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本文采用多时间尺度方法分析热带大气的大尺度运动,得到了三个阶段的运动性质。结果表明,热带大尺度大气运动与中纬度大尺度大气运动一样,具有双适应现象,即第一阶段由于重力波频散,产生了地转适应;第二阶段由于长波频散,产生了位涡适应。 同时指出,运动的三个阶段的演变过程,可以统一为位势涡度适应过程,这是一种非线性过程,而地转适应是位涡适应的初级阶段。 相似文献
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论热带纬圈半地转运动的建立 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
文中在赤道β平面上 ,在滤掉低频 Rossby波的情况下 ,研究了纬圈半地转运动的建立。指出 ,只有当运动的纬圈尺度很大时 ,非地转风分量才能随着重力惯性波的频散而消失 ,从而建立起纬圈半地转平衡。应用位势涡度不变式 ,给出了纬圈半地转适应后物理场的解。同时指出 ,Kelvin波 (对赤道对称情况 )和混合波的 Rossby波波段 (对赤道反对称情况 )将不参与适应运动 ,它们属于发展运动中的角色。 相似文献
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利用斜压两层模式研究了赤道平面近似下的低纬热带大气适应过程。指出低纬斜压大气适应过程主要受重力惯性内波控制。通过重力惯性内波对初始非地转能量的频散，使纬向运动达到地转平衡，而经向维持非地转运动，正压模式下称为半地转平衡，斜压模式下称为半热成风平衡。通过对垂直运动方程的求解，可知，垂直运动只与重力惯性内波相联系，其产生与初始斜压位涡度无关，而只与初始时刻的垂直运动和垂直运动倾向有关，半地转适应使运动趋向水平运动。讨论了半热成风平衡的建立及其物理机制，指出由于重力惯性内波激发出垂直运动，与垂直运动相联系的水平辐合辐散调整流场和温度场之间的关系，使温压场最终达到半热成风平衡。通过对适应过程终态的分析，指出平均温度场和切变流场之间的适应方向决定于初始非半地转扰动的尺度与斜压Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ变形半径有关的特征尺度的比值，当比值大于１时，切变流场向平均温度场适应；当比值小于１时，平均温度场向切变流场适应 相似文献
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环流调整机制的动力学剖析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文从基本方程出发,求得并讨论了层结参数方程和位势涡度方程。从位势涡度方程可以看出:①绝热无摩擦大气运动中的位涡守恒仅在正压条件下或者在地转平衡条件下才能成立;②在无摩擦大气运动中,绝热假定同热流量垂直方向按A_0(x、y、t)ρ~(R/C_ρ)分布在正压或满足地转平衡条件下是等效的;③位涡从不守恒到重新守恒的过程,即动力激发数M→0的过程是斜压地转偏差产生和热流量输送改变的过程。这种过程我们称之为动力激发适应过程。 通过对上述过程的讨论,我们进一步探讨了环流调整(包括斜压地转偏差的产生和适应)的机制和条件。由于斜压地转偏差的产生同适应过程一样是快过程,因此环流调整是一个快过程。当R=U/fL和中够小时,容易发生环流调整。 最后我们还讨论了大气运动的动态平衡的破坏和建立。指出:斜压地转偏差的产生是在位涡不守恒情况下产生的,而地转偏差的适应却是在位涡守恒的情况下进行的;环流调整时间是同天文潮汐力场转折性变化和热流量分布的转折性变化时间是同步的。 相似文献
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本文用小参数展开方法,探讨了热带大气中的特征运动及其基本属性.理论分析表明: 热带地区的超长波系统有中纬度长波的类似性质.其快过程是地转适应过程,有重力惯性波的活动;而慢过程在零级近似下是地转风,流场具有水平无辐散性质,在一级近似下是类似Rossby波的慢波,运动满足位涡度守恒的条件. 热带大气中的中间尺度运动,时间尺度远大于平流时间时为旋转风,是一种定常涡旋;时间尺度近于平流时间时,运动是水平无辐散的,且保持相对涡度守恒;若时间尺度远小于平流时间,则表现为重力波的活动. 热带大气中水平尺度近于10~6米 相似文献
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1998年长江流域二度梅建立过程中西太平洋副热带高压异常调整的机制分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
基于NCEP2再分析资料,利用全型线性位势诊断方程详细分析了1998年7月长江流域二度梅建立过程中西太平洋副热带高压（副高）异常调整的物理机制。研究表明,1998年二度梅的重新建立是由于副高南撤增强所致,期间以副高南、北两侧位势高度的“此长彼消”为显著特征。这一调整过程可以分为副高的减弱南撤和增强维持两个阶段,而且是由高、低纬天气系统共同影响的结果。地转涡度项和摩擦力散度项在这其中起到重要贡献,尤以前者贡献最大。在不考虑边界条件作用下,地转涡度项对位势高度的贡献量级为101 gpm,而摩擦力散度项则为100 gpm,后者的影响仅局限于对流层低层。对于北侧位势高度而言,受中高纬度Rossby波调整所产生的低压槽影响,地转涡度项使其持续减弱,而南侧位势高度由于赤道反气旋加强北上,地转涡度项使其由减弱转为增强。摩擦力散度项则通过正反馈作用,分别使得上述的减弱趋势和增强趋势更明显。 相似文献
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本文是用摄动法求取正压原始方程一类非线性大尺度慢波解的二级近似的第一部分,通过求解二级问题中的涡度方程和散度方程,给出了速度势和非地转位势的二级修正的解析表达式,并计算了准地转性参数ε=0.3时散度和非地转涡度的分布. 相似文献
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利用NCEP/NCAR 的GFS再分析资料,结合中国气象局气象信息中心提供的全国自动站观测降水量资料、CMORPH卫星反演降水资料、FY2反演降水资料和雷达定量估测降水产品融合的降水资料,对造成2016年7月19~21日北京—天津—河北（以下简称京津冀）地区的极端降水天气系统动热力结构演变以及不稳定条件进行了诊断分析,揭示了京津冀地区上空不同气压层上天气尺度系统的配置,水汽条件,降水发生的垂直运动条件及不稳定层结演变情况。结果表明:（1）500 hPa呈现东高西低的环流形势,与700 hPa低涡和高低空急流相配合,副高北抬阻挡华北地区低涡的东移,导致低涡在京津冀地区停滞是此次降水发生的环流背景;（2）低层的低涡东移发展与中高层正涡度叠加对暴雨发生有重要作用;（3）引用位势散度分析对流不稳定度变化的原因表明,降水区后部的京津冀西南地区,低层的位势不稳定主要由位势散度的水平风垂直切变部分决定,代表水平风垂直切变和大气湿斜压的共同作用,弱降水区以及降水区后方的低层位势散度为负值,有利于该区域位势不稳定加强,强降水区及降水区前方位势散度为正值,抑制了位势不稳定发展。位势散度变化可以通过影响大气稳定度变化进而影响降水落区,位势散度的高值区对应了降水大值区,尤其是700 hPa位势散度对降水落区有很好的指示作用,可以结合位势散度的变化对降水落区进行预估。 相似文献
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CHAO Jiping 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2001,15(1):40-48
Some dynamic constrains in the process of the tropical baroclinic geostrophic adjustment are discussed.The dispersion equation of three-dimensional inertia-gravitational wave and the equation of temporal conservation of potential vorticity are given,without considering the gradient of planetary potential vorticity.It indicates that the motions will be horizontal,meaning that Taylor-Proudman theorem is still right for tropics.At the same time,the semi-geostrophic balance is easier to appear in the tropical belt.Therefore the motions are generally horizontal and non-divergent,but still are stratified after the geostrophic balance establishes. 相似文献
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巢纪平 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2001,(1)
Some dynamic constrains in the process of the tropical baroclinic geostrophic adjustment arediscussed.The dispersion equation of three-dimensional inertia-gravitational wave and the equation oftemporal conservation of potential vorticity are given,without considering the gradient of planetarypotential vorticity.It indicates that the motions will be horizontal,meaning that Taylor-Proudmantheorem is still right for tropics.At the same time,the semi-geostrophic balance is easier to appear inthe tropical belt.Therefore the motions are generally horizontal and non-divergent,but still arestratified after the geostrophic balance establishes. 相似文献
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西北太平洋爆发性气旋的诊断分析 总被引：14，自引：8，他引：14
本文对一年中26个西北太平洋爆发性气旋形成的大尺度条件做了统计研究。结果表明:海洋上空大气层结的不稳定、高空急流出口区北侧的动力辐散,冬季副高位置偏北时其西侧的强暖平流以及中低层的强斜压区等都是气旋急剧发展的有利因素。 另外,本文利用完全的ω-方程和Sawyer-Eliassen次级环流方程对1983年1月6—9日发生在西北太平洋上的一次爆发性气旋做了诊断分析,得到:(1)大尺度加热是使气旋强烈发展的主要物理因子;积云对流加热也是重要的物理因子。(2)温度平流是使前两者起作用的先决因子,它对气旋的初期发展起了某种启动作用。 相似文献
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EFFECTS OF OROGRAPHY AND HORIZONTAL DIFFUSION ON THE GENERATION OF THE ASYMMETRIC MOTION IN THE BAROTROPIC FILTERED MODEL ATMOSPHERE 
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下载免费PDF全文 By utilizing the barotropic vorticity equation including effects of orography and horizontal diffusion,the linearized equations describing symmetric and antisymmetric motions and their analytic solutions are pre-sented.It can be found from the solutions that no matter what kind of motion may be,each solution consistsof three waves,namely,Rossby wave related to initial values,marching wave propagating at Rossby wavevelocity and stationary wave.The latter two are closely related to orography and horizontal diffusion.However,if the motion is symmetric at the initial instant,then the antisymmetric components of orographyand of horizontal diffusion are likely to lead to the generation of antisymmetric motion.In the steady state,the symmetric flow is connected with symmetric orography and horizontal diffusion and the antisymmetricflow with antisymmetric orography and horizontal diffusion.Further,in order to verify the above analysis,three numerical experiments have been made.The results show that antisymmetric orography can produceantisymmetric motion.Finally,the atmospheric interactions between Northern and Southern Hemispheresare discussed. 相似文献
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YUAN Zhuojian QI Jindian GAO Shouting FENG Yerong XU Pengcheng and WU Naigeng 《大气科学进展》2014,31(2):449-456
It is well known that the quasi-geostrophic （QG） omega equation with only two contributors respectively associated with vorticity advection （VA） and temperature advection is derived for midlatitude synoptic-scale systems only.Based on reliable reanalysis data,new evidence revealed by cyclonic and anticyclonic cases indicates that forecasters might sometimes experience problems by paying too much attention to the 500-hPa VA when estimating vertical motions not only in subtropical systems but also in systems meeting all the assumptions of the QG omega equation.Our investigations also showed that explicitly considering the vertical profiles of horizontal divergence could allow for better interpretation of vertical motions and weather in these real cases,suggesting that this equation might not be sufficient due to the presence of only two horizontaldivergence-related （HDR） mechanisms and the absence of other HDR mechanisms,e.g.,frictional force,mountain barriers,diabatic/adiabatic processes,and acceleration/deceleration of air flows. 相似文献
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Summary Generalized hydrostatic and geostrophic equations can be derived from the equations in the terrain-following framework. The generalized hydrostatic equation permits some non-hydrostatic motions (as obtained from a Cartesian framework) to remain when a non-zero slope exists. Correspondingly, the generalized geostrophic wind permits a horizontal divergent component (in addition to divergence caused by the change of Coriolis parameter with latitude) to occur when the slope angle is not zero.With 1 Figure 相似文献
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Philip D. Thompson 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1988,38(1-2):89-94
Summary In this note we find special solutions of the nonlinear shallow-water equations. From the first integrals of the potential vorticity and energy equations for steady flow we derive a single equation in the streamfunction. In the limiting case of very small Froude number, that equation has no solutions corresponding to gravity waves. Under a nonlinear transformation of dependent variable, it becomes a linear equation whose solutions are related to Haurwitz's solutions for nondivergent barotropic flow in spherical surfaces. The distinguishing feature of these solutions is that the streamlines coincide with contours of the free surface: thus, although the height of the free surface varies, the motions of the fluid are horizontal, and the flow is nondivergent.The solutions are easily modified to correspond to Rossby waves propagating eastward or westward without change of shape.The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.This paper is dedicated to the memory of my scientific mentor and old friend, Bernhard Haurwitz. 相似文献
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We discuss the nonlinear transfers possible in a quasigeostrophic fluid with a basic stratification taken from oceanic data. The energy and enstrophy conservation laws imply a cascade of energy to larger total scale (including both the horizontal scale, defined as wavelength/2π, and the deformation radius of the vertical mode). The triplet interactions among components with various horizontal scales and vertical structures, represented by the vertical mode numbers, are considered in detail for exchanges involving the barotropic and first three baroclinic modes. The initial transfer rates from one component into the other two are estimated and the most rapid transfers described as a function of the initial scale and mode number. These results suggest that barotropic motions will cascade to larger-scale barotropic motions, first baroclinic small-scale motions will transfer to first baroclinic larger scales, and first baroclinic large-scale motions will cascade to barotropic and first baroclinic motions at the deformation scale. Second and third mode motions prefer to transfer energy into small-scale (second or third mode deformation radius) first and third baroclinic mode motions.We also show the relationship of these triplet interactions to Rossby wave instabilities and resonant triads. For the latter motions, the weakness of the nonlinearity adds additional constraints which impty that the motions will tend to become zonal. 相似文献
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基于螺旋度的中尺度平衡方程及非平衡流诊断方法 总被引：7，自引：5，他引：7
在回顾大尺度准地转平衡理论、各种平衡方程、平衡模式及非平衡流诊断工具的基础上,对平衡方程、非平衡方程给出了具体的定义.并在此基础上,进一步考虑中尺度强对流天气系统的特征,指出中尺度也有平衡运动的存在.但是由于中尺度对流系统中强烈的辐散风效应以及不可忽略的垂直运动的作用,以散度方程为基础的各种近似平衡方程不足以描述中尺度强对流天气系统的平衡运动,进而提出了从能够同时考虑旋转、辐散及垂直运动作用的螺旋度方程出发,寻找中尺度的平衡方程.在所得的平衡方程基础上,给出了相应的平衡模式和非平衡方程.并进一步将非平衡方程分解,用来诊断非平衡过程的平衡破坏和平衡恢复两个阶段,同时将它们与水平螺旋度和垂直螺旋度联系起来. 相似文献