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1.
The paper reports results of the analysis of the spatial distribution of modern (younger than 2 Ma) volcanism in the Earth’s
northern hemisphere and relations between this volcanism and the evolution of the North Pangaea modern supercontinent and
with the spatial distribution of hotspots of the Earth’s mantle. Products of modern volcanism occur in the Earth’s northern
hemisphere in Eurasia, North America, Greenland, in the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic, Africa, and the Pacific Ocean. As anywhere
worldwide, volcanism in the northern hemisphere of the Earth occurs as (a) volcanism of mid-oceanic ridges (MOR), (b) subduction-related
volcanism in island arcs and active continental margins (IA and ACM), (c) volcanism in continental collision (CC) zones, and
(d) within-plate (WP) volcanism, which is related to mantle hotspots, continental rifts, and intercontinental belts. These
types of volcanic areas are fairly often neighboring, and then mixed volcanic areas occur with the persistent participation
of WP volcanism. Correspondingly, modern volcanism in the Earth’s northern hemisphere is of both oceanic and continental nature.
The latter is obviously related to the evolution of the North Pangaea modern supercontinent, because it results from the Meso-Cenozoic
evolution of Wegener’s Late Paleozoic Pangaea. North Pangaea in the Cenozoic comprises Eurasia, North and South America, India,
and Africa and has, similar to other supercontinents, large sizes and a predominantly continental crust. The geodynamic setting
and modern volcanism of North Pangaea are controlled by two differently acting processes: the subduction of lithospheric slabs
from the Pacific Ocean, India, and the Arabia, a process leading to the consolidation of North Pangaea, and the spreading
of oceanic plates on the side of the Atlantic Ocean, a process that “wedges” the supercontinent, modifies its morphology (compared
to that of Wegener’s Pangaea), and results in the intervention of the Atlantic geodynamic regime into the Arctic. The long-lasting
(for >200 Ma) preservation of tectonic stability and the supercontinental status of North Pangaea are controlled by subduction
processes along its boundaries according to the predominant global compression environment. The long-lasting and stable subduction
of lithospheric slabs beneath Eurasia and North America not only facilitated active IA + ACM volcanism but also resulted in
the accumulation of cold lithospheric material in the deep mantle of the region. The latter replaced the hot mantle and forced
this material toward the margins of the supercontinent; this material then ascended in the form of mantle plumes (which served
as sources of WP basite magmas), which are diverging branches of global mantle convection, and ascending flows of subordinate
convective systems at the convergent boundaries of plates. Subduction processes (compressional environments) likely suppressed
the activity of mantle plumes, which acted in the northern polar region of the Earth (including the Siberian trap magmatism)
starting at the latest Triassic until nowadays and periodically ascended to the Earth’s surface and gave rise to WP volcanism.
Starting at the breakup time of Wegener’s Pangaea, which began with the opening of the central Atlantic and systematically
propagated toward the Arctic, marine basins were formed in the place of the Arctic Ocean. However, the development of the
oceanic crust (Eurasian basin) took place in the latter as late as the Cenozoic. Before the appearance of the Gakkel Ridge
and, perhaps, also the oceanic portion of the Amerasian basin, this young ocean is thought to have been a typical basin developing
in the central part of supercontinents. Wegener’s Pangaea broke up under the effect of mantle plumes that developed during
their systematic propagation to the north and south of the Central Atlantic toward the North Pole. These mantle plumes were
formed in relation with the development of global and local mantle convection systems, when hot deep mantle material was forced
upward by cold subducted slabs, which descended down to the core-mantle boundary. The plume (WP) magmatism of Eurasia and
North America was associated with surface collision- or subduction-related magmatism and, in the Atlantic and Arctic, also
with surface spreading-related magmatism (tholeiite basalts). 相似文献
2.
The spatial distribution of recent (under 2 Ma) volcanism has been studied in relation to mantle hotspots and the evolution of the present-day supercontinent which we named Northern Pangea. Recent volcanism is observed in Eurasia, North and South America, Africa, Greenland, the Arctic, and the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. Several types of volcanism are distinguished: mid-ocean ridge (MOR) volcanism; subduction volcanism of island arcs and active continental margins (IA + ACM); continental collision (CC) volcanism; intraplate (IP) volcanism related to mantle hotspots, continental rifts, and transcontinental belts. Continental volcanism is obviously related to the evolution of Northern Pangea, which comprises Eurasia, North and South America, India, Australia, and Africa. The supercontinent is large, with predominant continental crust. The geodynamic setting and recent volcanism of Northern Pangea are determined by two opposite processes. On one hand, subduction from the Pacific Ocean, India, the Arabian Peninsula, and Africa consolidates the supercontinent. On the other hand, the spreading of oceanic plates from the Atlantic splits Northern Pangea, changes its shape as compared with Wegener’s Pangea, and causes the Atlantic geodynamics to spread to the Arctic. The long-lasting steady subduction beneath Eurasia and North America favored intense IA + ACM volcanism. Also, it caused cold lithosphere to accumulate in the deep mantle in northern Northern Pangea and replace the hot deep mantle, which was pressed to the supercontinental margins. Later on, this mantle rose as plumes (IP mafic magma sources), which were the ascending currents of global mantle convection and minor convection systems at convergent plate boundaries. Wegener’s Pangea broke up because of the African superplume, which occupied consecutively the Central Atlantic, the South Atlantic, and the Indian Ocean and expanded toward the Arctic. Intraplate plume magmatism in Eurasia and North America was accompanied by surface collisional or subduction magmatism. In the Atlantic, Arctic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans, deep-level plume magmatism (high-alkali mafic rocks) was accompanied by surface spreading magmatism (tholeiitic basalts). 相似文献
3.
The supercontinental status of the contemporary aggregation of continents called North Pangea is substantiated. This supercontinent
comprises all continents with the probable exception of Antarctica. In addition to the spatial contiguity of continents, the
supercontinent is characterized by the prevalence of the continental crust that combines North America and Eurasia, Eurasia
and Africa, and Eurasia and Australia. Over the course of the 300–250-Ma evolution from Wegener’s Pangea to contemporary North
Pangea, the aggregation of continents has not lost its supercontinental status, despite modification of the supercontinent
shape and opening and closure of the newly formed Paleotethys, Tethys, Atlantic, and Indian oceans. Over the last 250–300
Ma, all movements of the lithospheric plates have most likely occurred within the Indo-Atlantic segment of the Earth, whereas
the Pacific segment has remained oceanic. In short, the formation of the North Pangea supercontinent can be outlined in the
following terms. The long and deep subduction of the lithospheric plates beneath Eurasia and North America gave rise to the
stabilization of the continents and accumulation of huge bodies of the cold lithosphere commensurable in volume with the upper
mantle at the deeper mantle levels. This brought about compensation ascent of hot mantle (mantle plumes) near the convergent
plate boundaries and far from them. A special geodynamic setting develops beneath the supercontinent. Due to encircling subduction
of the lithospheric plates and related squeezing of the hot mantle, an ascending flow, or plume (superplume) formed beneath
the central part of the supercontinent. In our view, the African superplume broke up Wegener’s Pangea in the Atlantic region,
caused the opening of the Atlantic and Indian oceans, and migrated to the Arctic Region 53 Ma ago. 相似文献
4.
V. V. Yarmolyuk V. P. Kovach V. I. Kovalenko E. B. Salnikova A. M. Kozlovskii A. B. Kotov S. Z. Yakovleva A. M. Fedoseenko 《Petrology》2011,19(1):55-78
Data on the composition, inner structure, and age of volcanic and siliceous-terrigenous complexes and granitoids occurring
in association with them in the Caledonian Lake zone in Central Asia are discussed in the context of major relations and trends
in the growth of the Caledonian continental crust in the Central Asian Foldbelt (CAFB). The folded structures of the Lake
zone host basalt, basalt-andesite, and andesite complexes of volcanic rocks that were formed in distinct geodynamic environments.
The volcanic rocks of the basalt complex are noted for high concentrations of TiO2 and alkalis, occur in association with fine-grained siliceous siltstone and siliceous-carbonate rocks, are thus close to
oceanic-island complexes, and were likely formed in relation to a mantle hotspot activity far away from erosion regions supplying
terrigenous material. The rocks of the basalt-andesite and andesite complexes have lower TiO2 concentrations and moderate concentrations of alkalis and contain rock-forming amphibole. These rocks are accompanied by
rudaceous terrigenous sediments, which suggests their origin in island-arc environments, including arcs with a significantly
dissected topography. These complexes are accompanied by siliceous-terrigenous sedimentary sequences whose inner structure
is close to those of sediments in accretionary wedges. The folded Caledonides of the Lake zone passed through the following
evolutionary phases. The island arcs started to develop at 570 Ma, their evolution was associated with the emplacement of
layered gabbroids and tonalitetrondhjemite massifs, and continued until the onset of accretion at 515–480 Ma. The accretion
was accompanied by the emplacement of large massifs of the tonalite-granodiorite-plagiogranite series. The postaccretionary
evolutionary phase at 470–440 Ma of the Caledonides was marked by intrusive subalkaline and alkaline magmatism. The Caledonides
are characterized by within-plate magmatic activity throughout their whole evolutionary history, a fact explained by the accretion
of Vendian-Cambrian oceanic structures (island arcs, oceanic islands, and back-arc basins) above a mantle hotspot. Indicators
of within-plate magmatic activity are subalkaline high-Ti basalts, alkaline-ultrabasic complexes with carbonatites and massifs
of subalkaline and alkaline gabbroids, nepheline syenites, alkaline granites, subalkaline granites, and granosyenites. The
mantle hotspot likely continued to affect the character of the lithospheric magmatism even after the Caledonian folded terrane
was formed. 相似文献
5.
The Xiong'er volcanic belt, covering an area of more than 60,000 km2 along the southern margin of the North China Craton, has long been considered an intra-continental rift zone and recently interpreted as part of a large igneous province formed by a mantle plume that led to the breakup of the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia. However, such interpretations cannot be accommodated by lithology, mineralogy, geochemistry and geochronology of the volcanic rocks in the belt. Lithologically, the Xiong'er volcanic belt is dominated by basaltic andesite and andesite, with minor dacite and rhyolite, different from rock associations related to continental rifts or mantle plumes, which are generally bimodal and dominated by mafic components. However, they are remarkably similar to those rock associations in modern continental margin arcs. In some of the basaltic andesites and andesites, amphibole is a common phenocryst phase, suggesting the involvement of H2O-rich fluids in the petrogenesis of the Xiong'er volcanic rocks. Geochemically, the Xiong'er volcanic rocks fall in the calc-alkaline series, and in most tectono-magmatic discrimination diagrams, the majority of the Xiong'er volcanic rocks show affinities to magmatic arcs. In the primitive mantle normalized trace-element diagrams, the Xiong'er volcanic rocks show enrichments in the LILE and LREE, and negative Nb–Ta–Ti anomalies, similar to arc-related volcanic rocks produced by the hydrous melting of metasomatized mantle wedge. Nd-isotope compositions of the Xiong'er volcanic rocks suggest that 5–15% older crust has been transferred into the upper lithospheric mantle by subduction-related recycling during Archean to Paleoproterozoic time. Available SHRIMP and LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon age data indicate that the Xiong'er volcanic rocks erupted intermittently over a protracted interval from 1.78 Ga, through 1.76–1.75 Ga and 1.65 Ga, to 1.45 Ga, though the major phase of the volcanism occurred at 1.78–1.75 Ga. Such multiple and intermittent volcanism is inconsistent with a mantle plume-driven rifting event, but is not uncommon in ancient and existing continental margin arcs. Taken together, the Xiong'er volcanic belt was most likely a Paleo-Mesoproterozoic continental magmatic arc that formed at the southern margin of the North China Craton. Similar Paleo-Mesoproterozoic continental magmatic arcs were also present at the southern and southeastern margins of Laurentia, the southern margin of Baltica, the northwestern margin of Amonzonia, and the southern and eastern margins of the North Australia Craton, which are considered to represent subduction-related episodic outbuilding on the continental margins of the Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent Columbia. Therefore, in any configuration of the supercontinent Columbia, the southern margin of the North China Craton could not have been connected to any other continental block as proposed in a recent configuration, but must have faced an open ocean whose lithosphere was subducted beneath the southern margin of the North China Craton. 相似文献
6.
《Russian Geology and Geophysics》2014,55(8):929-940
Petrological and geochemical studies performed with invoking data on the compositions of clinopyroxenes have clarified the conditions of formation of Vendian-Cambrian basaltic complexes in the Dzhida zone of the Paleoasian Ocean (northern Mongolia and southwestern Transbaikalia). The research was based on a comparative analysis with reference igneous basaltic associations. Of special importance are our microprobe data on trace and rare-earth elements in clinopyroxenes from igneous rocks of different present-day geodynamic settings, namely, N-MORB (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Central Atlantic), OIB (Bouvet Island, South Atlantic), WPB (within-plate tholeiitic plateau basalts of the Siberian Platform), and boninites of ensimatic arcs (Izu-Bonin island arc, Pacific). The studies have shown that the paleo-oceanic structures in the district of the Urgol guyot formed during geodynamic processes under the impact of mantle plumes on oceanic spreading crust, which resulted in oceanic basaltic plateaus and within-plate oceanic islands. All these structures were later superposed by typical island-arc structure-lithologic associations. Formation of basalt complexes in the Dzhidot guyot district proceeded with a stronger effect of enriched plume melts of within-plate oceanic islands as compared with the Urgol guyot. This is evidenced from petrochemical and geochemical data showing the development of OIB-type magmatic systems on the oceanic basement. Data on clinopyroxenes confirm the participation of mantle plume in this process, which led to the evolution of magmas from typical oceanic basalts (MORB) to plateau basalts and OIB. 相似文献
7.
E. V. Shipilov 《Geotectonics》2008,42(2):105-124
Chronological succession in the formation of spreading basins is considered in the context of reconstruction of breakdown of Wegener’s Pangea and the development of the geodynamic system of the Arctic Ocean. This study made it possible to indentify three temporally and spatially isolated generations of spreading basins: Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous, Late Cretaceous-Early Cenozoic, and Cenozoic. The first generation is determined by the formation, evolution, and extinction of the spreading center in the Canada Basin as a tectonic element of the Amerasia Basin. The second generation is connected to the development of the Labrador-Baffin-Makarov spreading branch that ceased to function in the Eocene. The third generation pertains to the formation of the spreading system of interrelated ultraslow Mohna, Knipovich, and Gakkel mid-ocean ridges that has functioned until now in the Norwegian-Greenland and Eurasia basins. The interpretation of the available geological and geophysical data shows that after the formation of the Canada Basin, the Arctic region escaped the geodynamic influence of the Paleopacific, characterized by spreading, subduction, formation of backarc basins, collision-related processes, etc. The origination of the Makarov Basin marks the onset of the oceanic regime characteristic of the North Atlantic (intercontinental rifting, slow and ultraslow spreading, separation of continental blocks (microcontinents), extinction of spreading centers of primary basins, spreading jumps, formation of young spreading ridges and centers, etc., are typical) along with retention of northward propagation of spreading systems both from the Pacific and Atlantic sides. The aforesaid indicates that the Arctic Ocean is in fact a hybrid basin or, in other words, a composite heterogeneous ocean in respect to its architectonics. The Arctic Ocean was formed as a result of spatial juxtaposition of two geodynamic systems different in age and geodynamic style: the Paleopacific system of the Canada Basin that finished its evolution in the Late Cretaceous and the North Atlantic system of the Makarov and Eurasia basins that came to take the place of the Paleopacific system. In contrast to traditional views, it has been suggested that asymmetry of the northern Norwegian-Greenland Basin is explained by two-stage development of this Atlantic segment with formation of primary and secondary spreading centers. The secondary spreading center of the Knipovich Ridge started to evolve approximately at the Oligocene-Miocene transition. This process resulted in the breaking off of the Hovgard continental block from the Barents Sea margin. Thus, the breakdown of Wegener’s Pangea and its Laurasian fragments with the formation of young spreading basins was a staged process that developed nearly from opposite sides. Before the Late Cretaceous (the first stage), the Pangea broke down from the side of Paleopacific to form the Canada Basin, an element of the Amerasia Basin (first phase of ocean formation). Since the Late Cretaceous, destructive pulses came from the side of the North Atlantic and resulted in the separation of Greenland from North America and the development of the Labrador-Baffin-Makarov spreading system (second phase of ocean formation). The Cenozoic was marked by the development of the second spreading branch and the formation of the Norwegian-Greenland and Eurasia oceanic basins (third phase of ocean formation). Spreading centers of this branch are functioning currently but at an extremely low rate. 相似文献
8.
Ordovician complexes of the convergent margins of lithospheric plates are established in the Paleozoides of the southern Urals. Several types of Ordovician sections that make up allochthons and characterize different geodynamic settings are thoroughly studied and dated on the basis of conodont biostratigraphy. The geochemistry and petrology of volcanic rocks bear information on the evolution of the Paleoural ocean and the convergent relationships of plates from the end of the Llanvirnian. The suprasubduction volcanic activity in the Late Ordovician gave way to within-plate volcanism of extension zones, the development of which continued into the Early Silurian. 相似文献
9.
N. P. Laverov L. I. Lobkovsky M. V. Kononov N. L. Dobretsov V. A. Vernikovsky S. D. Sokolov E. V. Shipilov 《Geotectonics》2013,47(1):1-30
The tectonic evolution of the Arctic Region in the Mesozoic and Cenozoic is considered with allowance for the Paleozoic stage of evolution of the ancient Arctida continent. A new geodynamic model of the evolution of the Arctic is based on the idea of the development of upper mantle convection beneath the continent caused by subduction of the Pacific lithosphere under the Eurasian and North American lithospheric plates. The structure of the Amerasia and Eurasia basins of the Arctic is shown to have formed progressively due to destruction of the ancient Arctida continent, a retained fragment of which comprises the structural units of the central segment of the Arctic Ocean, including the Lomonosov Ridge, the Alpha-Mendeleev Rise, and the Podvodnikov and Makarov basins. The proposed model is considered to be a scientific substantiation of the updated Russian territorial claim to the UN Commission on the determination of the Limits of the Continental Shelf in the Arctic Region. 相似文献
10.
Late Cenozoic volcanic province in Central and East Asia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The paper presents materials on the inner structure of the Late Cenozoic within-plate volcanic province in Central and East
Asia, in which two subprovinces are distinguished: Central Asian and Far Eastern, which comprise a number of autonomously
evolving volcanic areas. Some of the volcanic areas are proved to have evolved for a long time, starting in the Late Mesozoic.
In spite of differences in their age and structural setting, the volcanic areas evolved according to similar scenarios in
the Late Cenozoic. Magmatism in the province was related to a mantle source of the within-plate type. The magmatic associations
are dominated by mafic alkaline high-K rocks. The rocks are geochemically close to basalts of the OIB type, and their isotopic
composition corresponds to a combination of mantle sources of the PREMA, EMI, and EMII types at the predominance of PREMA.
Geological, geochemical, and isotopic lines of evidence suggest that magmatism in the province was related to mantle plumes.
This is consistent with geophysical data, which testify that the volcanic areas are underlain by upwellings of the asthenospheric
mantle or plumes. Seismic tomography data indicate that the “stems” of the plumes can be traced down to the upper and lower
mantle. The province is thought to have been produced when the eastern margin of the Asian plate overlapped one of the branches
of the Pacific superplume at approximately 160 Ma. This branch of the superplume is pronounced in the modern mantle structure
as a cluster of mantle plumes that control (according to seismic tomography data) the interaction zone of the Pacific and
Asian lithospheric plates. 相似文献
11.
华北地台和秦岭—大别—苏鲁造山带的中生代花岗岩与深部地球动力学过程 总被引：38，自引：5，他引：38
近年来的研究证实 ,华北地台和大别—苏鲁造山带的中生代花岗岩与同时代的镁铁质超镁铁质岩有类似的Sr、Nd同位素特点 ,许多花岗岩和火山岩还具有类似埃达克岩的地球化学性质。在此基础上 ,根据现已积累的大量Sr、Nd同位素资料 ,从整个华北地台岩石圈的角度论证了中生代岩石圈地幔富集的性质、富集地幔发生的时代及其形成机制 ,进而探讨了岩浆活动的动力学机制 ,指出本区岩石圈富集地幔的形成是在Pangea超大陆裂解时岩石圈大规模拆沉减薄 ,被拆沉的太古宙古老地壳重循环进入地幔改变了地幔成分所致 ,说明超大陆裂解、岩石圈大规模拆沉减薄和富集地幔形成之间有密切的成因联系 ,超大陆裂解伴随着大陆地壳生长和消亡 (重循环 )的大体平衡。结合全球地震层析资料 ,进一步探讨了由俯冲大洋残片转化的下地壳同古老克拉通地壳物质在花岗岩源区中的重要意义。 相似文献
12.
A. M. Larin A. B. Kotov S. D. Velikoslavinskii E. B. Sal’nikova V. P. Kovach 《Petrology》2012,20(3):218-239
Systematized geological, geochronologic, geochemical, and Sm-Nd isotopic geochemical data obtained over the past decade on A-granitoids in the Aldan Shield and in adjacent mobile belts surrounding it in the south make it possible to identify the sources from which the rocks were derived and the geodynamic environments in which they were generated. The territory in question provides evidence of five episodes of Early Precambrian within-plate magmatism, including the derivation of A-granites: at 2.62, 2.40?C2.52, 2.07, 1.87?C1.88, and 1.70?C1.74 Ga. Although all of the granitoids were derived within plates, the environments of their derivation were different: (i) postcollisional lithospheric extension at 2.64 and 1.87?C1.88 Ga in an anorogenic environment and (ii) in relation to the activity of mantle plumes at 2.40?C2.52, 2.07, 1.74?C1.70 Ga. The postcollisional magmatism generated only potassic granitoids of the subalkaline type, whereas the anorogenic magmatic rocks comprise both subalkaline granitoids (of K series) and alkaline granites (of Na series), which are intensely fractionated and strongly enriched in incompatible elements. A-granitoids in the Aldan Shield and its surrounding folded structures were derived from mixed mantle-crustal sources. The sources of the subalkaline granitoids were dominated by the material of the continental lower crust, while the alkaline granitoids were derived from mantle sources. Thereby the mantle source material of the anorogenic granitoids consisted of an OIB-type component, and the postcollisional granitoids were derived from MORB and OIB sources. 相似文献
13.
Paleoproterozoic volcanic rocks in the southern margin of the North China Craton,central China:Implications for the Columbia supercontinent 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group are situated in the southern margin of the North China Craton(NCC).Research on the Xiong er Group is important to understand the tectonic evolution of the NCC and the Columbia supercontinent during the Paleoproterozoic.In this study,to constrain the age of the Xiong'er volcanic rocks and identify its tectonic environment,we report zircon LA-ICP-MS data with Hf isotope,whole-rock major and trace element compositions and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopes of the volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group.The Xiong'er volcanic rocks mainly consist of basaltic andesite,andesite.dacite and rhyolite,with minor basalt.Our new sets of data combined with those from previous studies indicate that Xiong'er volcanism should have lasted from 1827 Ma to 1746 Ma as the major phase of the volcanism.These volcanics have extremely low MgO.Cr and Ni contents,are enriched in LREEs and LILEs but depleted in HFSEs(Nb,Ta,and Ti),similar to arc-related volcanic rocks.They are characterized by negative zircon ε_(Hf)_(t) values of-17.4 to 8.8,whole-rock initial ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr values of 0.7023 to 0.7177 andε_(Nd)(t) values of-10.9 to 6.4.and Pb isotopes(~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb =14.366-16.431,~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb =15.106-15.371,~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb= 32.455-37.422).The available elemental and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotope data suggest that the Xiong'er volcanic rocks were sourced from a mantle contaminated by continental crust.The volcanic rocks of the Xiong'er Group might have been generated by high-degree partial melting of a lithospheric mantle that was originally modified by oceanic subduction in the Archean.Thus,we suggest that the subduction-modified lithospheric mantle occurred in an extensional setting during the breakup of the Columbia supercontinent in the Late Paleoproterozoic,rather than in an arc setting. 相似文献
14.
Recent advances in three-dimensional numerical simulations of mantle convection have aided in approximately reproducing continental movement since the Pangea breakup at 200 Ma. These have also led to a better understanding of the thermal and mechanical coupling between mantle convection and surface plate motion and predictions of the configuration of the next supercontinent. The simulations of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present reveals that the development of large-scale cold mantle downwellings in the North Tethys Ocean at the earlier stage of the Pangea breakup triggered the northward movement of the Indian subcontinent. The model of high temperature anomaly region beneath Pangea resulting from the thermal insulation effect support the breakup of Pangea in the real Earth time scale, as also suggested in previous geological and geodynamic models. However, considering the low radioactive heat generation rate of the depleted upper mantle, the high temperature anomaly region might have been generated by upwelling plumes with contribution of deep subducted TTG(tonalite-trondhjemite-granite) materials enriched in radiogenic elements. Integrating the numerical results of mantle convection from 200 Ma to the present, and from the present to the future, it is considered that the mantle drag force acting on the base of continents may be comparable to the slab pull force, which implies that convection in the shallower part of the mantle is strongly coupled with surface plate motion. 相似文献
15.
Early Cambrian and Mid-Late Neoproterozoic volcanic rocks in China are widespread on several Precambrian continental blocks,which had aggregated to form part of the Rodinia supercontinent by ca.900 Ma.On the basis of petrogeochemical data,the basic lavas can be classified into two major magma types:HT(Ti/Y>500) and LT(Ti/Y<500) that can be further divided into HT1 (Nb/La>0.85) and HT2(Nb/La≤0.85),and LT1(Nb/La>0.85) and LT2(Nb/La≤0.85) subtypes, respectively.The geochemical variation of the HT2 and LT2 lavas can be accounted for by lithospheric contamination of asthenosphere-(or plume-) derived magmas,whereas the parental magmas of the HT1 and LT1 lavas did not undergo,during their ascent,pronounced lithospheric contamination.These volcanics exhibit at least three characteristics:(1) most have a compositional bimodality;(2) they were formed in an intracontinental rift setting;and(3) they are genetically linked with mantle plumes or a mantle surperplume.This rift-related volcanism at end of the MidNeoproterozoic and Early Cambrian coincided temporally with the separation between AustraliaEast Antarctica,South China and Laurentia and between Australia and Tarim,respectively. The Mid—Late Neoproterozoic volcanism in China is the geologic record of the rifting and break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia. 相似文献
16.
During geodynamic reconstruction of the Late Mezozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the Arctic Ocean, a problem arises: did this ocean originate as a legacy structure of ancient basins, or did it evolve independently? Solution of this problem requires finding indicators of older oceanic basins within the limits of the Arctic Region. The Arctic Region has structural-material complexes of several ancient oceans, namely, Mesoproterozoic, Late Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic (Caledonian and Hercynian), Middle Paleozoic-Late Jurassic, and those of the Arctic Ocean, including the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Canadian, the Late Cretaceous-Paleocene Podvodnikov-Makarov, and the Cenozoic Eurasian basins. The appearances of all these oceans were determined by a complex of global geodynamical factors, which were principally changed in time, and, as a result of this, location and configuration of newly opened oceans, as well as ones of adjacent continents, which varied from stage to stage. By the end of the Paleozoic, fragments of the crust corresponding to Precambrian and Caledonian oceans were transported during plate-tectonic motions from southern and near equatorial latitudes to moderately high and arctic ones, and, finally, became parts of the Pangea II supercontinent. The Arctic Ocean that appeared after the Pangea II breakup (being a part of the Atlantic Ocean) has no direct either genetic or spatial relation with more ancient oceans. 相似文献
17.
The Late Cretaceous Klepa basalts in Macedonia (FYROM)—Constraints on the final stage of Tethys closure in the Balkans 
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下载免费PDF全文 Dejan Prelević Simon Wehrheim Magnus Reutter Rolf L. Romer Blažo Boev Milica Božović Paul van den Bogaard Vladica Cvetković Stefan M. Schmid 《地学学报》2017,29(3):145-153
The waning stage(s) of the Tethyan ocean(s) in the Balkans are not well understood. Controversy centres on the origin and life‐span of the Cretaceous Sava Zone, which is allegedly a remnant of the last oceanic domain in the Balkan Peninsula, defining the youngest suture between Eurasia‐ and Adria‐derived plates. In order to investigate to what extent Late‐Cretaceous volcanism within the Sava Zone is consistent with this model we present new age data together with trace‐element and Sr–Nd–Pb isotope data for the Klepa basaltic lavas from the central Balkan Peninsula. Our new geochemical data show marked differences between the Cretaceous Klepa basalts (Sava Zone) and the rocks of other volcanic sequences from the Jurassic ophiolites of the Balkans. The Klepa basalts mostly have Sr–Nd–Pb isotopic and trace‐element signatures that resemble enriched within‐plate basalts substantially different from Jurassic ophiolite basalts with MORB, BAB and IAV affinities. Trace‐element modelling of the Klepa rocks indicates 2%–20% polybaric melting of a relatively homogeneously metasomatised mantle source that ranges in composition from garnet lherzolite to ilmenite+apatite bearing spinel–amphibole lherzolite. Thus, the residual mineralogy is characteristic of a continental rather than oceanic lithospheric mantle source, suggesting an intracontinental within‐plate origin for the Klepa basalts. Two alternative geodynamic models are internally consistent with our new findings: (1) if the Sava Zone represents remnants of the youngest Neotethyan Ocean, magmatism along this zone would be situated within the forearc region and triggered by ridge subduction; (2) if the Sava Zone delimits a diffuse tectonic boundary between Adria and Europe which had already collided in the Late Jurassic, the Klepa basalts together with a number of other magmatic centres represent volcanism related to transtensional tectonics. 相似文献
18.
The recent tectonics of the Arctic Basin and northeastern Asia are considered as a result of interaction between three lithospheric plates: North-America, Eurasia and Spitsbergen. Seismic zones (coinciding in the Norway-Greenland basin with the Kolbeinsey, Mohns and Knipovich ridges, and in the Arctic Ocean with the Gakkel Ridge) clearly mark the boundaries between them. In southernmost Svalbard (Spitsbergen), the secondary seismic belt deviates from the major seismic zone. This belt continues into the seismic zone of the Franz Josef Land and then merges into the seismic zone of the Gakkel Ridge at 70°–90°E. The smaller Spitsbergen plate is located between the major seismic zone and its secondary branch.Within northeastern Asia, earthquake epicenters with magnitude over 4.5 are concentrated within a 300-km wide belt crossing the Eurasian continent over a distance of 3000 km from the Lena estuary to the Komandorskye Islands. A single seismic belt crosses the northern sections of the Verkhoyansky Ridge and runs along the Chersky Ridge to the Kolymo-Okhotsk Divide.To compute the poles of relative rotation of the Eurasian, North-American and Spitsbergen plates we use 23 new determinations of focal-mechanism solutions for earthquakes, and 38 azimuths of slip vectors obtained by matching of symmetric mountain pairs on both sides of the Knipovich and Gakkel ridges; we also use 14 azimuths of strike-slip faults within the Chersky Ridge determined by satellite images. The following parameters of plate displacement were obtained: Eurasia/North America: 62.2°N, 140.2°E (from the Knipovich Ridge section south of the triple junction); 61.9°N, 143.1°E (from fault strikes in the Chersky Ridge); 60.42°N, 141.56°C (from the Knipovich section and from fault strikes in the Chersky Ridge); 59.48°N, 140.83°E, α = 1.89 · 10−7 deg/year (from the Knipovich section, from fault strikes in the Chersky Ridge and from the Gakkel Ridge section east of the triple junction). The rate was calculated by fitting the 2′ magnetic lineations within the Gakkel Ridge).North-America/Spitsbergen: 70.96°N, 121.18°E, α = −2.7 · 10−7 deg/year from the Knipovich Ridge section north of the triple junction, from earthquakes in the Spitsbergen fracture zone and from the Gakkel Ridge section west of the triple junction). Eurasia/Spitsbergen: 70.7°N, 25.49°E, α = −0.99 · 10−7 deg/year (from closure of vector triangles). 相似文献
19.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(9):1051-1071
Asia is the world’s largest but youngest continent, in which Pacific-type (P-type) and collision-type (C-type) orogenic belts coexist with numerous amalgamated continental blocks. P-type orogens represent major sites of continental growth through tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite type (TTG-type) juvenile granitoid magmatism and accretion of oceanic crust and intra-oceanic arcs. The Asian continent includes several P-type orogenic belts, of which the largest are the Central Asian and Western Pacific. The Central Asian Orogenic Belt is dominated by P-type fossil orogens arranged with a regular northward subduction polarity. The Western Pacific is characterized by ongoing P-type orogeny related to the westward subduction of the Pacific plate. Asia has a multi-cratonic structure and its post-Palaeozoic history has witnessed amalgamation of the Laurasia composite continent and Pangaea supercontinent. Nowadays, Asia is surrounded by double-sided subduction zones, which generate new TTG-type crust and supply oceanic crust and microcontinents to its active margins. The TTG-crust can be tectonically eroded and subducted down to the mantle transition zone to form a ‘second’ continent, which may generate mantle upwelling, plumes, and extensive intra-plate volcanism. Moreover, recent plate movements around Asia are dominated by northward directions, which resulted in the India–Eurasia and Arabia–Eurasia collisions beginning at 50–45 and 23–20 Ma, respectively, and will result in Africa–Eurasia collision in the near future. Therefore, Asia is the best candidate to serve as the nucleus for a future supercontinent ‘Amasia’, likely to form 200–250 Ma in the future. In this paper we unravel a puzzle of continental growth in Asia through P-type orogeny by discussing its tectonic history and geological structure, subduction polarity in P-type orogens, tectonic erosion of TTG-type crust and arc subduction at convergent margins, generation of mantle plumes, and prospects of Asia growth and overgrowth. 相似文献