the annual harmonic of soil-surface temperature in the middle and high latitudes of Eurasia and North America. The total area extent of perennially frozen ground S p in the IAP RAS CM changes only slightly until the late 20th century, reaching about 21 million km2, and then decreases to 11–12 million km2 in 2036–2065 and 4–8 million km2 in 2071–2100. In the late 21st century, near-surface permafrost is expected to remain only in Tibet and in central and eastern Siberia. In these regions, depths of seasonal thaw exceed 1 m (2 m) under the SRES B1 (A1B or A2) scenario. The total land area with seasonal thaw or cooling is expected to decrease from the current value of 54–55 million km2 to 38–42 in the late 21st century. The area of Northern Hemisphere snow cover in February is also reduced from the current value of 45–49 million km2 to 31–37 million km2. For the basins of major rivers in the extratropical latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, runoff is expected to increase in central and eastern Siberia. In European Russia and in southern Europe, runoff is projected to decrease. In western Siberia (the Ob watershed), runoff would increase under the SRES A1B and A2 scenarios until the 2050s–2070s, then it would decrease to values close to present-day ones; under the anthropogenic forcing scenario SRES B1, the increase in runoff will continue up to the late 21st century. Total runoff from Eurasian rivers into the Arctic Ocean in the IAP RAS CM in the 21st century will increase by 8–9% depending on the scenario. Runoff from the North American rivers into the Arctic Ocean has not changed much throughout numerical experiments with the IAP RAS CM. 相似文献
18.
Oceanology - Abstract—Dispersed sedimentary material in the snow and ice cover is directly determined near the North Pole. The composition of sedimentary material in the snow and ice cover... 相似文献
19.
I. N. Plakhina N. V. Pankratova E. L. Makhotkina 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2009,45(4):456-466
The results of an analysis of variations in the optical depth of a vertical atmospheric column on the basis of a 30-year (1976–2006)
series of observations obtained by the Russian actinometric network are generalized. This analysis is based on the Atmosphere
Transparency special-purpose database created at the Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory on the basis of observational data
obtained at the actinometric stations of the Russian Hydrometeorological Research Center. The general regularities of spatial
variations in the atmospheric optical depth (AOD) over Russia are revealed: there is a monotonic decrease from the southwest
to the northeast, with localized areas having different aerosol loads due to the global and regional factors of their formation.
A spatiotemporal structure of the anomalies of AOD annual values within the time interval under consideration, including the
El Chichon (1982) and Pinatubo (1991) eruptions, is studied. 相似文献
20.
利用高分辨率的大气和波浪数值模式,模拟了2016年苏北近海的风场和波浪场,并与卫星高度计资料、散射计风场、再分析资料以及实测浮标资料进行了比较,验证了模式的准确性。基于这套模式结果,系统地分析了江苏近海的风场和波浪场的多时间尺度变化:季节变化、日变化以及季节内变化(台风、寒潮)。分析结果表明:苏北近海海域的风速、有效波高和涌浪在冬季和秋季较大、春季和夏季较小;冬季盛行西北风,常浪向为西北向,夏季盛行东南风,常浪向为东南向。风场和波浪场还具有显著的日变化特征,且日变化存在季节变化规律,离岸越近海域日变化特征越明显。同时,江苏近海还会经历季节内尺度的强天气过程的影响,比如台风和寒潮。 相似文献