共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 395 毫秒
1.
非晶碳酸钙(amorphous calcium carbonate,ACC)是碳酸钙矿物体系中极不稳定的矿物相。但由海鞘类动物的研究表明,ACC可作为碳酸钙晶体矿物的前驱体在生物体内稳定存在,并且这些生物成因的ACC常常是由膜包裹着的。文中选用生物膜的主要成分卵磷脂(PC)为主要矿化调节剂,通过调控与碳酸钙矿化过程密切相关的无机离子Mg2+的浓度,模拟生物膜表面碳酸钙矿化作用过程。在空气/水界面处的膜脂调控下合成出可在溶液中稳定存在数天的非晶碳酸钙。该结果有力地证明了在生物矿化过程中,除了受生物体中可溶性有机大分子调控外,生物膜可能对ACC的形成和稳定也有显著的调控作用。 相似文献
2.
硅藻细胞壁硅化过程中有机质-矿物的相互作用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
生物成因二氧化硅,更为确切地说是无定形水合二氧化硅,是第二大类生物成因矿物,在丰度和分布上仅次于生物
成因碳酸盐矿物。硅藻是海洋生物成因二氧化硅的主要贡献者,其复杂和多级结构的硅质细胞壁已经引起多学科研究的兴趣。
生物化学研究表明,硅藻生物成因的二氧化硅是一种复合材料,除了无机的非晶质二氧化硅以外,还含有生物矿化过程中
普遍存在的有机组分,例如多糖、蛋白质和长链聚胺等。对这些组分的功能研究显示,它们在诱导二氧化硅沉淀以及形成
物种特异性纳米图案方面起着至关重要的作用。本文简要介绍硅藻和硅藻细胞壁组成和结构,同时着重介绍了硅化过程中
的有机和生物分子的生物功能、提取于生物二氧化硅中矿化相关的有机分子参与的体外（in vitro）实验以及模型有机添加
剂存在下的仿生矿化等研究的最新进展。对硅藻调控的生物成因二氧化硅形成机制的深入了解,将可能从机理上把全球硅
循环和碳循环联系起来;而对硅藻体内成分的鉴定和分类将有助于我们深入理解石油的物质来源和硅藻的进化历程。 相似文献
3.
作为生物矿物一种十分重要的类型,生物成因硫化物矿物形成于多种海水和淡水环境中.它们是自然界硫和金属元素循环中的关键一环,并有可能在地球早期生命起源中扮演了重要的角色.现代环境中形成的生物成因硫化物矿物与多种生命过程有着十分密切的联系,微生物和大型生物均可直接或间接地影响生物成因硫化物矿物的形成.重点从生物成因硫化物矿物类型、参与生物矿化的有机体、生物成因硫化物矿物形成机制以及硫化物矿物与生命起源的关系等几个方面综述了生物成因硫化物矿物研究的最新进展. 相似文献
4.
生物矿化作用是指生物在生命活动中形成无机矿物的过程,它与传统地质意义上的矿化作用明显不同的是生物体内的有机质对矿物的晶型和晶向有严格的控制作用[1].碳酸钙是自然界分布最广泛的一类生物矿物.在生物体系中,碳酸钙常见的多型体有:方解石,文石,球文石,非晶质碳酸钙,水合碳酸钙等. 相似文献
5.
白云石是沉积岩中广泛存在的碳酸盐矿物,其成因机制一直备受关注.野外调研发现现生白云石多分布于高盐环境,模拟实验也表明嗜盐微生物能诱导形成白云石,但微生物诱导白云石沉淀的机理仍不明确.分别用嗜盐古菌Natrinema sp.J7-1对数后期的活细胞、失去代谢活性的J7-1完整细胞（经线粒体氧化磷酸化解偶联剂处理）、表面蛋白质变性的J7-1细胞（经多聚甲醛和戊二醛处理）和表面富含羧基的微球,在盐度为280‰的沉淀体系中诱导白云石沉淀.分别利用X射线衍射（XRD）分析矿物的物相,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分析矿物、微生物以及羧基微球的形貌,傅立叶红外光谱（FT-IR）分析细胞变性前后表面的官能团.结果表明,失去代谢活性的J7-1细胞与正常的对数后期细胞均能够诱导原白云石形成;经过多聚甲醛/戊二醛固定后,细胞表面羧基含量降低,不能诱导白云石沉淀;羧基微球能够诱导形成原白云石.以上研究证实细胞表面的羧基可能是微生物促进白云石沉淀的一种关键因素,而细胞的生长代谢在本研究的条件下不是控制白云石沉淀的主要因素. 相似文献
6.
《吉林大学学报(地球科学版)》2015,(Z1)
<正>珠母贝珍珠层生物矿化作用区别于一般无机矿物矿化的显著特征是,通过生物表界面处生物大分子(蛋白质、核酸、多糖等)基因的表达与诱导,从分子水平调控生物矿物前驱体(ACC)纳米球粒的析出与相变,从而使生物矿物具有特殊的生物矿化生长结构单元和高度有序的多级微观自组装生长结构和自组装方式。迄今,就发生在企鹅贝(Pteria penguin)珍珠层生物表界面处生物大分子的调控和生物矿物前驱体的相变规律,生物矿物多级微观自组装生长行为等生物矿化问题有待深化。 相似文献
7.
目前关于天然水菱镁矿的形成认识主要有蒸发沉积成因和生物成因两类。前人在室内成功制备出水菱镁矿矿物,证实了该矿物的无机成因理论,但是实验结晶条件明显高于西藏班戈错的寒冷气候条件和水化学条件,并且班戈错湖水通过自然蒸发结晶也难以形成水菱镁矿矿物,而这一认识与周边阶地上正在形成水菱镁矿的现象相矛盾。因此,自然蒸发沉积可能不是现阶段班戈错水菱镁矿的主要形成过程,而已有研究表明,藻类具备诱导形成碳酸盐矿物的能力,本文利用西藏班戈错Ⅲ湖湖水及其藻类开展室内模拟实验,并与无藻类的湖水自然结晶结果相对照,探讨藻类生命活动与班戈错水菱镁矿的成因联系。研究发现,藻类不仅能够适应高盐度盐水环境（矿化度117.3 g/L）,并且在其光合作用过程中还能显著提高周围水体pH值（最高可达10.564）,诱导并促进球碳镁石在藻类网状节点处结晶沉淀,该矿物进一步脱水即能够形成水菱镁矿矿物;而人为提高班戈错Ⅲ湖湖水Mg2+浓度也仅能结晶形成三水菱镁矿矿物,无球碳镁石或水菱镁矿结晶析出。因此,西藏班戈错水菱镁矿的形成过程与藻类生物成矿作用密切相关,但是有关球碳镁石向水菱镁矿转变的具体条件以及藻类成矿作用的具体分子机制仍不清楚,有待于进一步研究。 相似文献
8.
目前关于天然水菱镁矿的形成认识主要有蒸发沉积成因和生物成因两类。前人在室内成功制备出水菱镁矿矿物,证实了该矿物的无机成因理论,但是实验结晶条件明显高于西藏班戈错的寒冷气候条件和水化学条件,并且班戈错湖水通过自然蒸发结晶也难以形成水菱镁矿矿物,而这一认识与周边阶地上正在形成水菱镁矿的现象相矛盾。因此,自然蒸发沉积可能不是现阶段班戈错水菱镁矿的主要形成过程,而已有研究表明,藻类具备诱导形成碳酸盐矿物的能力,本文利用西藏班戈错Ⅲ湖湖水及其藻类开展室内模拟实验,并与无藻类的湖水自然结晶结果相对照,探讨藻类生命活动与班戈错水菱镁矿的成因联系。研究发现,藻类不仅能够适应高盐度盐水环境（矿化度117.3 g/L）,并且在其光合作用过程中还能显著提高周围水体pH值（最高可达10.564）,诱导并促进球碳镁石在藻类网状节点处结晶沉淀,该矿物进一步脱水即能够形成水菱镁矿矿物;而人为提高班戈错Ⅲ湖湖水Mg2+浓度也仅能结晶形成三水菱镁矿矿物,无球碳镁石或水菱镁矿结晶析出。因此,西藏班戈错水菱镁矿的形成过程与藻类生物成矿作用密切相关,但是有关球碳镁石向水菱镁矿转变的具体条件以及藻类成矿作用的具体分子机制仍不清楚,有待于进一步研究。 相似文献
9.
自生泥晶,也称作原地微晶碳酸钙或原地灰泥以区分他生泥晶或异地泥晶,指的是通过无机和/或有机媒介过程作用在原地形成的泥晶碳酸钙。在前人的基础上,对自生泥晶概念的提出和发展进行了概括;对自生泥晶的矿物组成、显微结构、荧光和阴极发光特征进行了总结;对自生泥晶的形成过程和来源（包括生物矿化作用、有机矿化作用和无机沉淀三种方式）进行了探讨;对自生泥晶在不同沉积环境碳酸盐岩中的贡献及其地球化学指示进行了论述;对自生泥晶在地质历史时期的分布做了归纳;最后对自生泥晶的后续研究提出了一些展望。认为正确认识自生泥晶的性质,其形成过程和来源对碳酸盐岩的结构成因分类、地质历史时期生物礁丘的演化和地球化学指示、建筑工程和环境修复、探寻地外生命和油气地质等方面都将产生深远的影响。 相似文献
10.
淡水湖泊碳酸钙自生沉淀生物成因新证据和成因解释吴丰昌，万国江（中国科学院地球化学研究所，贵阳５５０００２）关键词淡水湖泊碳酸钙、生物成因、自生沉淀淡水湖泊中引起方解石过饱和及碳酸钙沉淀的可能因素有两个：（１）生物因素，由植物和浮游生物的光合作用形成二... 相似文献
11.
Harish Veeramani Daniel S. Alessi Juan S. Lezama-Pacheco Jonathan O. Sharp Urs Dippon John R. Bargar 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(9):2512-6510
Reductive immobilization of uranium by the stimulation of dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) has been investigated as a remediation strategy for subsurface U(VI) contamination. In those environments, DMRB may utilize a variety of electron acceptors, such as ferric iron which can lead to the formation of reactive biogenic Fe(II) phases. These biogenic phases could potentially mediate abiotic U(VI) reduction. In this work, the DMRB Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32 was used to synthesize two biogenic Fe(II)-bearing minerals: magnetite (a mixed Fe(II)-Fe(III) oxide) and vivianite (an Fe(II)-phosphate). Analysis of abiotic redox interactions between these biogenic minerals and U(VI) showed that both biogenic minerals reduced U(VI) completely. XAS analysis indicates significant differences in speciation of the reduced uranium after reaction with the two biogenic Fe(II)-bearing minerals. While biogenic magnetite favored the formation of structurally ordered, crystalline UO2, biogenic vivianite led to the formation of a monomeric U(IV) species lacking U-U associations in the corresponding EXAFS spectrum. To investigate the role of phosphate in the formation of monomeric U(IV) such as sorbed U(IV) species complexed by mineral surfaces, versus a U(IV) mineral, uranium was reduced by biogenic magnetite that was pre-sorbed with phosphate. XAS analysis of this sample also revealed the formation of monomeric U(IV) species suggesting that the presence of phosphate hinders formation of UO2. This work shows that U(VI) reduction products formed during in situ biostimulation can be influenced by the mineralogical and geochemical composition of the surrounding environment, as well as by the interfacial solute-solid chemistry of the solid-phase reductant. 相似文献
12.
不同地质储库中的镁同位素组成及碳酸盐矿物形成过程中的镁同位素分馏控制因素 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
镁同位素在低温地球化学过程中显著的分馏效应,是其示踪地球表生环境演化及物质循环的基础。本文在前人研究的基础上,对地球上不同地质储库中的镁同位素组成及碳酸盐矿物形成过程中的镁同位素分馏控制因素进行了总结:火成岩的镁同位素组成较均一;风化产物总体富集重的镁同位素,且变化较大;碳酸盐岩中灰岩相对白云岩富集轻的镁同位素,但总体上富集轻的镁同位素;岩石类型、风化强度以及植被等因素对河流地表水的镁同位素组成影响较大,导致地表水的镁同位素组成总体变化较大;海水的镁同位素组成均一,平均值约为-0.83‰;低温条件下,控制碳酸盐矿物无机成因过程中镁同位素分馏的因素有矿物相、沉淀速率和温度,其中矿物相是主要控制因素;生物成因碳酸盐矿物镁同位素组成与生物体对含镁碳酸盐矿物的利用形式有关,除了需考虑与无机碳酸盐沉淀类似的控制因素外,还需考虑不同物种对轻、重镁同位素的选择性吸收能力;因生物成因海相碳酸盐矿物几乎都是由最初的无定形相碳酸盐转变而来,故生物成因海相碳酸盐矿物的镁同位素特征不能代表生成无定形相碳酸盐的流体的镁同位素特征。镁同位素在低温条件下具有良好的分馏效应,随着分析测试技术的发展及不同地质储库中镁同位素组成数据的积累和完善,有关表生环境中镁同位素分馏机制的许多问题将逐步得到解决,镁同位素在揭示地球表生环境演化及物质循环方面将发挥更大的作用。 相似文献
13.
CaCO3生物矿化的研究进展——有机质的控制作用 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
生物CaCO3是自然界分布最广泛的一类生物矿物,其组成除了无机相的CaCO3外,还含有少量的有机质,包括水可溶(SM)和水不可溶有机质(IM),SM富含阴离子基团,是控制CaCO3结晶的重要因素之一。通过有机—无机界面分子识别,有机质选择性地与CaCO3晶体特定方向的面网相互作用,从而对CaCO3的生长、形貌、多型及结晶学定向等产生明显的控制作用。有机—无机界面的分子识别机制包括静电、晶格几何匹配和立体化学互补等。仿生矿化的研究为进一步深入了解生物矿化的机理及制造高级复合材料提供了新的方法。 相似文献
14.
Iron isotope fractionation between aqueous Fe(II) and biogenic magnetite and Fe carbonates produced during reduction of hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) by Shewanella putrefaciens, Shewanella algae, and Geobacter sulfurreducens in laboratory experiments is a function of Fe(III) reduction rates and pathways by which biogenic minerals are formed. High Fe(III) reduction rates produced 56Fe/54Fe ratios for Fe(II)aq that are 2-3‰ lower than the HFO substrate, reflecting a kinetic isotope fractionation that was associated with rapid sorption of Fe(II) to HFO. In long-term experiments at low Fe(III) reduction rates, the Fe(II)aq-magnetite fractionation is −1.3‰, and this is interpreted to be the equilibrium fractionation factor at 22°C in the biologic reduction systems studied here. In experiments where Fe carbonate was the major ferrous product of HFO reduction, the estimated equilibrium Fe(II)aq-Fe carbonate fractionations were ca. 0.0‰ for siderite (FeCO3) and ca. +0.9‰ for Ca-substituted siderite (Ca0.15Fe0.85CO3) at 22°C. Formation of precursor phases such as amorphous nonmagnetic, noncarbonate Fe(II) solids are important in the pathways to formation of biogenic magnetite or siderite, particularly at high Fe(III) reduction rates, and these solids may have 56Fe/54Fe ratios that are up to 1‰ lower than Fe(II)aq. Under low Fe(III) reduction rates, where equilibrium is likely to be attained, it appears that both sorbed Fe(II) and amorphous Fe(II)(s) components have isotopic compositions that are similar to those of Fe(II)aq.The relative order of δ56Fe values for these biogenic minerals and aqueous Fe(II) is: magnetite > siderite ≈ Fe(II)aq > Ca-bearing Fe carbonate, and this is similar to that observed for minerals from natural samples such as Banded Iron Formations (BIFs). Where magnetite from BIFs has δ56Fe >0‰, the calculated δ56Fe value for aqueous Fe(II) suggests a source from midocean ridge (MOR) hydrothermal fluids. In contrast, magnetite from BIFs that has δ56Fe ≤0‰ apparently requires formation from aqueous Fe(II) that had very low δ56Fe values. Based on this experimental study, formation of low-δ56Fe Fe(II)aq in nonsulfidic systems seems most likely to have been produced by dissimilatory reduction of ferric oxides by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria. 相似文献
15.
Claudia Hohmann Georges Ona-Nguema Gordon E. Brown Jr. Andreas Kappler 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2011,75(17):4699-4712
Sorption of contaminants such as arsenic (As) to natural Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides is very common and has been demonstrated to occur during abiotic and biotic Fe(II) oxidation. The molecular mechanism of adsorption- and co-precipitation of As has been studied extensively for synthetic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals but is less documented for biogenic ones. In the present study, we used Fe and As K-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES), extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, XRD, and TEM in order to investigate the interactions of As(V) and As(III) with biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals formed by the nitrate-reducing Fe(II)-oxidizing bacterium Acidovorax sp. strain BoFeN1. The present results show the As immobilization potential of strain BoFeN1 as well as the influence of As(III) and As(V) on biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide formation. In the absence of As, and at low As loading (As:Fe ≤ 0.008 mol/mol), goethite (Gt) formed exclusively. In contrast, at higher As/Fe ratios (As:Fe = 0.020-0.067), a ferrihydrite (Fh) phase also formed, and its relative amount systematically increased with increasing As:Fe ratio, this effect being stronger for As(V) than for As(III). Therefore, we conclude that the presence of As influences the type of biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide minerals formed during microbial Fe(II) oxidation. Arsenic-K-edge EXAFS analysis of biogenic As-Fe-mineral co-precipitates indicates that both As(V) and As(III) form inner-sphere surface complexes at the surface of the biogenic Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides. Differences observed between As-surface complexes in BoFeN1-produced Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxide samples and in abiotic model compounds suggest that associated organic exopolymers in our biogenic samples may compete with As oxoanions for sorption on Fe(III) (oxyhydr)oxides surfaces. In addition HRTEM-EDXS analysis suggests that As(V) preferentially binds to poorly crystalline phases, such as ferrihydrite, while As(III) did not show any preferential association regarding Fh or Gt. 相似文献
16.
Authigenic clays in close textural relation to carbonate fluorapatite within finely laminated phosphate stromatolites of Upper Jurassic age have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and analytical electron microscopy (AEM). Stromatolite laminae consist of hexagonal prisms of francolite (sizes ranging between 0·1 and 1 μm) that are surrounded by poorly crystalline smectite and amorphous Fe–Si–Al oxyhydroxides. Microanalyses show that smectite is Fe rich, with highly variable composition, particularly regarding Fe and Si contents. Smectite has significant beidellitic, montmorillonitic and non-tronitic substitutions. Although the lack of fringe contrast in some areas adjacent to the smectite packets with 1·0–1·3 nm spacing is due to differences in orientation of layers, textural and analytical data clearly indicate the presence of Fe–Si–Al amorphous phases intimately intergrown with smectite. The occurrence of poorly crystalline smectite and associated amorphous phases within microbially precipitated stromatolite laminae, both as envelopes around, and as pore-fillings between extremely small calcium phosphate crystals, demonstrates authigenic smectite growth from a precursor Fe–Si–Al amorphous material. This material is formed in close association with a phosphate-rich precursor. The textural and structural relations, the preservation of chemical precursors of glauconite such as nontronitic montmorillonite, and the presence of Fe–Si–Al amorphous mineral phases, imply crystallization of the observed crystalline phases from synsedimentary (bacterially precipitated) amorphous precursors during early diagenesis in postoxic environments. Carbonate fluorapatite was the first phase to crystallize from the primary gel; smectite and associated amorphous Fe–Si–Al oxyhydroxides were the residual material of the crystallization process. The slow rate of transformation (at low temperatures) from Fe–Si–Al-rich gels to smectite, explains the textural relations between the poorly crystalline phases and the phosphate crystals, as well as the preservation of amorphous substances in relation to clays. Authigenic smectite represents the first step in glauconitization. 相似文献
17.
Sedimentary biogenic silica from Redeyef in Gafsa basin (southern Tunisia) was analysed for its 29Si and 27Al magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) spectra and complemented by X-ray diffraction and SEM observations. The 29Si MAS NMR spectrum is characterized by the abundance of hydroxylated silicon, displayed in resonance intensities and reflects a clear tendency towards dissolution of diatomaceous amorphous silica and the occurrence of the hydrated silica, which is the main component that ensures the diagenetic transition via the mechanism of dissolution–precipitation to other more crystalline silica phases, after the lost of its hydroxyls groups (water) by heating (burial). 27Al MAS NMR reveals two coordinations of Al; the octahedrally coordinated Al suggests the presence of clay relics trapped during crystal growth or a microcrystalline zeolite (clinoptilolite detected by SEM observations), while the tetrahedrally coordinated Al suggests the presence of minor quantities of minerals with tetrahedral Al, such as an Al-rich fluid and/or minerals such as feldspars. 相似文献
18.
Mihaela Grigore Richard Sakurovs David French Veena Sahajwalla 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2008,76(4):301-308
Degradation of coke in the blast furnace is influenced by its inherent mineral matter, the formation of which is itself dependent upon the nature of the coal mineral matter. To date few studies have been made of coke mineralogy and its relationship to the mineralogy of the parent coal. In this study the effect of carbonisation on coal mineral matter has been investigated by a detailed quantitative mineralogical examination of nine cokes and their parent coals. The quantitative analysis was performed on X-ray diffraction patterns of the mineral matter of cokes and coals, using SIROQUANT™. Coke mineralogy and its composition varied strongly between cokes, more strongly than variations in elemental composition of the ash. The mineral matter in the studied cokes consisted of crystalline mineral phases and also significant levels of amorphous phase (ranging between 44 and 75%). Decomposition of clays such as kaolinite, montmorillonite, illite and chamosite produced the amorphous phase and some of the crystalline mineral phases such as mullite, γ-alumina, spinel, cristobalite and leucite. The type of association of mineral matter in coals had an important role in how the clays decomposed. For example, association of kaolinite with silica-bearing minerals in intimate intermixture favoured formation of mullite over γ-alumina. Akermanite and diopside result from reaction of kaolinite with associated calcium bearing minerals (calcite, dolomite or ankerite). Quartz, fluorapatite and the three polymorphs of TiO2 (anatase, brookite and rutile) were the coal minerals that were least affected during carbonisation, as they were also found in the cokes, yet even they were affected in some cases. 相似文献
19.
D.E. Jacob A.L. Soldati J. Huth W. Hofmeister 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2008,72(22):5401-5415
Freshwater and marine cultured pearls form via identical processes to the shells of bivalves and can therefore serve as models for the biomineralization of bivalve shells in general. Their nanostructure consists of membrane-coated granules (vesicles) which contain amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) at the beginning of the biomineralization sequence, preceding the crystallization of aragonite and vaterite. In contrast to the commonly accepted view, crystallization of ACC occurs rapidly and within the granular nano-compartments mediated by organic molecules much earlier than platelet formation. The interlamellar organic sheets in nacre that form the platelet structure of nacre themselves form by self-organization after the crystallization process of CaCO3 is completed and, thus, cannot serve as a nucleation template for aragonite. Pores in the organic sheets are postulated to be a result of this process rather than to represent the pathways for CaCO3 through pre-existing interlamellar sheets. The amorphous phase has the highest concentrations of Mg (5.8 mol%), Mn (6.6 mol%), S (4.7 mol%) and P (1 mol%) of the three CaCO3-polymorphs. Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios are found to decrease in the order ACC > vaterite > aragonite, corresponding to decreasing organic content in the different phases. This, as well as an observed enrichment of Mg in the organic-rich growth-banding of the pearls, suggests an at least partially organic speciation of Mg and Mn in bivalves and may be responsible for the observed physiological influence on Mg/Ca and Mn/Ca ratios in bivalves as a proxy for environmental parameters. 相似文献