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海地是一个长期经济相对落后的国家,严重的贫困状况导致了社会应对灾害的脆弱性,政府一方面无法提供大量的资金建设防震、抗震房屋,另一方面也未曾有效制订建筑标准,也无强制执行的建筑法规,导致房屋建设缺乏规划,建筑物普遍不设防、抗震性能差,震后损失重。2010和2021年海地分别发生7.3级地震,均造成大量人员伤亡。本文从地震造成的人员伤亡、海地政府应急响应及救灾效果、国际救援组织援助情况3个方面对两次地震的应急响应和救援能力进行对比分析。结果发现两次地震灾害均有国际救援力量参与,2010年的地震救援是一种无政府状态,以国际力量救援为主,海地政府为辅的救援活动;而2021年政府的应急响应速度有显著提升,在救灾中发挥了绝对主导作用。对国际救援案例和国际救援力量的分析和研究可为我国国际救援队伍派出、对外援助提供有效决策建议。 相似文献
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中国国际救援队指挥员代表团 《国际地震动态》2003,(3):24-28
2002年11月17日至12月5日中国国际救援队指挥员代表团赴欧洲参加了短期紧急救援指挥员培训，文章介绍了国际紧急技术中心的基本情况、培训内容和几点体会。 相似文献
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尼泊尔地震灾害及应急救援 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
介绍了2015年4月25日尼泊尔发生的MS8.1地震灾害、受灾国政府应急响应、国际应急响应以及我国西藏受灾区应急救援的情况。总结了尼泊尔地震灾害和应急救援的经验与教训。 相似文献
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日本发生强烈地震和海啸灾害后,中国政府第一时间作出反应,迅速集结了一支15人组成的国际救援队,3月13日赶赴日本参与救援行动。凭借专业的技术、过硬的作风和平等、博爱的人道主义精神,中国国际救援队赢得了日本官方及社会各界的高度评价和赞扬。3月30日, 相似文献
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中国地震学会地震社会学专业委员会 《国际地震动态》2007,(12):41-41
按照年度计划,本专业委员会的学术活动是"民防与防灾减灾",因与国际减灾大会的时间冲突,改为要求委员们参加国际减灾大会,特别是专题九"应急与救援技术和装备的发展趋势"(New Trends in Technology and Equipment of Emergency and Rescue). 相似文献
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Paula K. Dunbar Kelly J. Stroker Vanita R. Brocko Jesse D. Varner Susan J. McLean Lisa A. Taylor Barry W. Eakins Kelly S. Carignan Robin R. Warnken 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2008,165(11-12):2275-2291
In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the United States began a careful review and strengthening of its programs aimed at reducing the consequences of tsunamis. Several reports and calls to action were drafted, including the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (Public Law 109–424) signed into law by the President in December 2006. NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and co-located World Data Center for Geophysics and Marine Geology (WDC-GMG) maintain a national and international tsunami data archive that fulfills part of the P.L. 109-424. The NGDC/WDC-GMG long-term tsunami data archive has expanded from the original global historical event databases and damage photo collection, to include tsunami deposits, coastal water-level data, DART? buoy data, and high-resolution coastal DEMs. These data are used to validate models, provide guidance to warning centers, develop tsunami hazard assessments, and educate the public about the risks from tsunamis. In this paper we discuss current steps and future actions to be taken by NGDC/WDC-GMG to support tsunami hazard mitigation research, to ultimately help save lives and improve the resiliency of coastal communities. 相似文献
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The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused an estimated 230,000 casualties, the worst tsunami disaster in history. A similar-sized
tsunami in the Pacific Ocean, generated by the 1960 Chilean earthquake, commenced international collaborations on tsunami
warning systems, and in the tsunami research community through the Tsunami Commission of International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics. The IUGG Tsunami Commission, established in 1960, has been holding the biannual International Tsunami Symposium
(ITS). This volume contains selected papers mostly presented at the 22nd ITS, held in the summer of 2005. This introduction
briefly summarizes the progress of tsunami and earthquake research as well as international cooperation on tsunami warning
systems and the impact of the 2004 tsunami. Brief summaries of each paper are also presented. 相似文献
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— The July 17, 1998 tsunami killed over 2,100 people, injured at least 800 severely enough to require hospitalization, permanently displaced over 10,000 and disrupted the social and economic framework of the coastal communities of eastern Saundaun Province, Papua New Guinea. Initial response to the disaster was delayed 16 hours because of the failure to communicate the magnitude of the impact outside the affected area. Once the scope of the disaster was known, international assistance was rapid and substantial. Medical teams, supplies, air transport and mobile field hospitals were provided to assist national medical personnel and facilities. Seven care centers were established for the displaced survivors. Nineteen countries and 17 NGOs (Non-Governmental Organizations) donated money, relief and rebuilding supplies valued at over 6 million US$ in addition to substantial contributions from national recovery funds and the Catholic Diocese. The three Malol villages, two Arop, four Sissano and the Warupu village were permanently abandoned and new villages established inland. Closure of the lagoon and restriction of coastal fishing impacted adjacent villages as well as tsunami survivors. By the second anniversary of the tsunami construction of schools, water and sanitation systems and some roads had been completed. Survivors were provided tools and building supplies to construct new homes, canoes and fishing equipment. Relief and recovery efforts were complicated by coordination difficulties among the many responding agencies and organizations, the disruption of daily routines for both survivors and villages hosting the care centers, and the intrusion of outside aid workers in a region that had been isolated before the disaster. Adaptation to the new village sites has been difficult due to their inland locations that are hotter, more insect-infested and have water and sanitation difficulties. The high number of casualties from the tsunami was the result of several factors: Population concentrated in the area of maximum tsunami impact. Date and time of occurrence. Siting of villages on vulnerable sand spits. Failure of residents to self-evacuate after feeling the earthquake. Substantial delay in mobilizing response. However, further losses were likely reduced because of the rapid deployment of air transport and medical teams, and massive international relief support. The tsunami has affected long-term tsunami mitigation in the Sissano region through the relocation of villages, heightened awareness and education programs. It has also had a significant effect on mitigation in other countries by illuminating the potential dangers of landslide-generated tsunamis and in media coverage of tsunami hazards. 相似文献
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Tsunamis are high-impact disasters that can cause death and destruction locally within a few minutes of their occurrence and
across oceans hours, even up to a day, afterward. Efforts to establish tsunami warning systems to protect life and property
began in the Pacific after the 1946 Aleutian Islands tsunami caused casualties in Hawaii. Seismic and sea level data were
used by a central control center to evaluate tsunamigenic potential and then issue alerts and warnings. The ensuing events
of 1952, 1957, and 1960 tested the new system, which continued to expand and evolve from a United States system to an international
system in 1965. The Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ITSU) steadily improved through the decades as more stations became
available in real and near-real time through better communications technology and greater bandwidth. New analysis techniques,
coupled with more data of higher quality, resulted in better detection, greater solution accuracy, and more reliable warnings,
but limitations still exist in constraining the source and in accurately predicting propagation of the wave from source to
shore. Tsunami event data collected over the last two decades through international tsunami science surveys have led to more
realistic models for source generation and inundation, and within the warning centers, real-time tsunami wave forecasting
will become a reality in the near future. The tsunami warning system is an international cooperative effort amongst countries
supported by global and national monitoring networks and dedicated tsunami warning centers; the research community has contributed
to the system by advancing and improving its analysis tools. Lessons learned from the earliest tsunamis provided the backbone
for the present system, but despite 45 years of experience, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami reminded us that tsunamis strike
and kill everywhere, not just in the Pacific. Today, a global intergovernmental tsunami warning system is coordinated under
the United Nations. This paper reviews historical tsunamis, their warning activities, and their sea level records to highlight
lessons learned with the focus on how these insights have helped to drive further development of tsunami warning systems and
their tsunami warning centers. While the international systems do well for teletsunamis, faster detection, more accurate evaluations,
and widespread timely alerts are still the goals, and challenges still remain to achieving early warning against the more
frequent and destructive local tsunamis. 相似文献
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一直以来,海啸波特征作为表征海啸潜在破坏性的参数指标得到了广泛应用,特别是针对近场极端海啸事件造成的灾害来说,这种表征具有较好的适用性.然而总结分析历史海啸事件造成的损失发现：在远场近岸及港湾系统中,海啸诱导的强流却是造成损失的主要原因.陆架或港湾振荡导致海啸波幅快速升降诱发强流,可能促使港工设施受到威胁及损害,进而对海啸预警服务及海事应急管理提出了新的挑战.因此,全面理解与评估海啸在港湾中诱发的灾害特征,探索港湾中海啸流的数值模拟方法,发展针对港湾尺度的海啸预警服务指导产品尤为迫切.受限于海啸流验证数据的缺乏及准确模拟海啸流技术方法的诸多不确定性,大部分海啸数值模拟研究工作主要是针对水位特征的研究及验证,可能导致对港湾中海啸灾害危险性认识的曲解与低估.本研究基于非线性浅水方程,针对夏威夷群岛三个典型港湾建立了精细化海啸数值模型（空间分辨率达到10 m）,并联合有限断层破裂模型计算分析了日本东北地震海啸在三个港湾及其邻近区域的海啸特征,波、流计算结果与实测结果吻合较好,精细化的海啸港湾模型模拟结果可信.模拟发现港湾中较小的波幅,同样可以产生强流.综合分析日本东北地震海啸波、流特征对输入条件不确定性的响应结果发现：港湾中海啸波-流能量的空间分布特征差异较大,这与港湾系统中海啸波的驻波特性相关;相比海啸波幅空间特征,海啸流特征具有更强的空间敏感性;海啸流时空分布特征对输入条件的不确定性响应比海啸波幅对这些不确定性的响应更强,海啸流的模拟与预报更有挑战性;不确定性对海啸流计算精度的影响会进一步传导放大港湾海啸流危险性的评估及对港工设施产生的应力作用的误差,合理的输入条件对海啸流的精确模拟至关重要.最后,希望通过本文的研究可以从海啸波-流特征角度更加全面认识近岸海啸灾害特征,拓展海啸预警服务的广度与深度,从而为灾害应急管理部门提供更加科学合理的辅助决策产品. 相似文献
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In this study we analyze water level data from coastal tide gauges and deep-ocean tsunameters to explore the far-field characteristics of two major trans-Pacific tsunamis, the 2010 Chile and the 2011 Japan (Tohoku-oki) events. We focused our attention on data recorded in California (14 stations) and New Zealand (31 stations) as well as on tsunameters situated along the tsunami path and proximal to the study sites. Our analysis considers statistical analyses of the time series to determine arrival times of the tsunami as well as the timing of the largest waves and the highest absolute sea levels. Fourier and wavelet analysis were used to describe the spectral content of the tsunami signal. These characteristics were then compared between the two events to highlight similarities and differences between the signals as a function of the receiving environment and the tsunami source. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of far-field tsunami characteristics in the Pacific Ocean, which has not experienced a major tsunami in nearly 50 years. As such, it systematically describes the tsunami response characteristics of modern maritime infrastructure in New Zealand and California and will be of value for future tsunami hazard assessments in both countries. 相似文献
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Hajime Naruse Shigehiro Fujino Apichart Suphawajruksakul Thanawat Jarupongsakul 《Island Arc》2010,19(3):399-411
Multiple‐layered tsunami deposits have been frequently reported from coastal stratigraphic sequences, but the formation processes of these layers remain uncertain. A terrestrial sandy deposit formed by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami was investigated at Ban Nam Kem, southern Thailand. Four internal layers induced by two tsunami waves were identified in the tsunami deposit. Sedimentary structures indicated that two units were formed by run‐up currents caused by the tsunami and the other two units were deposited by the backwash flows. Graded bedding was common in the layers, but inverse grading was observed at limited intervals on the surveyed transects. The characteristics of the multiple‐layered tsunami deposit vary remarkably over a very short distance (<1 m) in response to the local topography. Remarkable asymmetries in thickness and grain‐size distribution are recognized between the run‐up and backwash flow deposits. On the basis of the interpretation of sedimentary structures, the formation process of the multiple‐layered tsunami deposit observed in this study can be explained in a schematic model as the modification of the ideal tsunami sequence by local erosion and the asymmetric hydraulic properties of tsunami waves, such as the maximum shear velocity and the heterogeneity of the flow velocity field. 相似文献
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The response/transfer function of a coastal site to a remote open-ocean point is introduced, with the intent to directly convert open-ocean measurements into the wave time history at the site. We show that the tsunami wave at the site can be predicted as the wave is measured in the open ocean as far as 1,000+ km away from the site, with a straightforward computation which can be performed almost instantaneously. The suggested formalism is demonstrated for the purpose of tsunami forecasting in Poverty Bay, in the Gisborne region of New Zealand. Directional sensitivity of the site response due to different conditions for the excitation of the shelf and the bay’s normal modes is investigated and used to explain tsunami observations. The suggested response function formalism is validated with available records of the 2010 Chilean tsunami at Gisborne tide gauge and at the nearby deep-ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis (DART) station 54401. The suggested technique is also demonstrated by hindcasting the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and 2012 Haida Gwaii tsunami at Monterey Bay, CA, using an offshore record of each tsunami at DART station 46411. 相似文献
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The response/transfer function of a coastal site to a remote open-ocean point is introduced, with the intent to directly convert open-ocean measurements into the wave time history at the site. We show that the tsunami wave at the site can be predicted as the wave is measured in the open ocean as far as 1,000+ km away from the site, with a straightforward computation which can be performed almost instantaneously. The suggested formalism is demonstrated for the purpose of tsunami forecasting in Poverty Bay, in the Gisborne region of New Zealand. Directional sensitivity of the site response due to different conditions for the excitation of the shelf and the bay’s normal modes is investigated and used to explain tsunami observations. The suggested response function formalism is validated with available records of the 2010 Chilean tsunami at Gisborne tide gauge and at the nearby deep-ocean assessment and reporting of tsunamis (DART) station 54401. The suggested technique is also demonstrated by hindcasting the 2011 Tohoku tsunami and 2012 Haida Gwaii tsunami at Monterey Bay, CA, using an offshore record of each tsunami at DART station 46411.
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