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Analysing S-wave splitting has become a routine step in processing multicomponent data. Typically, this analysis leads to determining the principal directions of a transversely isotropic medium with a horizontal symmetry axis, which is assumed to be responsible for azimuthal anisotropy, and to the time delays between the fast and slow S-waves. These parameters are commonly estimated layer-by-layer from the top. Errors in layer stripping occurring in shallow layers might propagate to deeper layers. We propose a method for S-wave splitting analysis and compensation that consists of inverting interval values of splitting intensity to obtain a model of anisotropic parameters that vary with time and/or depth. Splitting intensity is a robust attribute with respect to structural variations and is commutative, which means that it can be summed along a ray (or throughout a sensitivity kernel volume) and can be linearly related to anisotropic perturbations at depth. Therefore, it is possible to estimate anisotropic properties within a geological formation (e.g. the reservoir) by analysing the differences of splitting intensity measured at the top and at the bottom of the layer. This allows us to avoid layer stripping, in particular, for shallow layers where anisotropic parameters are difficult to estimate due to poor coverage, and it makes S-wave splitting analysis simpler to apply. We demonstrate this method on synthetic and real data. Because the splitting intensity attribute shows usefulness in S-wave splitting analysis in transversely isotropic media, we extend the splitting intensity theory to lower symmetry classes. It enables the characterization of tilted transversely isotropic and tilted orthorhombic media, opening new opportunities for anisotropic model building. 相似文献
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煤层中存在的裂隙会导致介质表现为各向异性,本文以HTI型煤层为例,结合各向异性介质弹性矩阵和各向异性裂隙理论,推导出不同充填物的垂直裂隙中各向异性参数表达式,将其应用于地震波响应分析;通过改进的交错网格差分法和各向异性Christoffel方程波场分解法,得到地震波合成记录和分解后的P波和SV波记录;将Thomsen群速度与相速度公式,经过坐标轴旋转变换,得到HTI型煤层中不同各向异性参数的地震波速度响应表达式;建立不同类型煤层地质模型,分析了裂隙密度、裂隙充填物以及煤层厚度等参数变化时的地震波响应特征.研究结果为分析垂向裂隙各向异性薄煤层地震波传播规律提供工具,为选用相应地震数据进行地震波各向异性参数反演提供依据. 相似文献
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在长波长假设条件下,水平层状地层中发育一组垂直排列的裂缝构成了等效正交各向异性介质.各向异性参数与裂缝弱度参数的估算有助于非均匀各向异性介质的各向异性特征描述,而弹性逆散射理论是非均匀介质参数反演的有效途径.基于地震散射理论,我们首先推导了非均匀正交介质中纵波散射系数方程,并通过引入正交各向异性特征参数,提出了一种新颖的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗参数化方法.为了提高反演的稳定性与横向连续性,我们发展了贝叶斯框架下的正交各向异性方位弹性阻抗反演方法,同时考虑了柯西稀疏约束正则化和平滑模型约束正则化,最终使用非线性的迭代重加权最小二乘策略实现了各向异性特征参数的稳定估算.模型和实际资料处理表明,反演结果与测井解释数据相吻合,证明了该方法能够稳定可靠地从方位叠前地震资料中获取各向异性特征参数,减小参数估算的不确定性,为非均匀正交介质的各向异性预测提供了一种高可靠性的地震反演方法. 相似文献
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Elastic wave propagation in inhomogeneous anisotropic media 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
XIU CHENG WEI ) MIN YU DONG ) YUN YAI CHEN ) ) Geoscience Department University of Petroleum Beijing China ) Institute of Geophysics China Seismological Bureau Beijing China 《地震学报(英文版)》1998,11(6):655-667
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Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion for anisotropy of PP- and PS-wave in weakly anisotropic and heterogeneous media 
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下载免费PDF全文 A single set of vertically aligned cracks embedded in a purely isotropic background may be considered as a long-wavelength effective transversely isotropy (HTI) medium with a horizontal symmetry axis. The crack-induced HTI anisotropy can be characterized by the weakly anisotropic parameters introduced by Thomsen. The seismic scattering theory can be utilized for the inversion for the anisotropic parameters in weakly anisotropic and heterogeneous HTI media. Based on the seismic scattering theory, we first derived the linearized PP- and PS-wave reflection coefficients in terms of P- and S-wave impedances, density as well as three anisotropic parameters in HTI media. Then, we proposed a novel Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo inversion method of PP- and PS-wave for six elastic and anisotropic parameters directly. Tests on synthetic azimuthal seismic data contaminated by random errors demonstrated that this method appears more accurate, anti-noise and stable owing to the usage of the constrained PS-wave compared with the standards inversion scheme taking only the PP-wave into account. 相似文献
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We examine the one-dimensional direct current method in anisotropic earth formation. We derive an analytic expression of a simple, two-layered anisotropic earth model. Further, we also consider a horizontally layered anisotropic earth response with respect to the digital filter method, which yields a quasi-analytic solution over anisotropic media. These analytic and quasi-analytic solutions are useful tests for numerical codes. A two-dimensional finite difference earth model in anisotropic media is presented in order to generate a synthetic data set for a simple one-dimensional earth. Further, we propose a particle swarm optimization method for estimating the model parameters of a layered anisotropic earth model such as horizontal and vertical resistivities, and thickness. The particle swarm optimization is a naturally inspired meta-heuristic algorithm. The proposed method finds model parameters quite successfully based on synthetic and field data. However, adding 5 % Gaussian noise to the synthetic data increases the ambiguity of the value of the model parameters. For this reason, the results should be controlled by a number of statistical tests. In this study, we use probability density function within 95 % confidence interval, parameter variation of each iteration and frequency distribution of the model parameters to reduce the ambiguity. The result is promising and the proposed method can be used for evaluating one-dimensional direct current data in anisotropic media. 相似文献
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本文拓展了一种模拟地震波在地球核幔边界D″区各向异性介质中传播的数值方法:谱元-简正振型耦合方法(CSEM).该方法通过在球对称各向同性介质空间采用简正振型方法,在各向异性的D″区采用谱元方法,并在两种介质的边界采用"DtN"算子耦合的策略计算一维模型PREM(见文献[1])或修改后的D″区横向各向同性VTI-PREM模型的理论地震图.模拟所得数值解结果与采用简正振型方法得到的解析解结果进行对比以验证方法的精度.在中国科学院地球深部结构重点实验室高性能计算机上使用128个CPU计算得到的结果显示,在10-5～0.125 Hz的频率范围内谱元简正振型法得到的波形与简正振型方法能很好拟合.此外,对于VTI介质结构模型,谱元简正振型法能够准确模拟S波分裂现象,从而验证了谱元简正振型耦合方法对各向异性介质中地震波传播数值模拟是一种有效的方法. 相似文献
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裂缝储层岩石物理参数的准确获得对地下裂缝预测具有重要意义,而叠前方位AVA地震反演是获得裂缝岩石物理参数的有效手段.假设地下岩石为倾斜横向各向同性（TTI）介质,本文从裂缝岩石物理等效模型的构建出发,从测井数据中估计出纵横波相对反射系数和裂缝柔度参数.通过推导含裂缝柔度的方位各向异性反射系数公式,基于贝叶斯反演框架建立了P波线性AVAZ反演方法.合成地震数据应用表明基于贝叶斯理论的TTI介质裂缝柔度反演方法具有一定抗噪性,可以降低裂缝柔度估测的不确定性,为地下裂缝预测提供有力的依据. 相似文献
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IntroductionMoreandmoreevidencesshowthatstratapropertiesareanisotropic.Itisveryimportanttoutilizegeophysicalwaystouncoverthepropertiesofstratainpetroleumsurveyandcoalbedmethaneexplorationaswellasearthquakeforecasting.Becauseofdetectablecharacteristicsofseismicvelocityanisotropy,itissuccessfulinpastyearsthatlayersareshiftedcorrectlytotheoriginalpositioninmigrationprocessionofseismicwaves.Anewwayofdirectinversionofstrataelasticparametersisputforthinthepaper.Itusesmultiple-wavesdatatodiscoverorp… 相似文献
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The common ray approximation considerably simplifies the numerical algorithm of the coupling ray theory for S waves, but may introduce errors in travel times due to the perturbation from the common reference ray. These travel-time errors can deteriorate the coupling-ray-theory solution at high frequencies. It is thus of principal importance for numerical applications to estimate the errors due to the common ray approximation.We derive the equations for estimating the travel-time errors due to the isotropic and anisotropic common ray approximations of the coupling ray theory. These equations represent the main result of the paper. The derivation is based on the general equations for the second-order perturbations of travel time. The accuracy of the anisotropic common ray approximation can be studied along the isotropic common rays, without tracing the anisotropic common rays.The derived equations are numerically tested in three 1-D models of differing degree of anisotropy. The first-order and second-order perturbation expansions of travel time from the isotropic common rays to anisotropic-ray-theory rays are compared with the anisotropic-ray-theory travel times. The errors due to the isotropic common ray approximation and due to the anisotropic common ray approximation are estimated. In the numerical example, the errors of the anisotropic common ray approximation are considerably smaller than the errors of the isotropic common ray approximation.The effect of the isotropic common ray approximation on the coupling-ray-theory synthetic seismograms is demonstrated graphically. For comparison, the effects of the quasi-isotropic projection of the Green tensor, of the quasi-isotropic approximation of the Christoffel matrix, and of the quasi-isotropic perturbation of travel times on the coupling-ray-theory synthetic seismograms are also shown. The projection of the travel-time errors on the relative errors of the time-harmonic Green tensor is briefly presented. 相似文献
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本文从一般弱各向异性介质参数反演中得到了使用两条相互正交的变偏VSP测线计算弱各向异性(WA)参数的反演公式. 如果仅仅使用qP波, 则可以确定9个独立的WA参数, 这9个WA参数可以完全地描述井中接收点在两个剖面内介质的各向异性性质. 通过对走时曲线进行最小二乘条件下的三次样条光滑, 可以获得慢度矢量的垂直分量和水平分量. 如果介质是横向非均匀介质, 则水平分量仅仅被用作反演时的约束条件. 为了获得偏振矢量, 本文引入质心计算方法, 该方法计算简单、 稳定, 而且不存在解的奇异问题. 在寻找与一般各向异性介质最接近的高对称性正交各向异性介质和TTI各向异性介质时, 使用qP波各向异性坐标变换方法和最小二乘求解方法, 得到了与一般各向异性介质最接近的正交各向异性和TTI各向异性参数及其对称轴方向参数的计算公式. 使用这些方法, 对瓜哇海地区布设的两条相互正交的变偏VSP测线数据进行各向异性反演, 获得了井中10个接收点处介质的WA参数. 数值计算和实际资料反演表明, 本文所使用的反演方法能够准确地得到VSP井中接收点处介质的WA参数, 这是地震勘探中研究地壳介质各向异性性质最直接和最可靠的方法. 相似文献
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Accurate Location of Synthetic Acoustic Emissions and Location Sensitivity to Relocation Methods, Velocity Perturbations, and Seismic Anisotropy 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
G. A. Jones S. E. J. Nippress A. Rietbrock J. M. Reyes-Montes 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2008,165(2):235-254
Acoustic emission (AE) monitoring is a non-invasive method of monitoring fracturing both in situ, and in experimental rock deformation studies. Until recently, the major impediment for imaging brittle failure within a
rock mass is the accuracy at which the hypocenters may be located. However, recent advances in the location of regional scale
earthquakes have successfully reduced hypocentral uncertainties by an order of magnitude. The least-squares Geiger, master
event relocation, and double difference methods have been considered in a series of synthetic experiments which investigate
their ability to resolve AE hypocentral locations. The effect of AE hypocenter location accuracy due to seismic velocity perturbations,
uncertainty in the first arrival pick, array geometry and the inversion of a seismically anisotropic structure with an isotropic
velocity model were tested. Hypocenters determined using the Geiger procedure for a homogeneous, isotropic sample with a known
velocity model gave a RMS error for the hypocenter locations of 2.6 mm; in contrast the double difference method is capable
of reducing the location error of these hypocenters by an order of magnitude. We test uncertainties in velocity model of up
to ±10% and show that the double difference method can attain the same RMS error as using the standard Geiger procedure with
a known velocity model. The double difference method is also capable of precise locations even in a 40% anisotropic velocity
structure using an isotropic model for location and attains a RMS mislocation error of 2.6 mm that is comparable to a RMS
mislocation error produced with an isotropic known velocity model using the Geiger approach. We test the effect of sensor
geometry on location accuracy and find that, even when sensors are missing, the double difference method is capable of a 1.43
mm total RMS mislocation compared to 4.58 mm for the Geiger method. The accuracy of automatic picking algorithms used for
AE studies is ±0.5 μs (1 time sample when the sampling rate is 0.2 μs). We investigate how AE locations are effected by the
accuracy of first arrival picking by randomly delaying the actual first arrival by up to 5 time samples. We find that even
when noise levels are set to 5 time samples the double difference method successfully relocates the synthetic AE. 相似文献
14.
针对裂缝各向异性介质,本文提出一种非正交假设下的矢量波场分离方法.本文首先对多分量地震勘探中常见的波型泄漏现象进行了数学描述,提出在纵、横波波场分离的同时应该考虑恢复纵、横波的矢量振幅.为了对裂缝方位角与各向异性系数进行定量预测,本文将矢量波场分离拆分成三个步骤来实施：第一步,用Z、R两分量的仿射坐标系变换分离ZR平面内的P波投影与SV波;第二步,用ZR平面内的P波投影与T分量的仿射坐标系变换分离P波与SH波;第三步,用纯净的SV波与SH波的成像剖面分离快慢横波,并预测裂缝发育参数.模型数据与实际数据的试验结果表明,本文提出的纵、横波波场分离方法能够获得完整的矢量振幅信息,并提供裂缝预测的精度. 相似文献
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地壳不同深度介质的地震各向异性是研究地壳不同深度范围变形方式的重要依据.鉴于地壳介质的复杂性,如何从远震体波接收函数中提取不同深度的各向异性参数仍是一个有待深入研究的课题.在已有研究的基础上,本文利用广义反射-透射系数矩阵方法计算的合成地震图,研究了复杂地壳分层各向异性介质的接收函数随反方位角(back azimuth)变化及不同层位各向异性参数对接收函数波场的影响,为各向异性介质接收函数的解释提供了新的理论依据.通过引入粒子群优化理论,发展了分层各向异性介质接收函数全局反演算法.数值及观测数据的验证结果表明,在各向同性速度模型确定的前提下,我们的方法能够可靠地提取地壳分层各向异性参数;在反演中引入曲波变换去噪技术,对于正确解析不同层位的各向异性参数具有重要价值. 相似文献
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油气勘探开发实践证明,裂缝常常是油气藏存储的空间或运移的通道,因此,裂缝各向异性介质中地震波场的研究越来越倍受关注,国内外很多岩石物理学者、地球物理专家等对裂缝信息的描述提出了很多理论认识与方法技术.本文根据Eshelby-Cheng各向异性裂缝介质模型理论,求取各向异性裂缝介质的弹性参数,并建立Eshelby-Cheng各向异性裂缝介质的波动方程,利用时间错格伪谱法对含流体裂缝介质进行数值模拟,模拟结果表明,采用时间错格伪谱法能有效解决各向异性介质的波场传播,利用时间错格有限差分算子替代普通的差分算子来求解时间导数,利用快速傅氏变换求解空间导数,大大提高了正演模拟的计算精度与计算效率.并且与各向同性介质相比,地震波在含流体裂缝各向异性介质中的传播要复杂得多,各向同性介质层中的波是纯的,其横波不会发生分裂,而在各向异性介质层中,横波将发生分裂. 相似文献
17.
Byron McKavanagh Bruce Boreham Kevin McCue Gary Gibson Jennifer Hafner George Klenowski 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(1):39-57
Digital seismograms continuously recorded from 1988 to 1992 by two stations of the RESNOM seismic network in northern Baja
California, Mexico, were used to search for probable shear-wave anisotropic characteristics in the region of the Cerro Prieto
fault. Shear-wave splitting was identified in many of the three-component records analyzed. We measured the polarization direction
of the leadingS wave inside theS-wave window as well as the delay times between fast and slow phases on those records displaying shear-wave splitting. For
station CPX, which is nearest the Imperial Valley region to the north, the preferred polarization direction found in this
study (azimuth 180°±10°) coincides with the direction of the regional maximum compressive stress determined for the region.
This polarization direction can be interpreted in terms of the “Extensive Dilatancy Anisotropy” model as the effect of vertical
parallel aligned cracks. The preferred polarization direction measured at LMX, however, gives an azimuth of 45°±5°. Thus,
it appears that faults and fractures aligned oblique to the main tectonic trend have a greater influence on the anisotropic
characteristics of the crust south of Cerro Prieto volcano than that of the regional stress field. Time delays between slow
and fastS waves observed at CPX appear constant from 1988 to 1992 while delays measured at LMX for the same interval indicate a small
increase with time which cannot be attributed to azimuthal variations of paths. 相似文献
18.
用有限差分法计算各向异性介质中多分量感应测井的响应 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：11
感应测井电阻率是砂泥岩储层中定量评价含油气性的主要参数之一,然而由于储层电各向异性的存在,传统的感应测井仪得到的电阻率主要响应地层的水平电阻率,比地层的垂直电阻率小,由此计算的含水饱和度偏高．多分量感应测井则可以通过不同方向的发射和接收,测量多个分量,弥补上述缺陷,为储层的含油气性评价提供准确信息．本文用交错网格有限差分法导出了主轴各向异性介质中Maxwell方程的离散化关系式,计算了三维各向异性介质中多分量感应测井的电磁响应．利用三层模型的数值模拟,分析了不同磁场分量对各向异性介质的响应特性,用多层模型和倾斜各向异性地层的响应计算检验了所编制的交错网格有限差分法程序． 相似文献
19.
In downhole microseismic monitoring, accurate event location relies on the accuracy of the velocity model. The model can be estimated along with event locations. Anisotropic models are important to get accurate event locations. Taking anisotropy into account makes it possible to use additional data – two S-wave arrivals generated due to shear-wave splitting. However, anisotropic ray tracing requires iterative procedures for computing group velocities, which may become unstable around caustics. As a result, anisotropic kinematic inversion may become time consuming. In this paper, we explore the idea of using simplified ray tracing to locate events and estimate medium parameters. In the simplified ray-tracing algorithm, the group velocity is assumed to be equal to phase velocity in both magnitude and direction. This assumption makes the ray-tracing algorithm five times faster compared to ray tracing based on exact equations. We present a set of tests showing that given perforation-shot data, one can use inversion based on simplified ray-tracing even for moderate-to-strong anisotropic models. When there are no perforation shots, event-location errors may become too large for moderately anisotropic media. 相似文献
20.
Constraining the anisotropy structure of the crust by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and wave polarizations 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In the context of wide-angle seismic profiling, the determination of the physical properties of the Earth crust, such as the
elastic layer depth and seismic velocity, is often performed by inversion of P- and/or S-phases propagation data supplying
the geometry of the medium (reflector depths) or any other structural parameter (P- or S-wave velocity, density...). Moreover,
the inversion for velocity structure and interfaces is commonly performed using only seismic reflection travel times and/or
crustal phase amplitudes in isotropic media. But it is very important to utilize more available information to constrain the
non-uniqueness of the solution. In this paper, we present a simultaneous inversion method of seismic reflection travel times
and polarizations data of transient elastic waves in stratified media to reconstruct not only layer depth and vertical P-wave
velocity but also the anisotropy feature of the crust based on the estimation of the Thomsen’s parameters. We carry out
a checking with synthetic data, comparing the inversion results obtained by anisotropic travel-time inversion to the results
derived by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and polarizations data. The comparison proves that the first
procedure leads to biased anisotropic models, while the second one fits nearly the real model. This makes the joint inversion
method feasible. Finally, we investigate the geometry, P-wave velocity structure and anisotropy of the crust beneath Southeastern
China by applying the proposed inversion method to previously acquired wide-angle seismic data. In this case, the anisotropy
signature provides clear evidence that the Jiangshan-Shaoxing fault is the natural boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysia
blocks. 相似文献