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1.
Evidence for Precambrian fossil eukaryotic microorganisms has been based on: (1) the presence of internal ‘spots’ which have been variously interpreted to be remains of nuclei or pyrenoids of photosynthetic plastids or other organelles; (2) tetrahedral tetrad arrangement of cells; (3) trilete scars interpreted to be indicative of meiotic division: (4) large cell diameters; and (5) putative mitotic cell divisions. These features have been reported in fossils preserved in Precambrian cherts. We have studied modern microbial mats, thought to be analogues of Precambrian fossil communities, and found they may be silicified by laboratory procedures. In microbial mats from Baja California we have found many ‘spot cells’ that we could identify as remains of cyanophytes. We have silicified the newly discovered large prokaryotic coccoid green alga Prochloron and have found that it, like many cyanophytes previously silicified, preserves its structure and maintains its initial dimensions. In laboratory-silicified prokaryotic organisms we have found that all of the above criteria, supposedly characteristic of eukaryotes, can be observed. We conclude that there is no compelling morphological evidence for fossil eukaryotic microbes from Precambrian cherts. 相似文献
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中元古代罕见的实体宏观藻类化石——来自天津蓟县中元古界高于庄组第三段非叠层石碳酸盐沉积序列中的新材料 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
天津蓟县剖面的中元古界高于庄组可以划分为4个段,其中第三段组成一个特别的非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列。在该非叠层石碳酸盐岩序列上部的隐晶质泥晶灰岩中,发育着还存在成因争议的臼齿状构造,与其伴生的是多种类型的实体宏观藻类化石。根据宏观形态特征,可以将这些宏观藻类化石暂时归为球状丘尔藻、椭球状寿县藻、带状塔乌藻和豆荚状荚藻、卵圆状卵圆藻、舌状舌藻等多种类型,以前二种居多,组成一个球状丘尔藻—椭球状寿县藻组合。这些宏观藻类化石,曾经被认为是臼齿状构造的一种而称为"球状臼齿状构造",或被简单地当作燧石结核、钙质结核等等。但是,由于其具有规则的宏观形态,其中的球形或次球形化石在常规岩石薄片下还显示出可能的原始多细胞组织分化和可能的细胞显微结构,与充填臼齿状构造的方解石微亮晶形成明显的区别,所以不应该将其定义为臼齿状构造,更不能解释为钙质结核和燧石结核,其以罕见的实体化石不同于多年来所描述的、以碳质压型化石的形式产出的宏观藻类化石。其规则多样的宏观形态所表明的多种化石类型,以及那些球状或次球状实体宏观藻类化石显示出可能的多细胞组织及相似的细胞显微结构,表明具明显的原始多细胞真核生物特征,这为探索前寒武纪真核生物的起源与演化提供了宝贵的实际材料。 相似文献
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湘西震旦纪武陵山生物群的化石形态学特征和归属 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
湘西桃源理公港震旦系留茶坡组中部黑色页岩中的炭质压膜化石,为研究末前寒武纪晚期生物学提供了一个稀有的布吉斯页岩型分类学窗口。根据已知属种和新获材料的研究,确定了17个明显的形态类型,讨论了每种形态类型特征及其可能的生物学属性,指出除个别化石可能为两侧对称动物外,其余绝大多数化石可以解释为原核生物或多细胞藻类,系统发育上与绿藻、褐藻、蓝藻细菌等相关。具固着器、叶状体为球状或具同心纹构造的Apsidiumsphaericus的发现,进一步证明典型埃迪卡拉动物群(或白海生物群)中简单的圆盘状化石可能为多细胞藻类,而不是水母。武陵山生物群中具同心纹结构的大型圆盘状化石的出现及其共生生物特点,指示该生物群是埃迪卡拉期生物分异发展阶段的产物,是末前寒武纪晚期一个以多细胞藻类发育为特色的新型生物群。 相似文献
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GUO Junfeng LI Yong HAN Jian ZHANG Xingliang ZHANG Zhifei OU Qiang LIU Jianni SHU Degan Shigenori MARUYAMA Tsuyoshi KOMIYA 《《地质学报》英文版》2008,82(6):1124-1132
Apart from previously reported Small Shelly Fossils (SSFs), a macroscopic fossil assemblage, comprising abundant algae, cone-shaped tubular fossil forms, and probable impressions of a megascopic metazoan, comes from the Lower Cambrian Yanjiahe Formation in the Yangtze Gorges area of western Hubei Province, south China. The visible fossils are preserved in thin-laminated siltstone or muddy siltstone intercalated between 8–15 mm-thick carbonate deposits, probably representing sedimentary settings of a constrained local depression in the shallow water carbonate platform during the Early Cambrian Meishucunian Stage. The macroscopic fossil association provides significant fossil evidence about the evolution of life from the late Precambrian to the ‘Cambrian explosion’ interval. 相似文献
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Xiaozheng Chen Wei Wang Qinghua Shang Yue Lou Xinchun Liu Changqun Cao Yue Wang 《Precambrian Research》2009,170(3-4):223-230
Research on the origin of eukaryotes often focuses on the exceptional preservation found in silicified Precambrian fossils. Nuclei like subcellular structures in well-preserved fossil becomes confusion and arguments, which focus on whether the partial degradation of prokaryotes produces artifacts that resemble a ‘nucleus’, or fossilized nuclei of eukaryotes. In order to understand the mechanisms of silicification and identify the fossilized subcellular and microstructures in rocks, a series of laboratory controlled experiments were performed for simulating the silicification process. The effects of different silica solutions in eukaryote fossilization were studied in our experiments by exposing onion skin cells (epidermis) to silica solutions. Onion skin provides a good experimental model because of its well characterized cellular structures which are easily observed. The designed experiments revealed that the possibility of onion cell preserved as a “fossil” with nuclear structures, the first week fossilization, or mineralization as rapid as 1 week is important. And the experiment also revealed interactions between silica and the onion skin cell wall surface functional groups were weak. The preservation of nuclei in the onion skin model was due to precipitation in highly supersaturated silica solutions rather than simply the high silica concentration. When the silica gel precipitates slowly at low supersaturation states, the nuclei were not well preserved, but the rapid precipitation at high supersaturated silica conditions preserved nuclear structures. A better understanding of the processes involved in onion skin fossilization will further contribute to issues concerning the silicification of other eukaryotic materials. 相似文献
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宏观藻类化石及其相关的“前寒武纪谜”:对天津蓟县剖面中元古代早期高于庄组第三段中一些现象的思考 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在漫长的前寒武纪,存在若干谜一样的问题,如叠层石的生长机理、臼齿状构造的成因、白云岩的形成机制和宏观藻类化石的生物学属性及其分类归属等。宏观藻类化石是指那些肉眼可见的低等植物化石,因为与现代藻类的亲缘关系尚未完全确定,它们的生物学属性及其分类位置还存在较多的争议,所以宏观藻类化石成为一个"前寒武纪谜"。发现于天津蓟县剖面高于庄组第三段非叠层石灰岩(均一石灰岩)中的可能的实体宏观藻类化石,与成因还存在争议的臼齿状构造共生,包括球状丘尔藻、椭球状寿县藻、带状塔乌藻和豆荚状荚藻等4种类型,尤其以前两种居多,组成一个丘尔藻-寿县藻组合;这些多为球状体的化石,曾经被认为是臼齿状构造的一种,称为"球状臼齿状构造",但是,由于这些宏观藻类化石具有规则的形态、较为明显的可能的细胞显微结构,与充填臼齿状构造的方解石微亮晶形成明显的区别,不属于臼齿状构造;而且以实体化石产出,与多年来所描述的碳质压型化石又存在较大的区别;同时,该球状化石的中心部位硅化而边部为钙化体,也明显区别于一般的钙质结核、燧石结核、凝灰岩结核和气泡构造等。这些球状实体化石,要比H.J.Hofmann所报道的加拿大麦肯齐山小达尔群(Little Dal Group)的臼齿状构造灰岩中的实体宏观藻类化石的形成时代要老得多,有可能是最为古老的实体宏观藻类化石。高于庄组臼齿状构造灰岩中的实体宏观藻类化石,成为思考若干前寒武纪谜的重要现象。 相似文献
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H.J. Hofmann 《Precambrian Research》1977,4(1):1-11
Millimetric discoid carbonaceous compressions assignable to Chuaria circularis Walcott, 1899, occur in grey and greenish-grey siltstones and shales of the Red Pine Formation on the southern flank of the Uinta Mountains. These fossils, interpreted as the flattened remains of planktonic organisms, constitute the first good megascopic record of the Precambrian biosphere in northeastern Utah. Their occurrence is consistent with previous interpretations that the Red Pine Shale accumulated partly in a marine environment, and supports a general correlation of the upper part of the Uinta Mountain Group with other Late Precambrian sequences in North America and elsewhere. 相似文献
9.
贵州瓮安陡山沱期矿化生物群的研究进展和意义 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：6
贵州瓮安陡山沱期矿化（磷酸盐化和硅化）生物群的研究近年来倍受关注，它为研究包括后生动物在内的多细胞生物早期演化提供了十分难得的机遇。最近，由于其中部分磷酸盐化球状化石保存了与某些后生动物胚胎早期发育阶段类似的卵裂特征，被认为是后生动物的休眠卵和胚胎化石。但是，由于至今未发现可靠的囊胚期到原肠胚期和幼体孵化的化石证据，此类化石的动、植物之争一直没有停止。作者近期对该套含磷地层进行了系统的分析研究，除已报道的大量休眠卵和胚胎化石外，还发现保存原肠发育特征的磷酸盐化实体化石、蓝藻细胞集合体、可疑海绵动物化石及类似瓶形的不明化石等。研究表明，陡山沱期矿化生物群具有多样性特征，包含了多种门类的不同类型，是迄今为止全球保存最完好的未元古纪磷质化石库。 相似文献
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Megascopic Symmetrical Metazoans from the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation in the Northeastern Guizhou, South China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In South China, various megascopic symmetrical metazoan fossils were found in the upper Doushantuo (陡山沱)Formation of the Neoproterozoic Ediacaran.The worm-like fossil is characterized by modern taxological annelid, for many metameres, parapodia, one possible tentale, an alimentary canal, and a dorsal vessel. The triradiate discoidal fossil is belong to Trilobozoa, and the octaradiate discoidal fossil might be Ctenophora. All these fossils indicate that the megascopic metazoans have appeared in the Doushantuoian of Eidacaran and imply that the symmetrical metazoans must have originated at least 550 Ma ago. 相似文献
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贵州台江中寒武世凯里组中分枝状宏观藻类化石 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6
本文描述了贵州中寒武世凯里组中的分枝状宏观藻类化石5属7种，即：Marpolia spissa Walcott,Marpolia aequalis Walcott,Guizhouella ramulosa Yang(gen.et sp.nov.),Doushantuophyton lineare Chen,Thamnophton formosus Yang(gen.et sp.nov.),Eoulothrix fibrillata Ding,Eoulothrix flabellophyton Yang(sp.mov.)。根据大量的藻类与凯里生物群共生特征，从藻类的生态及生物群分布受到沉积韵律控制等特征分析，认为凯里生物群生活环境的水深应该在30－60m，而埋藏和保存环境的水深是150m左右。另外，将凯里生物群中的宏观藻类化石与震旦纪陡山沱期的藻类化石进行了比较，两者在以分枝状藻类占主要组成上是相似的，从这一方面来说，晚震旦世宏观藻类与寒武纪宏观藻类没有大的演变，但寒武纪宏观藻类以出现钙质珊瑚藻类、分枝更加复杂的类型和具有锯齿状叶状体、生殖托构造的藻类为特征。 相似文献
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天津蓟县中元古界高于庄组“球形臼齿状构造”新解——1400 Ma以前球形或似球形实体宏观藻类化石的细胞显微结构 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
天津蓟县剖面高于庄组,组成一个复杂而特别的叠层石—非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列,其中,第三段构成一个特征迥异的非叠层石碳酸盐岩沉积序列。在该非叠层石序列上部的均一石灰岩(隐晶质泥晶灰岩)中普遍发育大小不等的带状臼齿状构造,与臼齿状构造共同产出的是一些数毫米乃至厘米级的球形体或似球形体。这些球形体或似球形体,曾经被解释为球形臼齿状构造,也被解释为灰岩结核、燧石结核或凝灰岩结核。岩石薄片的显微镜观察表明,这些球形体或似球形体的内部,显示出较为明显但又较为原始的多细胞组织,如分生组织和类似于薄壁组织的成熟组织,其中一些成熟细胞还保留着较为明显的细胞显微结构,表明这些球形体或似球形体的内部结构明显不同于臼齿状构造的特殊填充物——等粒状微亮晶方解石。因此,这些球形体或似球形体应该归为丘尔藻或拟丘尔藻之类的宏观藻类化石,而不是球形臼齿状构造。尽管前人在前寒武纪地层之中描述了若干宏观藻类化石,但多以碳质压型的形式保存在泥岩之类的细粒沉积之中。发现于天津蓟县剖面高于庄组灰岩中的实体球形或似球形宏观藻类化石,以其较老的地质年代(大于1400Ma)、较为明显而又原始的多细胞组织和一些成熟细胞的可能细胞显微结构,表明该球形实体化石具明显的多细胞真核生物属性。这些初步研究和发现为探讨真核生物的起源演变、揭示宏观藻类化石的生物学属性提供了罕见的实际材料,因而具有重要的意义。 相似文献
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A well preserved assemblage of compressed, straight, circular to sinuously coiled megascopic and helical carbonaceous fossils and other varied megascopic morphoforms are known from the Early Mesoproterozoic Rohtas Formation, Semri Group within Vindhyan Supergroup exposed in Katni district of central India. These megascopic remains are preserved as impressions, compressions, partially mineralized remains, and/or epi-relief. Some of the forms are typical filamentous empty sheaths and others are trichomes, with cell like entities under various stages of degradation. This study, based on fresh collections and also of the topotype material of the helically coiled megascopic fossils, straight forms and related fossilized remains occurring as epi-relief from Katni indicate that the two morphotaxa are distinct entities and possibly appear to be prokaryotes. Grypania spiralis and Katnia singhii are most likely of cyanobacterial origin. Spirally coiled and circular fossils, with epi-relief, and which probably represents a tissue grade organism, are considered as Spiroichnus beerii Mathur, 1983. Linear sheet-like carbonaceous solitary form has been placed in the morphotaxon Proterotainia and described as P. katniensis n. sp. Certain rare circular, carbonaceous forms are considered as Chuaria sp. A few circular disc-like forms found in the assemblage are treated as dubiofossils. 相似文献
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The carbonate concretions occurring at the bottom of Talchir fissile shale facies preserved signatures of various trace fossils
along with a cast of doubtful organisms and cyanobacterial mat structures. The host shale deposited under glacial melt water
fed lacustrine condition. The concretions, formed in poorly oxygenated conditions, are either of syndepositional origin and/or
deposited a little below the sediment water interface and were later exhumed to the depositional surface due to erosion of
soft mud overlying them.
The trace fossils are both megascopic and microscopic in nature. The megascopic trace fossils are identified on the basis
of their morphology as Monocraterion and Rhizocorallium. Some of the megascopic structures described remain problematic at present. The microscopic trace fossils are formed due
to the activity of marine meiofauna (possibly by nematodes), which, although produced morphologically show similar traces
of known larger ichnogeneras but much smaller than them. The discovery of these trace fossils apparently indicate the influx
of saline water into a lacustrine domain during the Talchir sedimentation at Giridih basin. Moreover, presence of the above
two megascopic trace fossils in the marine lacustrine carbonate concretions may lead researchers to consider their much wider
environmental significance than hitherto believed. 相似文献
15.
论淮南生物群 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
淮南生物群 (Huainan Biota)产于安徽淮南地区新元古代淮南群中 ,由宏观藻类 Chuaria- Tawuia组合和蠕形动物 Pararenicola- Paleolina组合组成 ,可与加拿大西北麦肯齐山新元古代小达尔群 (L ittle Dal Group)小达尔生物群 (L ittle Dal Biota)对比 ,为新元古代大冰期前的一个特有生物群落 ,地质时代为前震旦纪 (本文的震旦纪即目前的南华纪至震旦纪 ) ,时限约为 85 0— 75 0 Ma,从而将前人所定淮南生物群为青白口纪至震旦纪的时代结论修订为前震旦纪。这对我国乃至国际上新元古代地层层序的重新划分与对比 ,以及新元古代早期生命演化研究等都具有重大的理论意义和实际价值。文中还着重论述了淮南生物群的组合特征和特定的生物发展阶段 ,而区别于青白口纪和震旦纪的生物群落 ,并通过洲际对比 ,讨论了淮南生物群的地层学意义 相似文献
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时间尺度的确定，对于估计生物有机体的分子和形态改变的速率，以及建立大进化和生物古地理学模式都有非常必要的，传统的化石记录和新兴的分子钟研究，是可以提供生物谱系起源和分支时间的两种手段，占整个地球生命历史七分之六的前寒武纪，是地球及地球上生命演化的重要时期，对前寒武纪相当繁荣的微生物的起源时间和后生动物各门类的分支演化时间的研究，一直存在着很大的争议，本文在总结化石记录和分子钟研究结果时发现，由分子钟研究得出的早期微生物的起源时间明显晚于化石记录，而在后生动物分支演化时间的估算上却早于化石资料。本文试图从两种方法自身的特点来探讨这种分支演化时间的重大差别。 相似文献
18.
Robert G. Maliva 《Sedimentology》2001,48(4):887-896
Nodular cherts can provide a window on the original sediment composition, diagenetic history and biota of their host rock because of their low susceptibility to further diagenetic alteration. The majority of Phanerozoic cherts formed by the intraformational redistribution of biogenic silica, particularly siliceous sponge spicules, radiolarian tests and diatom frustules. In the absence of a biogenic silica source, Precambrian cherts necessarily had to have had a different origin than Phanerozoic cherts. The Mesoproterozoic Belt Supergroup in Glacier National Park contains a variety of chert types, including silicified oolites and stromatolites, which have similar microtextures and paragenesis to Phanerozoic cherts, despite their different origins. Much of the silicification in the Belt Supergroup occurred after the onset of intergranular compaction, but before the main episode of dolomitization. The Belt Supergroup cherts probably had an opal-CT precursor, in the same manner as many Phanerozoic cherts. Although it is likely that Precambrian seas had higher silica concentrations than at present because of the absence of silica-secreting organisms, no evidence was observed that would suggest that high dissolved silica concentrations in the Belt sea had a significant widespread effect on silicification. The rarity of microfossils in Belt Supergroup cherts indicates that early silicification, if it occurred, was exceptional and restricted to localized environments. The similarity of microtextures in cherts of different ages is evidence that the silicification process is largely controlled by host carbonate composition and dissolved silica concentration during diagenesis, regardless of the source of silica. 相似文献
19.
Breandán Anraoi MacGabhann 《地学前缘(英文版)》2014,5(1):53-62
The term‘Ediacara Biota’(or many variants thereof)is commonly used to refer to certain megascopic fossils of Precambrian and early Palaeozoic age e but what does the term actually mean?What differentiates a non-Ediacaran‘Ediacaran’and an Ediacaran‘Ediacaran’from an Ediacaran non-‘Ediacaran’?Historically,the term has been used in either a geographic,stratigraphic,taphonomic,or biologic sense.More recent research and new discoveries,however,mean that the term cannot actually be defned on any of these bases,or any combination thereof.Indeed,the term is now used and understood in a manner which is internally inconsistent,and unintentionally implies that these fossils are somehow distinct from other fossil assemblages,which is simply not the case.Continued use of the term is a historical relic,which has led in part to incorrect assumptions that the‘Ediacara Biota’can be treated as a single coherent group,has obscured our understanding of the biological change over the PrecambrianeCambrian boundary,and has confused research on the early evolution of the Metazoa.In the future,the term‘Ediacaran’should be restricted to purely stratigraphic usage,regardless of affnity,geography,or taphonomy;suffcient terminology also exists where reference to specimens on a geographic,taphonomic,or biologic basis is required.It is therefore time to abandon the term‘Ediacara Biota’and to instead treat equally all of the fossils of the Ediacaran System. 相似文献
20.
华北燕山地区中新元古代沉积记录及其古气候、古环境特征 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
大量研究表明大约 1．0～0．8GaBP时期，全球形成统一的Rodinia超大陆，当时华北地块处于中低纬度地区，与劳伦及西伯利亚地块相连。燕山地区的中上元古界是以大套碳酸盐建造为主的结晶基底之上的第一盖层沉积。元古代地球大气-海洋系统发生了 O2增多、CO2减少的古全球变化，1．85GaBP开始由还原性转变为氧化性，随着条带状硅铁沉积在全球的终止，出现广泛的红土堆积。甾烷、藿烷及类异戊二烯等生物标志物在前寒武纪沉积中的大量检出，表明早在古元古代地球上就可能已经有真核生物、真菌及光合细菌存在。近年来燕山中元古界长城系、蓟县系发现大量地球早期生物化石，包括真核藻类、多细胞藻类、颗石藻、藻叠层石及后生动物遗迹等，对探讨各种生命形式的起源与演化、恢复古环境与古气候变化过程都具有重要的意义。 相似文献