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1.
长春市城区近地表灰尘粒度特征及其环境意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为剖析长春市城区近地表灰尘粒度特征,分别沿南北和东西轴线采集了34件城市近地表灰尘样品,采用激光粒度仪对样品进行了粒度测试分析。结果表明：长春市近地表灰尘颗粒物平均中值粒径和算术平均粒径分别为21.58 μm和24.24 μm,分选极差;以粗粉粒（10.00～80.00 μm）为主,平均约占71.28%,黏粒组（<5.00 μm）和细粉粒组（5.00～10.00 μm）分别约占14.75%和13.05%。频率曲线呈正偏双峰型分布,峰态中等偏窄,与现代尘暴和城市街道灰尘分布特征相一致,反映出其起源的多元性和相对稳定性,表明近地表灰尘沉积仍是风积作用的继续。近地表灰尘颗粒物粒径均小于100.00 μm,极易在外动力条件下再次扬起并悬浮搬运,PM10和PM2.5所占比例分别为27.76%和7.32%,其生态环境效应不应被忽视。粒径分布无显著空间变化,但城市中心区域粒径变化范围小,这可能说明城市边缘区域较中心区域近地表灰尘的起源更具多源性和复杂性。 相似文献
2.
河床沙波向风成沙丘演变的过程具有特殊的沉积动力机制。笔者等以68份长江武汉段天兴洲洲头低滩沉积物的粒度分布数据为例,利用端元分析方法从每个粒度分布中分离提取4个粒度端元组分(EM1、EM2、EM3和EM4),探讨了河流—风成沙丘不同沉积环境中粒度端元的异同。研究结果表明：EM1和EM3组分在粒度分布中占比与沉积物粒度中值分别呈较好的线性正相关和负相关;河流沉积物主要由EM1、EM2和EM3组成的跳跃方式搬运,对应滚动次总体的EM4组分占比5%~10%,少悬浮搬运;风成沙纹沉积物主要包括两段跳跃次总体,以EM2组分为主、EM1和EM3组分为辅,少EM4组分;沙丘背风面沉积物主要靠颗粒流顺坡滑塌,以EM2组分为主、EM1和EM3组分为辅,含占比约为5%的EM4组分;未被风成沙纹覆盖的沙丘波谷沉积物记录了河流和小型滞水洼地的沉积特征,代表滚动次总体的EM4组分占比7%~15%,悬浮次总体占比可达20%。本文提取的沉积物粒度端元为弱风环境中河道内局部小型河流—风成沙丘的沉积环境和演化过程研究提供了参考。 相似文献
3.
河床沙波向风成沙丘演变的过程具有特殊的沉积动力机制。笔者等以68份长江武汉段天兴洲洲头低滩沉积物的粒度分布数据为例,利用端元分析方法从每个粒度分布中分离提取4个粒度端元组分(EM1、EM2、EM3和EM4),探讨了河流—风成沙丘不同沉积环境中粒度端元的异同。研究结果表明：EM1和EM3组分在粒度分布中占比与沉积物粒度中值分别呈较好的线性正相关和负相关;河流沉积物主要由EM1、EM2和EM3组成的跳跃方式搬运,对应滚动次总体的EM4组分占比5%～10%,少悬浮搬运;风成沙纹沉积物主要包括两段跳跃次总体,以EM2组分为主、EM1和EM3组分为辅,少EM4组分;沙丘背风面沉积物主要靠颗粒流顺坡滑塌,以EM2组分为主、EM1和EM3组分为辅,含占比约为5%的EM4组分;未被风成沙纹覆盖的沙丘波谷沉积物记录了河流和小型滞水洼地的沉积特征,代表滚动次总体的EM4组分占比7%～15%,悬浮次总体占比可达20%。本文提取的沉积物粒度端元为弱风环境中河道内局部小型河流—风成沙丘的沉积环境和演化过程研究提供了参考。 相似文献
4.
内蒙额济纳盆地GN100钻孔的沉积相可划分为河流相、湖泊相、沼泽相及风成砂沉积。对该钻孔不同沉积相代表性 沉积物的粒度分析表明：额济纳盆地沉积物的粒度特征能够有效区分沉积环境和动力过程。河流相沉积物主要粒度组分为 粗砂,以滚动搬运为主,判别值Y为大于1;风成砂主要粒度组分为细砂,Y值范围主要在0附近;沼泽相也以细砂为主且 较风成砂更细,Y值主要为负值且小于风成砂;湖相粒度组分主要为细粉砂,以悬浮搬运为主,但不完全是静水悬浮搬 运,相比于静水沉积相对颗粒偏大,而Y最小,为小于-9。这些结果可以为区域沉积环境的准确解释提供参考。 相似文献
5.
通过对辽宁兴城地区中元古界长城系大红峪组底部的石英砂岩质砾岩的野外调研、砾石颗粒统计分析,在显微镜下分别对砾石的砂岩和填隙物的砂岩进行了岩相学研究、粒度统计分析等研究工作,结果显示砾石粒径大小为5 mm～420 mm,组成砾石的砂岩主要为细粒砂岩和粉砂岩,其中石英碎屑颗粒以跳跃方式搬运为主;填隙物砂岩的石英碎屑颗粒包括悬浮、跳跃、滚动形式搬运的3个次总体,其概率累积曲线研究显示代表性填隙物砂岩的各项参数为:平均粒径Mz=2.3、标准偏差σ1=0.83、偏度Sk1=-0.06、尖度KG=1.025、粒度参数Y=-5.585.因此认为:构成砾石的石英砂岩其沉积环境为滨浅海环境中的前滨与后滨亚相;填隙物的石英砂岩形成于滨岸带,属无障壁海岸相中的海岸沙丘亚相沉积;石英砂岩质砾岩的形成环境为冀鲁古陆边缘与胶辽边缘海交界处.此砾岩层的出现证实本区在大红峪早期发生过一次构造抬升. 相似文献
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将长江三角洲北翼如东县兵房孔(BF10)岩芯自下而上分为5个阶段(A,B,C,D和E段),对岩芯的岩性、沉积物粒度参数、频率分布曲线、概率累计曲线以及分选系数-中值粒径(σi-d(0.5))图和C-M图进行分析,结合已有文献资料和测年数据,研究表明:阶段A以粉砂和砂为主,分选中等以上占96％,概率累计曲线为三段式,以推移和跃移搬运为主,包含递变悬浮和均匀悬浮两个区域,水动力强度中等,属浅海环境;阶段B以砂为主,分选中等以上占96％,分选好的比例有所增加,概率累计曲线为三段式,以推移和跃移搬运为主,包含悬浮和滚动区、递变悬浮区,水动力强度中等,也属浅海环境;阶段C以粉砂和砂为主,分选中等以上比例超过86％,概率累计曲线为四段式,以推移和跃移组分为主,存在悬浮和滚动区、递变悬浮区、均匀悬浮区,该段沉积环境和水动力条件复杂,属于滨海环境;阶段D以砂为主,分选中等以上占95％,概率累计曲线为三段式,以推移和跃移组分为主,包含递变悬浮区和均匀悬浮区,水动力减弱,属受海洋作用控制的海湾环境;阶段E以粉砂为主,分选极好比例超过85％,概率累计曲线为三段式,以推移和跃移搬运为主,属均匀悬浮区,沉积水动力最弱,该段为粒径向上变细的潮坪环境. 相似文献
8.
河流泥沙运动的主要形式有沿床面滚动、跳跃和悬浮。此外在个别条件下可能发生滑动(当床面光滑时)和床面成层移动(当水流强度很大时)。悬浮运动的泥沙称为悬移质;滚动、滑动、跳跃、层移的泥沙称为推移质。推移质运动是由底部水动力和颗粒碰撞所引起,只发生在床面附近的区域(底层)内。1.泥沙起动当水流速度由小增大到一定数值后,床面上原来静止的个别泥沙,或因其粒径较细,或由于其位置突出,再碰上较大的纵向瞬时流速,就开始滚动。此时这种泥沙处于起动状态;而相应的水流时均速度则称为该类泥沙的起动流速。泥沙起动流速关系到开始测验推移质的时机,不冲渠道的设计、河床冲刷的极限深度,以及截流和抢险抛石的尺寸等等,故有重要的实用意义。泥沙起动时所受的作用力有:水流正面推力 P= 相似文献
9.
板块俯冲碰撞拼合带是盆山相互作用最为强烈的地区,发育有弧前、弧间及弧后多种类型的盆地,沉积物的剥蚀搬运作用极为活跃。证据显示,沉积物搬运充填过程在构造—古地理控制型盆地中具有一定的演变规律,伴随盆地演化,沉积物轴向搬运与横向搬运呈此消彼长的互动关系。南海南北两侧均发育了大型板块俯冲拼合带及相关的沉积盆地,在盆地发育早期沉积物沿盆地长轴方向分别形成昆莺琼古河和巽他古河,以轴向搬运的方式分别把越南中部及马来半岛沉积物由西向东输送到南海,形成大型三角洲及前三角洲深水扇沉积,河流发育位置均在板块拼合转折地段。在盆地发育的成熟阶段,沉积物以横向搬运的方式进入盆地,与轴向搬运沉积物形成混合堆积。轴向搬运是洋陆碰撞拼合盆地中一种重要的沉积物搬运途径,主要受盆地形成时的构造古地理控制。 相似文献
10.
板块俯冲碰撞拼合带是盆山相互作用最为强烈的地区,发育有弧前、弧间及弧后多种类型的盆地,沉积物的剥蚀搬运作用极为活跃。证据显示,沉积物搬运充填过程在构造—古地理控制型盆地中具有一定的演变规律,伴随盆地演化,沉积物轴向搬运与横向搬运呈此消彼长的互动关系。南海南北两侧均发育了大型板块俯冲拼合带及相关的沉积盆地,在盆地发育早期沉积物沿盆地长轴方向分别形成昆莺琼古河和巽他古河,以轴向搬运的方式分别把越南中部及马来半岛沉积物由西向东输送到南海,形成大型三角洲及前三角洲深水扇沉积,河流发育位置均在板块拼合转折地段。在盆地发育的成熟阶段,沉积物以横向搬运的方式进入盆地,与轴向搬运沉积物形成混合堆积。轴向搬运是洋陆碰撞拼合盆地中一种重要的沉积物搬运途径,主要受盆地形成时的构造古地理控制。 相似文献
11.
中国黄土的物质来源及其粉尘的产生机制与搬运过程 总被引：34，自引：10，他引：24
长期以来,黄土高原的物质来源被笼统认为来自包括西北三大内陆盆地(准噶尔、塔里木、柴达木)在内的广阔的沙漠、戈壁地区,而且中国黄土被看作“沙漠”黄土的典型代表。但我们最新的研究揭示出,源自准噶尔和柴达木盆地的粉尘主要由低空气流搬运,受下风方向的山脉阻挡,就近堆积成山麓黄土。源自塔里木盆地的粉尘如果被近地面风搬运,则不可能移出盆地,而是堆积在昆仑山北麓,但如果被飙升到高空,则被西风急流携带,移出盆地而降落在北太平洋地区,无论哪种情况,该盆地的粉尘都不可能对黄土高原有重要贡献。因此,西北三大内陆盆地并非黄土高原的重要物源,而蒙古国南部及与之相邻的包括巴旦吉林、腾格里、乌兰布和、库布其、毛乌素等在内的戈壁、沙漠地区才是黄土高原的主要物质来源区,且主要由近地面风(基本在3000m以下)从上述戈壁、沙漠地区搬运而来。中国黄土并不能简单看作“沙漠”黄土,包括冰川研磨作用、山体剥蚀作用、山前冲洪积作用等在内的“高山过程”,才是产生大量粉土级物质的原因,戈壁、沙漠、黄土的带状分布,只不过是近地面风对山前冲、洪积物质的风力分异而已。 相似文献
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对2006年4月17日北京降尘的粒度和磁学性质进行深入分析,提出降尘磁化率相对黄土样品较高是现代降尘磁化率的特点,源区表土磁化率普遍较高是本次降尘磁化率值高的主要原因,污染产生的磁性物质对其也有一定的影响。同时通过对比几次降尘的粒度特征和传输方式提出粒度可以有效地指示源区的变化。结合降尘的粒度、磁化率分析与沙尘暴的监测信息和卫星云图,认为此次降尘粒度为0.8～20.0μm的组分可能是来自内蒙古西部的物质;20～70μm与>70μm的组分可能是来自距离北京较近的河北北部和内蒙古中部发生强烈沙尘暴的地区。 相似文献
13.
阿拉善高原干涸湖床沉积物与华北地区沙尘暴 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13
文章通过内蒙古阿拉善高原古居延泽干涸湖床沉积物、周缘活动沙丘、沙质草原地表土壤及古代弃荒土地的粒度组成分析,论述干涸湖床沉积物对沙尘天气的影响。古居延泽湖床沉积粒度分析结果表明,干涸湖床的地表湖相沉积物粒径小于10μm的颗粒占64%以上,可以在一般风暴条件下在大气中搬运几千公里,这意味着西北地区干涸湖床产生的粉尘在风暴作用下可以横扫整个东亚北部地区。中国西北地区冬、春季多西北风造成沙尘暴或扬沙天气,西部沙漠、沙地或沙质草场遭遇强风时沙尘被席卷进气流,但其中粗砂粒扬起的高度、搬运的距离有限,当风力稍稍减弱,粗颗粒砂粒沉降,而粉尘继续悬浮运移。当强风途径下一个沙区时新的沙尘加入,沙尘暴呈“接力方式”继续向东南部移动。 相似文献
14.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2007,48(10):783-798
This paper deals with the behavior of fine gold particles (0.25–0.1 mm) and gold dust (<0.1 mm) during the formation of alluvial placers in denudation areas in southern West Siberia. Native gold particles with a low settling velocity, <5–10 cm/s, such as dust (<0.1 mm) and fine flat particles, are transported with a river stream beyond denudation areas. This easily migrating gold participates in the formation of lithochemical flows, which are an important indicator of gold mineralization. It occurs in the upper beds of alluvial section. Heavier fine gold particles are partly retained at the site of river activity, and the rest are partly redeposited in cooler parts of placers, being graded according to their settling velocity, as evidenced from the direct relationship between the flatness and size of gold particles. Fine gold particles do not form large accumulations in alluvial autochthonous placers. The main typomorphic features of fine gold particles and gold dust are their abundance in ore sources, compositional similarity to larger gold fractions, and high migration ability. In contrast to morphological features of gold, these ones remain stable during the river drift. 相似文献
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Dust transport and the question of desert loess formation 总被引：24，自引：0，他引：24
Although contemporary dust storms are frequent in arid and semi-arid areas, desert loess deposits are poorly developed. Much of the World's loess occurs in mid-latitude areas which experienced glaciation during the Pleistocene. Ocean core evidence indicates that dust transport from sub-tropical deserts increased during cold stages of the Pleistocene, but loess formed only on certain desert margins, for reasons which have not been fully explained. This paper re-examines the mechanisms of dust transport and deposition, and the circumstances leading to the accumulation of thick loess. Typical loess is composed mainly of medium silt grains which are transported in short-term suspension a few metres above the ground. Significant thicknesses of loess form only when dust is trapped within a limited area, often relatively close to the source. Dust particles finer than 20 μm are transported mainly in long-term suspension over a greater height range and may be widely dispersed. The availability of silt and the frequency, magnitude and direction of dust-transporting winds are important factors governing the potential for loess formation, but the existence of a suitable dust trap is particularly important. Traps may be formed by topographic obstacles, areas of moist ground, or vegetated surfaces. Vegetation adjacent to glacial outwash plains and braided meltwater streams trapped dust in mid-latitudes during the Pleistocene. Dust blown during glacial periods from certain deserts, notably in Sinai, Soviet Central Asia and China, accumulated as loess in neighbouring semi-arid regions. On the margins of other deserts loess formation was inhibited partly by the absence of vegetation traps. During most of the Holocene net dust deposition rates in all desert-marginal areas have been too low for significant loess accumulation. This is mainly due to a reduction in silt availability and a tendency towards landscape stability. Reported dust storm frequencies during the past 50 years over-estimate the longer-term Holocene dust flux due to the effects of human activities. Much modern dust owes its origin to erosion of cultivated soils in semi-arid areas and is finer than typical loess. 相似文献
17.
“Sliding Surface Liquefaction” is a process causing strength loss and consequent rapid motion and long runout of certain landslides.
Using a new ring shear apparatus with a transparent shear-box and digital video camera system, shear-speed-controlled tests
were conducted on mixed grains (mixture of three different sizes of sand and gravel) and mixed beads to study shear behavior
and shear zone development process under the naturally drained condition in which pore pressure is allowed to dissipate through
the opened upper drainage valve during shearing. Higher excess pore water pressure and lower minimum apparent friction were
observed in the tests where grain crushing was more extensive under higher normal stress and higher shear speed. Along with
the diffusion of silty water generated by grain crushing, smaller particles were transported upward and downward from the
shear zone. Concentration of larger grains to the central and upper part of the shear zone was confirmed by means of visual
observation together with grain size analysis of sliced samples from several layers after the test. On the other hand, smaller
particles were accumulated mostly below the layer where larger grains were accumulated. The reason why larger grains were
accumulated into the shear zone may be interpreted as follows: grains under shearing are also subjected to vertical movement,
the penetration resistance of larger grains into a layer of moving particles is smaller than that into the static layer. Therefore,
larger grains tend to move into the layer of moving grains. At the same time, smaller particles can drop into the pores of
underlying larger grains downward due to gravity. 相似文献
18.
The entrainment, transport and deposition of æolian dust are important processes affecting soil development at the margins of deserts. To assess accurately the impact of deposited æolian dust on soil development, it is important not only to measure total dust deposition rates, but to distinguish additions of remotely and regionally sourced dust from locally derived material as well (which should not be viewed as new soil material as it is derived from æolian re‐mobilization of an existing soil). Because of the well‐established relationship between dust particle‐size and distance travelled from source, the particle‐size distribution of deposited dusts can be used to identify the distance to probable source regions, in addition to identifying matching topsoil particle populations. Three dust traps were located along a transect of semi‐arid south‐eastern Australia, to measure æolian dust deposition rates between late 2000 and late 2001. The particle‐size distributions of selected dust deposits were measured and, with the aid of meteorological data, probable dust source regions determined. Particle‐size distributions of the topsoils at each dust trap location were also measured to determine if any dust and soil particle populations matched. Although the sampling period was relatively short, and there was relatively little dust storm activity in this part of Australia during this time, a clear pattern of diminishing total dust deposition was measured downwind along the south‐east dust path. Dust deposition rates were also moderate to low by global standards. Source regions of deposited dust were interpreted as being: (i) a combination of south‐western and local sources; (ii) a combination of north‐western and local sources; and (iii) a mixed source where dust was rained‐out. The relative importance of these sources was correlated strongly with seasonal weather conditions, although the proportion of local dust in each deposit was greater at the arid (western) end of the transect. The effects of deposited dust on soil profile development are greatest at the western and central transect locations. At the western location, a fine‐grained particle population distinctive of the south‐western and north‐western regional dusts and a coarse silt‐sized particle population characteristic of local dusts, are also present in the topsoil, altering the texture of this Arenosol derived from dune sand. At the central location, where a Calcisol has formed in lacustrine lunette sediment, local dust of the same size as the dominant silt population of the topsoil continues to be deposited, while minor topsoil populations of very fine‐grained silt match regional and long‐distance dusts deposited at the site. Deposited dust appears to have been a less important soil development factor at the more humid eastern site because of the much smaller rates of dust deposition there. Nevertheless, a minor population of very fine silt particles in the Vertisol topsoil matches long‐distance dusts deposited at the site, suggesting a small input of dust to this alluvial soil. The particle‐size methodology used here has applications in other studies of dust contributions to peri‐desert soils. In particular, particle‐size distribution ‘smoothness’ may provide an indication of whether soils have simple or complex origins. 相似文献
19.
城市灰尘粒径组成及环境效应—以西安市为例 总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19
以西安市为例，不同粒径城市灰尘质量分数分别为：大于20目基本为零；20－30目占13．54％；30－50目占23．00％；50－80目占14．04％；80－100目占10．40％；100－120目占5．52％；120－140目占3．02％；140－160目占7．90％；160－180目占1．74％；180－200目占7．52％；小于200目占11．98％。灰尘粒径基本都小于1mm，很容易在外力作用下扬起、沉降、扬起、沉降往复交替循环，形成大气颗粒污染物，对人体和环境造成严重危害。 相似文献