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1.
季风涡旋对热带气旋生成影响的理想试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用新一代非静力平衡中尺度数值模式WRF_ARW（3.3.1版本）模拟季风涡旋中热带气旋生成的过程,从动力和热力作用两方面分析大尺度季风涡旋对热带气旋生成的影响。结果表明:从动力学角度来看,能提供较大环境场涡度的季风涡旋不利于扰动涡旋快速发展成热带气旋。初始阶段,由于季风涡旋尺度大,垂直涡度径向梯度弱。而垂直涡度径向梯度的强弱可以通过“涡度隔离”效应影响对流单体向涡旋中心的聚集合并过程。随着扰动的组织化,径向入流对涡度的平流作用越来越重要。对流单体相对最大风速半径的位置对热带气旋生成作用明显,当其集中在最大风速半径附近时涡旋容易快速发展。此外,环境场相对涡度与热带气旋的尺度存在显著正相关。初始尺度大的涡旋最终具有较大的外围尺度,其涡度的分布范围也更广。从热力学角度来说,较大的环境场相对湿度有利于热带气旋的生成。虽然较大的环境场湿度能够诱发较强的外围对流,但同时也会使最大风速半径以内存在丰富的对流,后者能够提供充分的内区非绝热加热,降低中心气压,促进涡旋发展。 相似文献
2.
E. Yu. Potalova M. S. Permyakov T. I. Kleshcheva 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2013,38(11):735-740
The mesoscale structure of tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific in 2002–2007 at different stages of evolution (from the genesis to the maximum intensity) is studied using the QuikSCAT satellite data and JRA-25 reanalysis data. It is demonstrated that the genesis of the tropical cyclone was preceded by the formation of the stable disturbance that was observed in the vorticity field on the average 47 hours before the first report. The variability is noted of the mesoscale structure of the cyclone during the process of its formation and evolution: the increase in the intensity of mesovortices, the decrease in their number as a result of the merging, the narrowing of the area occupied by them, and localization of this area near the center at the stage of maximum development. It is shown that the relationship between the mean intensity of mesovortices at the initial disturbance and the tropical cyclone intensity is close to linear and has high correlation coefficients. 相似文献
3.
The dynamics of tropical cyclone is investigated in a nondivergent barotropic model with nobasic flow. The effect of nonlinear term on the movement and development of tropical cyclone isemphatically demonstrated. The advection of asymmetric vorticity by the symmetric flow (AAVS)produces the small-scale gyres (SSGs). The SSGs counterclockwise rotate around the tropicalcyclone center. The interaction of SSGs with the large-scale beta gyres (LSBGs) leads to theoscillation in translation speed and vacillation in translation direction for tropical cyclone. Theadvection of symmetric vorticity by the asymmetric flow (ASVA) steers the symmetric circulationof tropical cyclone. The ventilation flow vector determined by the asymmetric flow is closecorrelated with the motion vector of tropical cyclone. The nonlinear advection of relative vorticityis an order of magnitude greater than the linear advection of planetary vorticity, However, theasymmetric circulation created by the planetary vorticity advection provides a background conditionfor anomalous motions of the tropical cyclone. The combination of the linear and nonlinear effectsresults in accelerated, decelerated, changing direction and/or counterclockwise looping motions ofthe tropical cyclone. 相似文献
4.
The dynamics of tropical cyclone is investigated in a nondivergent barotropic model with no basic flow. The effect of nonlinear term on the movement and development of tropical cyclone is emphatically demonstrated. The advection of asymmetric vorticity by the symmetric flow(AAVS) produces the small-scale gyres(SSGs). The SSGs counterclockwise rotate around the tropical cyclone center. The interaction of SSGs with the large-scale beta gyres(LSBGs) leads to the oscillation in translation speed and vacillation in translation direction for tropical cyclone. The advection of symmetric vorticity by the asymmetric flow(ASVA) steers the symmetric circulation of tropical cyclone. The ventilation flow vector determined by the asymmetric flow is close correlated with the motion vector of tropical cyclone. The nonlinear advection of relative vorticity is an order of magnitude greater than the linear advection of planetary vorticity, However, the asymmetric circulation created by the planetary vorticity advection provides a background condition for anomalous motions of the tropical cyclone. The combination of the linear and nonlinear effects results in accelerated, decelerated, changing direction and/or counterclockwise looping motions of the tropical cyclone. 相似文献
5.
The formation of a tropical cyclone is the result of a process in which an initial disturbance evolves into a warm-core low-pressure system; however, the origin of the initial disturbance and the features of the initial fields are overlooked in most existing theories. In this study, based on FY-2C brightness temperature data and the Japan reanalysis dataset, the origin and evolution of the tropical disturbance that became Typhoon Fung-Wong (2008) were examined. The results demonstrated that the initial disturbance emerged within a saddle-type field with large vertical tropospheric wind shear. The vertical wind shear decreased with the adjustment of the upper circulation; moreover, accompanied by convection over the warm section around the upper cold vortex, it provided favorable thermal and dynamic conditions for the development of a tropical vortex. During its development, the zone of associated positive relative vorticity strengthened and descended from the mid-troposphere to lower levels. This rapid strengthening of lower-level vorticity was due to increasing convergence related to the intensification of the pressure gradient southwest of the subtropical high. This indicated that the upper cold vortex and West Pacific subtropical high played very important roles in this case. 相似文献
6.
In this study, the dependence of tropical cyclone (TC) development on the inner-core structure of the parent vortex is examined using a pair of idealized numerical simulations. It is found that the radial profile of inner-core relative vorticity may have a great impact on its subsequent development. For a system with a larger inner-core relative vorticity/inertial stability, the conversion ratio of the diabatic heating to kinetic energy is greater. Furthermore, the behavior of the convective vorticity eddies is likely modulated by the system-scale circulation. For a parent vortex with a relatively higher inner-core vorticity and larger negative radial vorticity gradient, convective eddy formation and radially inward propagation is promoted through vorticity segregation. This provides a greater potential for these small-scale convective cells to self-organize into a mesoscale inner-core structure in the TC. In turn, convectively induced diabatic heating that is close to the center, along with higher inertial stability, efficiently enhances system-scale secondary circulation. This study provides a solid basis for further research into how the initial structure of a TC influences storm dynamics and thermodynamics. 相似文献
7.
云迹风资料在热带气旋移向预报中的应用 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
利用云迹风并结合实测风,从涡度方程出发,对１９９８年南海和西太平洋的几个热带气候进行诊断计算。结果反映,涡度局地变率ｅ↓ζ／ｅｔ对热带气旋移动有指示意义,它既可批示热带气旋正常路径,在引导气流不明显的情况下,也能对气旋的转折路径有较明显的反映,气旋常朝涡度局地变率最在的方向移动。当热带气旋周围有数个ｅ↓ζ／ｅｔ中心时写和提交 矢量合成法确定了气旋的最大可能移动方向。此外,玷如引导气流一样,热带气旋 相似文献
8.
The purpose of this paper is to explore how a tropical cyclone forms from a pre-existing large-scale depression which has been observed and associated with cross-equatorial surges in the western North Pacific. Tropical cyclone Bilis(2000) was selected as the case to study.The research data used are from the results of the non-hydrostatic mesoscale model(MM5),which has successfully simulated the transformation of a pre-existing weak large-scale tropical depression into a strong tropical storm.The scale separation technique is used to separate the synoptic-scale and sub-synoptic-scale fields from the model output fields. The scale-separated fields show that the pre-existing synoptic-scale tropical depression and the subsynoptic scale tropical cyclone formed later were different scale systems from beginning to end.It is also shown that the pre-existing synoptic-scale tropical depression did not contract to become the tropical cyclone. A series of weak,sub-synoptic-scale low and high pressure systems appeared and disappeared in the synopticscale depression,with one of the low systems near the center of the synoptic-scale depression having deepened to become the tropical cyclone. The roles of the synoptic-scale flow and the sub-synoptic scale disturbances in the formation of the tropical cyclone are investigated by diagnoses of the scale-separated vertical vorticity equation.The results show that the early development of the sub-synoptic scale vortex was fundamentally dependent on the strengthening synoptic-scale environmental depression.The depression was strengthened by cross-equatorial surges,which increased the convergence of the synoptic-scale depression at low levels and triggered the formation of the tropical cyclone. 相似文献
9.
基于中尺度WRF模式,研究了无背景气流环境假设条件下理想热带气旋中低层大气多尺度涡旋运动的发展演变特征。精确的尺度分离是基于傅里叶变换实现的,且原始涡度场被划分为三个尺度范围:系统尺度(大于150 km)、中间尺度(50~150 km)、对流尺度(小于50 km)。研究结果表明:热带气旋的非轴对称本质主要是由于中间尺度和对流尺度上的运动造成的,且中间尺度涡度演变特征与热带气旋增强的阶段性有很好的对应关系,尤其是其快速增强阶段;全尺度涡度收支特征主要表现为两两抵消效应:STR/HAD和TIL/VAD,且前者的净贡献明显强于后者;系统尺度涡度收支特征与全尺度基本一致,但中间尺度涡度收支表现出明显不同特征:积分70 h之前,各收支项均表现出了与系统尺度相反的贡献,之后,各收支项的符号转变与系统尺度相同,但收支项净贡献明显大于系统尺度。总的来说,水平分辨率5 km下模拟的理想热带气旋的快速增强主要与中间尺度上STR/HAD净贡献的快速增长有关。此外,进一步研究了特定时段中间尺度涡度收支项的空间演变,结果表明:在热带气旋增强阶段,各收支项均在涡旋内核的轴对称化中有不可忽视的作用,且TIL在中心负涡度异常衰退、最终变为正涡度过程中起主导作用。 相似文献
10.
Summary It is shown that there exists a mechanism that can cause north-northwest movement of tropical cyclones in addition to already recognised mechanisms such as steering current and beta drift. This mechanism depends on the interaction between organised convection and dynamics. In the initial stages of formation of a cyclone, it is assumed that the hydrodynamic instabilities result in an incipient disturbance that organises some convection giving rise to a heat source. The atmospheric response to a localized heat source located off the equator in the northern hemisphere produces a low level vorticity field with a maximum in the northwest sector of the original heat source. If the Ekman-CISK which depends on the low level vorticity, was the dominating mechanism for moisture convergence, the location of the heat source would move to the new location of vorticity maximum. A repetition of this process would result in a northwest movement of the heat source and hence that of the cyclone. The movement of a tropical vortex under the influence of this mechanism which depends on asymmetries created by linear dispersion of Rossby waves is first illustrated using a linear model. It is then demonstrated that this process also enhances the motion of a tropical vortex in a nonlinear model. Importance of this feedback and the resulting movements of a tropical vortex in determining the actual track of a cyclone and in bogusing an initial vortex for prediction models are illustrated.With 6 Figures 相似文献
11.
热带气旋强度变化研究进展 总被引：78，自引：10，他引：68
自20世纪90年代后期以来,热带气旋强度变化研究越来越受到人们的重视,随着研究的不断深入,热带气旋强度变化研究取得了可喜的进展,文中总结近年来热带气旋强度变化的主要研究成果,主要包括(1)热带气旋的发生、发展和最大可能强度的研究;(2)行星涡度梯度、环境均匀流、环境流场垂直切变以及热带气旋外流与环境流的相互作用对热带气旋强度的影响及物理机制;(3)热带气旋结构与强度的变化关系,着重总结环境流场导致的非对称结构变化而引起的热带气旋强度变化以及对涡旋倾斜发展理论验证,分析了涡旋Rossby波的最新研究;(4)海洋热状况变化以及海洋飞沫对热带气旋强度的影响研究成果。分析指出,今后进一步开展用现代化卫星探测资料研究热带气旋强度变化外,还应加强热带气旋外流与环境流场的相互作用,海-气交界面的参数化问题,热带气旋结构变化与TC强度变化关系以及这种关系的物理本质的研究,通过深入研究,认识热带气旋强度变化的物理机制,提高热带气旋强度变化的预报能力。 相似文献
12.
登陆热带气旋研究的进展 总被引：120，自引：12，他引：120
随着大气探测技术的发展 ,登陆热带气旋研究已经成为热带气旋研究中一个新的领域。新的探测技术能初步揭示出热带气旋登陆过程中发生的多种改变。近年来 ,国内外科学家实施了一系列外场科学试验 (Fieldscientificexperi ments) ,对登陆热带气旋进行探测和研究 ,旨在提高预报的准确率。登陆热带气旋研究内容包括 :海岸和内陆山脉地形影响 ,结构和强度变化 ,登陆热带气旋的暴雨强度和分布 ,大风强度和分布 ,风暴潮强度和范围 ,登陆热带气旋在陆上的维持机制 ,陆地涡旋的路径和入海加强 ,边界层结构 ,陆面过程和能量交换 ,变性过程等。研究采用外场科学试验与数值模拟相结合的方法。模拟或预报模式中使用同化资料尤其是卫星同化资料来构造初值场 ,取得较好结果。登陆热带气旋的研究目前正在展开 ,并取得了一些重要结果。研究表明 ,潜热释放和斜压位能释放是近海或登陆热带气旋加强或维持的两种主要能源。这两种能量可分别从水汽输送和热带气旋与中纬度环流的相互作用中获得。另外 ,陆面饱和湿地或水面的潜热输送、热带气旋与中尺度涡旋或热带云团的合并以及高空流出气流强辐散也对其加强和维持有利。世界气象组织的热带气象研究计划 (TMRP)正在组织对这一领域的总结和下一步的研究计划。这项研究将对预报和 相似文献
13.
湿斜压性与热带气旋强度突变 总被引：23，自引：2，他引：23
应用湿位涡方程和倾斜涡度发展理论 ,研究了热带气旋内部相当位温结构的演变与其强度突变的可能关系 ,并用一套高分辨率的模拟资料对所得结论进行验证。结果表明 ,由于热带气旋眼壁附近等相当位温面陡立 ,湿斜压性变化所激发的倾斜涡度发展是引起该区域垂直涡度突然增大或突然减小的主要原因。当热带气旋中心附近大部分区域的垂直涡度显著增长时 ,热带气旋就会在整体上表现为爆发性或迅速发展。最后还据此对同心双眼结构的出现和消失如何影响热带气旋强度变化进行了探讨。 相似文献
14.
Cloud resolving Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model simulations are used to investigate tropical cyclone(TC)genesis efficiency in an environment with a near bottom vortex(EBV)and an environment with a mid-level vortex(EMV).Sensitivity experiments show that the genesis timing depends greatly on initial vorticity vertical profiles.The larger the initial column integrated absolute vorticity,the greater the genesis efficiency is.Given the same column integrated absolute vorticity,a bottom vortex has higher genesis efficiency than a mid-level vortex.A common feature among these experiments is the formation of a mid-level vorticity maximum prior to TC genesis irrespective where the initial vorticity maximum locates.Both the EMV and EBV scenarios share the following development characteristics:1)a transition from non-organized cumulus-scale(~5 km)convective cells into an organized meso-vortex-scale(~50 to 100 km)system through upscale cascade processes,2)the establishment of a nearly saturated air column prior to a rapid drop of the central minimum pressure,and 3)a multiple convective-stratiform phase transition.A genesis efficiency index(GEI)is formulated that includes the following factors:initial column integrated absolute vorticity,vorticity at top of the boundary layer and vertically integrated relative humidity.The calculated GEI reflects well the simulated genesis efficiency and thus may be used to estimate how fast a tropical disturbance develops into a TC. 相似文献
15.
非绝热加热对热带气旋非对称结构影响的数值试验 总被引：4，自引：4，他引：4
利用含非绝热加热强迫的正压涡度方程。将非绝热加热作适当的参数化处理。对初始对称 热带气旋作了一系列数值试验,结果表明：不仅β项、平流项在热带气旋非对称结构的形成中有重要作用,而且非绝热加热对热带气旋的非对称结构亦有重要影响,从而验证了非绝热加热是热带气旋非对称结构形成的一种可能机制的结论。 相似文献
16.
台风榴莲（2001）生成初期中尺度涡旋合并过程研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
由于热带海洋上观测资料的稀缺和热带气旋系统本身发生、发展的复杂性,热带气旋生成机制研究领域至今仍然存在很多未解之谜。已有的观测和模拟研究证明,中尺度涡旋合并过程对于热带气旋的生成可能有触发作用,但尚未见到南海季风槽内热带气旋生成过程中中尺度涡旋合并现象的实例模拟研究。利用新一代中尺度天气研究与预报模式WRF对南海热带气旋榴莲(2001)生成过程中的中尺度涡旋合并过程进行了高分辨率(4 km)数值模拟,并与观测资料进行对比,利用模式输出结果重点分析两个中尺度涡旋合并过程中的主要动力学和热力学特征,并在此基础上进一步分析了合并过程中系统中心附近涡度方程中各项涡度收支的演变情况,最后通过两个敏感性试验与控制试验结果的对比,初步探讨中尺度涡旋合并过程对于热带气旋榴莲生成的作用。结果表明,南海季风槽中的新生中层中尺度涡旋V2,是榴莲生成过程中的主导涡旋,预先存在的东部低层的中尺度涡旋V1对于台风榴莲的生成则起到了辅助作用,两个不同高度的涡旋合并叠加促使涡度的辐合、辐散项率先在低层引起涡度的快速增长,随后垂直输送项在对流层中层对涡度的增长起主要作用。两个涡旋的最终合并,使热带气旋系统正绝对涡度在垂直方向上从低层到中层得以贯通,进而触发榴莲的生成。 相似文献
17.
2010年4月27日莱州湾大风过程诊断分析 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
利用NCEP资料对2010年4月27日莱州湾大风过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明,气旋的爆发性发展导致气旋冷锋后部的锋生加强引发的变压梯度加大是造成此次莱州湾地区大风过程的直接原因。通过大尺度环境场分析,以及温度平流、涡度平流、高空急流、高层位涡异常的诊断分析,认为强的大气斜压性和其所伴随的冷、暖平流使高空槽发展;高低层涡度平流差异是地面气旋发展初期的主要因子;高空槽前急流轴向极一侧的非地转分量所引起的辐散有助于气旋发展;高层高值位涡下传激发了气旋性环流,造成地面气旋爆发性发展。 相似文献
18.
利用WRF模式,对热带气旋“彩虹”（1522）登陆过程开展了高分辨率数值模拟,模拟验证表明:模式较成功地模拟出了“彩虹”的移动路径、强度变化和降水分布。利用高分辨率模拟资料,分析了“彩虹”登陆期间的大风分布以及热、动力结构特征,结合切向风动量方程开展了模拟诊断,结果表明:切向风动量方程各项在近地面层和边界层顶代表高度上的平面结构诊断分析显示,近地面（0.4 km）层上,VVOR（角动量径向平流项）和VPGF（切向气压梯度项）是切向风变化的最大贡献项;边界层顶（1.3 km）附近,VPGF和VVA（切向动量垂直平流项）对切向风起到正加速作用,而VVOR则根据入流（出流）特征,起到正（负）加速作用。切向风动量方程各项的轴对称平均结构诊断分析显示,“彩虹”登陆前,VVA和VVOR是决定切向风变化的主要贡献项。 相似文献
19.
This paper diagnoses and analyses the developmental mechanism of a process of extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone which occurred over West Pacific Ocean based on a diagnosis method of potential vorticity inversion of frontogenesis.The study diagnoses quantitatively the role and effect of dynamic influence of westerly cold troughs,middle-latitude baroclinic frontal zones,cyclone cycles and unbalanced wind fields during the different stages of the extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone,and also discusses the interaction between them and the developmental mechanism.The results show that there are different developmental mechanisms during each stage of the extratropical transition and the processes are also unbalanced. 相似文献
20.
In this study,the effect of vertical wind shear(VWS)on the intensification of tropical cyclone(TC)is investigated via the numerical simulations.Results indicate that weak shear tends to facilitate the development of TC while strong shear appears to inhibit the intensification of TC.As the VWS is imposed on the TC,the vortex of the cyclone tends to tilt vertically and significantly in the upper troposphere.Consequently,the upward motion is considerably enhanced in the downshear side of the storm center and correspondingly,the low-to mid-level potential temperature decreases under the effect of adiabatic cooling,which leads to the increase of the low-to mid-level static instability and relative humidity and then facilitates the burst of convection.In the case of weak shear,the vertical tilting of the vortex is weak and the increase of ascent,static instability and relative humidity occur in the area close to the TC center.Therefore,active convection happens in the TC center region and facilitates the enhancement of vorticity in the inner core region and then the intensification of TC.In contrast,due to strong VWS,the increase of the ascent,static instability and relative humidity induced by the vertical tilting mainly appear in the outer region of TC in the case with stronger shear,and the convection in the inner-core area of TC is rather weak and convective activity mainly happens in the outer-region of the TC.Therefore,the development of a warm core is inhibited and then the intensification of TC is delayed.Different from previous numerical results obtained by imposing VWS suddenly to a strong TC,the simulation performed in this work shows that,even when the VWS is as strong as 12 m s-1,the tropical storm can still experience rapid intensification and finally develop into a strong tropical cyclone after a relatively long period of adjustment.It is found that the convection plays an important role in the adjusting period.On one hand,the convection leads to the horizontal convergence of the low-level vorticity flux and therefore leads to the enhancement of the low-level vorticity in the inner-core area of the cyclone.On the other hand,the active ascent accompanying the convection tends to transport the low-level vorticity to the middle levels.The enhanced vorticity in the lower to middle troposphere strengths the interaction between the low-and mid-level cyclonical circulation and the upper-level circulation deviated from the storm center under the effect of VWS.As a result,the vertical tilting of the vortex is considerably decreased,and then the cyclone starts to develop rapidly. 相似文献