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1.
MA Dingguo CHEN Jie ZHANG Wenjiang ZHENG Lin LIU Ying 《地理学报(英文版)》2007,17(3):269-284
This paper quantitatively explores farmers＇ vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region （PLR） with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps, which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly, the spatial extent and characteristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model （DEM） derived from the 1：50,000 topographic map. Secondly, for each of the township, six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are： rural population proportion, cultivated land proportion, GDP per unit area, employment proportion of primary industry, net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly, the normalized indices （as GIS data layers） were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coefficient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers＇ livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the ＂five rivers＂. 相似文献
2.
This paper quantitatively explores farmers' vulnerability to flood in the Poyang Lake Region (PLR) with the supports of GIS spatial functions. The analysis consists of three major steps,which is based on the spatial unit of township. Firstly,the spatial extent and charac-teristics of flood risk areas were determined using a digital elevation model (DEM) derived from the 1:50,000 topographic map. Secondly,for each of the township,six indices indicating the economic activities of local farmers were calculated. These indices are: rural population proportion,cultivated land proportion,GDP per unit area,employment proportion of primary industry,net rural income per capita and agricultural income proportion. These six indices were then normalized and used for later vulnerability assessment. Thirdly,the normalized indices (as GIS data layers) were overlaid with the flood risk areas to produce the risk coeffi-cient for each township and to calculate the overall vulnerability for each township. The analysis results show that in the PLR there are high flood risk areas where the farmers' livings are seriously influenced or threatened. About 55.56% of the total 180 townships in the flood risk areas have a high degree of flood vulnerability. The townships under flood risk are mainly distributed in the areas around the Poyang Lake and the areas along the "five rivers". 相似文献
3.
鄱阳湖区洪灾风险与农户脆弱性分析 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
运用1:5 万DEM 地形数据对鄱阳湖区洪涝灾害风险区区域范围及空间分布进行了分析。在此基础上, 以乡镇为基本研究单元, 选取乡村人口比重、耕地面积比重为洪灾风险暴露分析指标, 选取单位面积生产总值、农民人均纯收入、第一产业从业人员比重、农业收入占农村经济总收入比重等为农户洪灾应对能力分析指标, 并引入了不同洪水水位特征值的影响系数, 对鄱阳湖区农户洪灾脆弱性程度进行了定量研究。结果表明, 鄱阳湖洪灾风险区面积广、影响深, 农户对洪涝灾害总体上存在着较高的脆弱性; 在所涉及的180 个乡镇中, 农户脆弱度高于平均值的有100 个, 占到乡镇数55.56%。脆弱度最高的乡镇主要集中在滨湖地带及五河干流沿岸地区, 而脆弱度较低的乡镇则主要分布在湖区各县城关镇所在区域。 相似文献
4.
基于栅格的鄱阳湖生态经济区洪灾脆弱性评价 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
目前洪灾脆弱性研究主要是基于行政区划上的社会脆弱性评价,无法揭示评价单元内部脆弱性的空间分布。选取鄱阳湖生态经济区作为研究对象,根据人与环境系统的特点,选择影响洪灾脆弱性的15个变量,建立了基于栅格的洪灾脆弱性综合指数模型。结果表明,研究区域的洪灾脆弱性以中度脆弱为主,极度与高度脆弱区主要分布在人口密集的鄱阳湖东南与西南部的湖滨地区、主要河流的缓冲区以及土地利用类型为水田的区域。从脆弱性的3个要素(暴露度、敏感性和适应能力)的空间分布揭示了洪灾脆弱性空间分布形成的原因。基于栅格的评价结果,能够充分反映县市内部和行政边界处洪灾脆弱性的空间分布与变化情况。 相似文献
5.
Less developed places that are affected by climatic impacts face great challenges to future development. Place-based assessments that look at both the development level and climatic impacts on development are important for understanding the current state of human well-being and generating insights into how to facilitate sustainable development in the future. We carry out an assessment of human well-being in the Poyang Lake Region of China (PLR), using GIS, remote sensing, and socio-economic data. We measure human well-being in three aspects of (i) development level, (ii) exposure of development to flooding, and (iii) sensitivity of development to flooding. Following the United Nations Development Programme's human development index, we examine development through measures of life expectancy, literacy, and income. We first use a digital elevation model and GIS data on levees to map flood hazard in PLR. Based on the flood hazard map, we then derive quantitative measures of exposure and sensitivity of the development in a town to flooding. Our assessment indicates that development in PLR overall is highly exposed and sensitive to flooding. There are significant variations in different aspects of human well-being among the 298 towns in the region. These variations suggest different sustainable development pathways and policy interventions for different places. We discuss the potential usefulness of our approach for other similar places. 相似文献
6.
环鄱阳湖区农家菜地土壤重金属风险评价及来源分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过评价环鄱阳湖区10个县农家菜地土壤样品重金属的潜在生态风险,分析其与9个社会经济指标间的灰色关联度来探讨重金属的污染来源。结果显示,鄱阳湖区各菜地土壤中Cd的超标情况最严重,超标率达到90%,除部分地区Cu超标外,其余重金属均未超标。鄱阳湖区农家菜地土壤达到轻微生态风险,工业较发达地区重金属生态风险较大于工业落后地区,工业发展情况对湖区的空间污染分异有较大影响。蔬菜产量、工业发展情况、城镇化率、交通业发展情况和菜地土壤不同种重金属具有较高关联度,而地区生产总值、农药使用量对各种重金属含量的影响最弱。 相似文献
7.
村镇建设类型划分的理论与方法研究——以江苏省为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
村镇地区是多要素组合的地域单元,由于区位条件复杂多样,资源禀赋差异明显,村镇建设具有多元发展路径。基于资源环境承载力视角,构建了“压力-状态-响应”框架下的村镇建设分类指标体系,采用单向优势指标和复合指标相对优势判断相结合的划定方法,综合考虑国家和省级功能区划、协调乡镇周边区域功能并衔接省国土空间发展战略,以乡镇为分析单元,建立了省级村镇建设分类综合方案,并以江苏省为案例进行村镇建设类型划分研究。研究结果发现,江苏省仅有29.61%的乡镇为明显的单一建设类型,村镇建设的综合性发展态势明显;村镇建设类型具有明显的地域差异,苏北地区主要以居住类乡镇和生态类乡镇为主,苏中地区种植类乡镇和养殖类乡镇居多,苏南地区则集聚了商旅类和工业类乡镇。以此为基础提出不同村镇建设类型的资源环境承载力提升策略。 相似文献
8.
At present, land use optimization at small watershed scale is the key measure to control soil erosion, restore the eco-environment and improve the farmers’ living standard on the Loess Plateau, China. Based on the land use survey maps of 1966, 1988, 1997, 2003 and the digital topographic map of 1984 in Yangou watershed, and assisted by spatial techniques of GIS, the basic characteristics and driving forces of land use change in Yangou watershed are analyzed. According to the summarization of land-use optimization characteristics since 1997, and with the help of continuous monitoring data for years and farmer investigation data, this paper appraises eco-environmental benefits, economic benefits and sustainability of Yangou watershed. We have used sediment reduction benefits, coverage ratio of permanent vegetation, per capita food production and per capita income of farmers as indices. The results show that Yangou watershed project has successfully controlled the soil and water loss and the farmers’ living standard has been improved markedly by reasonable adjustment to land use structure. The benefit of sediment reduction is higher than 80% and the coverage ratio of permanent vegetation reaches 61.03%. In 2006, the per capita income increased by 1493 yuan compared with the year 1998.The successful measures and experiences of Yangou watershed are worth promoting on the Loess Plateau. 相似文献
9.
城市山洪灾害风险评价——以云南省文山县城为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
山洪灾害风险评价对于减灾防灾决策和管理非常重要。本文介绍基于遥感和GIS方法的应用,探讨一种快速、简便而且较为准确的城市山洪灾害风险评价方法。以发生于1998年7月26日文山城20年一遇山洪灾害为实例,将GIS的数字高程模型与实测的山洪水位和洪峰流量结合进行淹没分析,研究表明采用该方法可以模拟准确山洪泛滥范围,并计算淹没水深分布。根据不同水深指标,应用GIS工具完成了山洪灾害危险分区。本研究利用高分辨率遥感影像提供承灾体类型的可靠和准确数据用于易损性分析和期望损失评估的价值计算。根据典型区财产损失的抽样调查,建立了不同承灾体类型与水深的关系,并确定其损失率;应用GIS空间数据处理和分析的集成方法完成了复杂的损失评估。在此基础上,按期望损失程度进行分区划分而完成山洪风险评价。研究结果表明基于GIS和RS方法进行山洪风险评价效果良好,值得推广应用于其他洪水泛滥区。 相似文献
10.
基于GIS的区县级暴雨洪涝风险评估方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在全球变暖大背景下,极端灾害性天气事件频繁发生,其中以暴雨洪涝灾害表现最为明显。文章基于灾害系统理论及风险评估原理,利用基础地理数据、气象数据、社会经济数据、历史灾情数据等,分别从致灾因子危险性、孕灾环境敏感性、承灾体易损性、防灾减灾能力4个评价指标,建立基于评价因子的暴雨洪涝风险评估模型,并指出区县级暴雨洪涝风险评估需要解决的重点问题包括数据空间化、气象数据的序列延长、参数的确定等。最后以暴雨洪涝多发地区福建省石狮市（县级市）为研究区,利用GIS技术生成100 m×100 m分辨率的致灾因子危险性空间分布图、孕灾环境敏感性空间分布图、承灾体易损性空间分布图、防灾减灾能力空间分布图、暴雨洪涝风险评估空间分布图。结果显示：风险最高地区主要位于湖滨街道和凤里街道;其次是祥芝镇东部和西部,灵秀镇大部份地区、蚶江镇中南部、宝盖镇中南部和锦尚镇大部分地区;风险较低的地区主要是蚶江镇北部、宝盖镇北部和永宁镇大部分地区。 相似文献
11.
1736-1911年中国水灾多发区分布及空间迁移特征 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
重建历史时期极端气候灾害的时空格局,对于认识当前和未来的灾害演变趋势,辨识灾害高风险区,更好地应对气候变化的挑战具有重要意义。本文基于《清史·灾赈志》中的历史水灾记录,以县级政区为单元,逐年提取了1736-1911年间中国境内的8582个水灾发生地点;利用核密度估计法对这一时期及3个特征时段(1736-1795、1796-1850和1851-1911年)的水灾空间分布特征进行分析,并结合风险理论框架讨论水灾多发区的分布及迁移的影响因素。主要结论如下：①1736-1911年水灾多发区主要集中在华北平原北部的海河、黄河下游,淮河下游,长江中下游三大平原及沿江地带,与现代分布格局存在一定差异;②华北平原北部是清代水灾最为集中的区域,这与当时华北平原降水偏多有关,而进入19世纪后,当地社会经济系统的高脆弱度也大大加重了灾情;特别是1855年黄河改道后,因政府应对不力,使得1851-1911年间鲁西北地区沿黄河下游河道出现一个条带状水灾多发区;③19世纪长江中下游地区水灾频次激增,其原因除梅雨变化导致的极端降水事件增多外,人类不合理的农业开发活动大量挤占湿地和水体,也在相当程度上增大了当地面对水灾时的物理暴露度。 相似文献
12.
The temporal-spatial geographic distribution of archaeological sites and its feature between 10.0–2.8 ka BP(ka BP= thousands of years before 0 BP, where "0 BP" is defined as the year AD 1950) were determined, based on GIS spatial analysis in the Poyang Lake Basin. The relationship between geographic distribution of sites of different periods under subsistence existence of ancient civilizations, climate and environmental change was investigated. The results revealed numerous archaeological sites of the Neolithic Age(10.0–3.6 ka BP). The sites were mainly located in the northern part of the Poyang Lake Basin, a hilly and mountainous area with many river terraces suitable for the development of human civilization. The number of archaeological sites rapidly increased during the Shang and Zhou dynasties(3.6–2.8 ka BP) and spread widely on the floodplains of the middle and lower reaches of Ganjiang River and onto the west, south, and southeast beach areas of the Poyang Lake. Holocene records of climate change suggested that it was possible that climate fluctuations had a great impact on human evolution in the study area. Before 3.6 ka BP, westward and northward expansion of Neolithic cultures in the Poyang Lake watershed occurred under the background of climate amelioration(becoming warmer and wetter). The ancient people lived in the hilly areas with high elevation. The simple mode of a fishing and gathering economy was mostly suited to this area in the early Neolithic Age. The scope of human activities was expanded and cultural diversity developed in the late Neolithic Age. However, with population growth and increasing survival pressure in a dry-cold climatic stage after 3.6 ka BP, this simple living mode had to be abandoned, and various forms of economy, the majority being agriculture, were developed on flood plains of the lower reaches of numerous rivers around Poyang Lake. This promoted flourishing of the Bronze culture of South China. 相似文献
13.
降低洪灾社会脆弱度是缓解洪灾社会影响,建立洪水韧性的重要途径。本文从敏感性、适应性和暴露度3个方面构建微观尺度下的洪灾社会脆弱度评价指标体系,以安康市4个滨河村庄为例,运用基于熵权的综合指数法评价农户的洪灾社会脆弱度,并通过BP神经网络分析厘清评价指标与社会脆弱度之间的重要性关系,识别出洪灾社会脆弱度的主要影响因素。据此提出相应的对策建议作为降低农户洪灾社会脆弱度的实践依据。研究表明：①案例村调研样本中近一半的农户处于高社会脆弱度等级,由此推算,研究区有715个农户具有较高的洪灾社会脆弱度;②受访者健康状况、防汛信息渠道、避灾疏散方式、建筑质量、是否有病残人口、家庭收入多样性、5岁以下幼儿比重和60岁以上老年人比重是农户社会脆弱度的主要影响因素;③基于农户视角的洪灾社会脆弱度评价能准确地识别出脆弱度较高的农户,其结果在降低洪灾社会脆弱度方面更具有现实意义。 相似文献
14.
中国村镇居民跨区域出行与乡村地域系统调查研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
村镇居民出行特征是反映乡村生活质量的关键指标,是乡村地域系统的主要组成要素,也是乡村交通规划的重要依据。采用2016年住建部全国小城镇调查的村镇居民调查数据,分析中国31个省（自治区、直辖市）（未含港澳台地区数据）119个建制镇的村镇居民的跨区域出行规律,揭示村、镇、县、市之间相互联系特征,并应用多水平有序逻辑斯蒂回归模型（Meologit）,分析个体社会经济属性、小城镇服务设施供给、区位和对外交通便利性对村镇居民跨区域出行频率的影响。分析结果表明,乡村地区传统地域系统正在发生变化,虽然“村-镇-县”等级结构模式依然是主体,但“村-县”和“镇-市”的联系在增强;对村庄居民来说,县城一级服务地的服务和商品的重要性凸显;乡村居民跨区域出行特征存在地区差异,东部沿海和西部大城市周边的村镇居民的出行频率高于中部地区,平原和丘陵地区居民出行频率高于山地、高原地区,地区间差异随出行目的地等级提高而更加明显;随着“村村通公路”的基本全覆盖,地理区位和交通设施条件不再是影响居民城乡联系的主要因素,居民的高品质生活出行需求、收入增加和小汽车拥有率提升等因素对居民跨区域出行的影响在增强,通过“大修大建”乡村公路来促进城乡联系的传统做法需要进一步深思。 相似文献
15.
《The Professional geographer》2013,65(4):434-445
Abstract Jiangxi Province in southeastern China contains Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. Poyang Lake and the lower sections of the major Jiangxi rivers flowing into the lake often flood during the early summer months. Floodwater can be several meters above the surrounding lowlands during the most severe flood events. Levees at the margins of Poyang Lake and along the Jiangxi rivers provide flood protection for about 10 million people. The number of severe floods in this region has increased rapidly during the past few decades, resulting in catastrophic levee failures. The three factors likely responsible for the increasing frequency of severe floods are (1) land reclamation and levee construction and (2) lake sedimentation, both of which reduce lake volume, and (3) increasing Changjiang water level, which slows Poyang Lake drainage. 相似文献
16.
鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能空间辨识 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据千年生态系统评估提出的评估概念框架,考察鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能的形成机理,构建了鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能表征指标体系,并利用多主题1km栅格成分数据模型,采用主成分分析法提取了鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能综合表征指标。在此基础上,通过空间聚类分析,形成了鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能分区,实现了各分区单元上生态系统服务功能的空间辨识。研究结果表明,鄱阳湖湖区核心生态系统服务功能包括了支持功能、供给功能、调节功能和文化功能,它们在空间上的排列组合形成了鄱阳湖湖区的10个生态系统服务功能分区,本文辨识了鄱阳湖湖区精细栅格水平上核心生态系统服务功能之间的差异及其空间分异特征。本研究提出的生态系统服务功能分区及其空间辨识方案,为鄱阳湖湖区生态系统服务功能的开发与保育提供决策参考信息。 相似文献
17.
Jiangxi Province in southeastern China contains Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China. Poyang Lake and the lower sections of the major Jiangxi rivers flowing into the lake often flood during the early summer months. Floodwater can be several meters above the surrounding lowlands during the most severe flood events. Levees at the margins of Poyang Lake and along the Jiangxi rivers provide flood protection for about 10 million people. The number of severe floods in this region has increased rapidly during the past few decades, resulting in catastrophic levee failures. The three factors likely responsible for the increasing frequency of severe floods are (1) land reclamation and levee construction and (2) lake sedimentation, both of which reduce lake volume, and (3) increasing Changjiang water level, which slows Poyang Lake drainage. 相似文献
18.
城市山洪灾害多目标评估方法探讨 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
本文针对目前城市山洪灾害的突出问题, 分析了国内外研究状况和发展趋势; 探讨了城市 山洪灾害多目标评估系统方法,包括山洪灾害泛滥范围的危险区划、城市易损性分析、城市山洪 灾害损失评估和风险评价四个主要内容。关于山洪孕灾环境、致灾因子和承灾体的社会经济状 况, 本研究提出一套基于GIS 的从数据采集→空间属性数据库建立→评价指标体系选择→预测 评价分析→山洪灾害危险性评价与风险区划的技术路线和方法体系。山洪灾害危险区划采用地 貌学和数值模拟方法; 以高分辨率遥感卫星影像为数据源, 分析了城市土地覆盖类型, 应用GIS 进行了山洪灾害损失评估和风险评价。山洪灾害多目标评估可用于指导城市洪泛区不同危险、风 险地带的土地利用规划与决策, 从而达到规避风险和减灾的目的, 并为山洪灾害影响区的居民提 供灾害风险信息, 以作为避难和防洪的依据。 相似文献
19.
鄱阳湖湿地水位与洲滩淹露模型构建 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
水是控制湿地生态过程的一个重要因子,为了研究洲滩变化和湿地草洲生长发育规律,以便更好地监测和保护湿地生态系统,有必要研究鄱阳湖水体变化特征,分析湿地洲滩水位的时空动态变化和洲滩淹露规律。本文以鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区为例,在对鄱阳湖多年水位进行分析的基础上,利用多时相遥感影像和DEM提取湿地洲滩特征;并在GIS支持下综合考虑地形、鄱阳湖水位、湖泊缓冲区等因素,建立了湿地水位及洲滩淹露模型。时空验证结果表明,该模型具有较好的模拟效果,精度在85%以上。同时,本文根据研究区特点及水体在TM2、7波段的特征差异,构建了一个新的水体指数FDWI,提取水体精度达到98%,特别是对潮湿的沙地、植被和云有很好的区分能力。 相似文献
20.
洪泛平原农村居民地空间分布特征定量研究及应用探讨 总被引：23，自引：2，他引：23
通过对影响居民地空间分布因素的分析,探讨了洪泛平原农村居民地空间分布特征;利用地理信息系统技术对不同高程带内居民地分布规模、等级和空间分布密度作了定量研究,得到了居民地空间分布密度和人口空间分布密度参数;并结合洪灾淹没区居民地损失的估算,对研究结果的应用作了探讨。 相似文献